Smt.

Chandaben Mohanbhai Patel Institute of Computer Applications,

Charusat - Changa
BCA - VI
CA317 - AI
List of Questions

Unit - IV
1. What is an Expert System? Discuss the examples of Expert Systems.
Expert System is an interactive and reliable computer-based decision-making system
which uses both facts and heuristics to solve complex decision-making problems.
 The purpose of an expert system is to solve the most complex issues in a specific
domain.
 The Expert System in AI can resolve many issues which generally would require
a human expert.
 Expert systems were the predecessor of the current day artificial intelligence,
deep learning and machine learning systems.

Example:-
 MYCIN: It was based on backward chaining and could identify various bacteria
that could cause acute infections. It could also recommend drugs based on the
patient's weight. It is one of the best Expert System Example.

 DENDRAL: Expert system used for chemical analysis to predict molecular

structure.

 PXDES: An Example of Expert System used to predict the degree and type of
lung cancer

 CaDet: One of the best Expert System Example that can identify cancer at early
stages

2. What are the characteristics of Expert Systems?

 The Highest Level of Expertise: The Expert system in AI offers the highest level
of expertise. It provides efficiency, accuracy and imaginative problem-solving.

 Right on Time Reaction: An Expert System in Artificial Intelligence interacts in a

very reasonable period of time with the user. The total time must be less than the
time taken by an expert to get the most accurate solution for the same problem.

 Good Reliability: The Expert system in AI needs to be reliable, and it must not
make any a mistake.

 Flexible: It is vital that it remains flexible as it the is possessed by an Expert

system.

 Effective Mechanism: Expert System in Artificial Intelligence must have an

 efficient mechanism to administer the compilation of the existing knowledge in it.

 Capable of handling challenging decision & problems: An expert system is

capable of handling challenging decision problems and delivering solutions.

3. Explain the architecture of Expert System with components of the same.

The components of ES include −

 Knowledge Base
 Inference Engine
 User Interface

Knowledge Base:-

 It contains domain-specific and high-quality knowledge.

 Knowledge is required to exhibit intelligence.
 The success of any ES majorly depends upon the collection of highly accurate
and precise knowledge.

What is Knowledge?
 The data is collection of facts. The information is organized as data and facts
about the task domain.
 Data, information, and past experience combined together are termed as
knowledge.

Components of Knowledge Base

 The knowledge base of an ES is a store of both, factual and heuristic knowledge.
 Factual Knowledge
o It is the information widely accepted by the Knowledge Engineers and
scholars in the task domain.
 Heuristic Knowledge
o It is about practice, accurate judgement, one’s ability of evaluation, and
guessing.

Knowledge representation
 It is the method used to organize and formalize the knowledge in the knowledge
base. It is in the form of IF-THEN-ELSE rules.
Knowledge Acquisition
 The success of any expert system majorly depends on the quality, completeness,
and accuracy of the information stored in the knowledge base.
 The knowledge base is formed by readings from various experts, scholars, and
the Knowledge Engineers.
 The knowledge engineer is a person with the qualities of empathy, quick learning,
and case analyzing skills.
 He acquires information from subject expert by recording, interviewing, and
observing him at work, etc.
 He then categorizes and organizes the information in a meaningful way, in the
form of IF-THEN-ELSE rules, to be used by interference machine.
 The knowledge engineer also monitors the development of the ES.

Inference Engine:
 Use of efficient procedures and rules by the Inference Engine is essential in
deducting a correct, flawless solution.
 In case of knowledge-based ES, the Inference Engine acquires and manipulates
the knowledge from the knowledge base to arrive at a particular solution.
 In case of rule based ES, it –
o Applies rules repeatedly to the facts, which are obtained from earlier rule
application.
o Adds new knowledge into the knowledge base if required.
o Resolves rules conflict when multiple rules are applicable to a particular
case.

To recommend a solution, the Inference Engine uses the following strategies −

 Forward Chaining
 Backward Chaining

Forward Chaining:-
 It is a strategy of an expert system to answer the question, “What can happen
next?”
 Here, the Inference Engine follows the chain of conditions and derivations and
finally deduces the outcome.
 It considers all the facts and rules, and sorts them before concluding to a solution.
 This strategy is followed for working on conclusion, result, or effect.
 For example, prediction of share market status as an effect of changes in interest
rates.
Backward Chaining:
 With this strategy, an expert system finds out the answer to the question, “Why
this happened?”
 On the basis of what has already happened, the Inference Engine tries to find out
which conditions could have happened in the past for this result.
 This strategy is followed for finding out cause or reason. For example, diagnosis
of blood cancer in humans.

User Interface:-

 User interface provides interaction between user of the ES and the ES itself.
 It is generally Natural Language Processing so as to be used by the user who is
well-versed in the task domain.
 The user of the ES need not be necessarily an expert in Artificial Intelligence.
 It explains how the ES has arrived at a particular recommendation.
 The explanation may appear in the following forms –
o Natural language displayed on screen.
o Verbal narrations in natural language.
o Listing of rule numbers displayed on the screen.
 The user interface makes it easy to trace the credibility of the deductions.

Requirements of Efficient ES User Interface

 It should help users to accomplish their goals in shortest possible way.
 It should be designed to work for user’s existing or desired work practices.
 Its technology should be adaptable to user’s requirements; not the other way
 round.
 It should make efficient use of user input.

4. Differentiate between forward chaining and backward chaining.

5. Discuss the advantages and drawbacks of Expert Systems.

Benefits of Expert Systems:-
 Availability
o They are easily available due to mass production of software.
 Less Production Cost
o Production cost is reasonable. This makes them affordable.
 Speed
o They offer great speed. They reduce the amount of work an individual
puts in.
 Less Error Rate
o Error rate is low as compared to human errors.
 Reducing Risk
o They can work in the environment dangerous to humans.
 Steady response
o They work steadily without getting motional, tensed or fatigued.

Limitations of the Expert System:-

 Unable to make a creative response in an extraordinary situation
 Errors in the knowledge base can lead to wrong decision
 The maintenance cost of an expert system is too expensive
 Each problem is different therefore the solution from a human expert can also be
different and more creative
6. Explain the role of the participants involved in the Expert Systems development.

7. What are the general steps in Expert Systems development?

Identify Problem Domain
 The problem must be suitable for an expert system to solve it.
 Find the experts in task domain for the ES project.
 Establish cost-effectiveness of the system.

Design the System

 Identify the ES Technology
 Know and establish the degree of integration with the other systems and
databases.
 Realize how the concepts can represent the domain knowledge best.

Develop the Prototype

 From Knowledge Base: The knowledge engineer works to −
 Acquire domain knowledge from the expert.
 Represent it in the form of If-THEN-ELSE rules.

Test and Refine the Prototype

 The knowledge engineer uses sample cases to test the prototype for any
deficiencies in performance.
 End users test the prototypes of the ES.

Develop and Complete the ES

 Test and ensure the interaction of the ES with all elements of its environment,
including end users, databases, and other information systems.
 Document the ES project well.
 Train the user to use ES.

Maintain the System

 Keep the knowledge base up-to-date by regular review and update.
 Cater for new interfaces with other information systems, as those systems evolve.
 Unit – V

8. What are an Intelligent Agent? Explain the examples of the same.

 An intelligent agent is a program that can make decisions or perform a service
based on its environment, user input and experiences.
 These programs can be used to autonomously gather information on a regular,
programmed schedule or when prompted by the user in real time.
 Agents are sophisticated entities that act autonomously and proactively on behalf
of their users.
 They are used to solve a growing number of complex problems across open and
distributed environments

Agents use their actuators to run through a cycle of perception, thought, and action.
Examples of agents in general terms include:
1. Software: This Agent has file contents, keystrokes, and received network
packages that function as sensory input, then act on those inputs, displaying the
output on a screen.
2. Human: Humans have eyes, ears, and other organs that act as sensors, and hands,
legs, mouths, and other body parts act as actuators.
3. Robotic: Robotic agents have cameras and infrared range finders that act as
sensors, and various servos and motors perform as actuators.

9. Discuss the characteristics of agents.

10. Discuss some of the real time agent-based applications.

11. How agent interacts with its environment? Also, list the rules for agents.
 How agent interacts with its environment:-

 Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the environment and
sends the information to other electronic devices. An agent observes its
environment through sensors.
 Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts energy into
motion. The actuators are only responsible for moving and controlling a system.
An actuator can be an electric motor, gears, rails, etc.
 Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment. Effectors can
be legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings, fins, and display screen.

Rules:-
-Rule 1: An AI agent must be able to perceive the environment.
-Rule 2: The environmental observations must be used to make decisions.
-Rule 3: The decisions should result in action.
-Rule 4: The action taken by the AI agent must be a rational. Rational actions are actions
that maximize performance and yield the best positive outcome.

12. Describe the functions of artificial intelligence agent.

1. Perceiving dynamic conditions in the environment
2. Acting to affect conditions in the environment
3. Using reasoning to interpret perceptions
4. Problem-solving
5. Drawing inferences
6. Determining actions and their outcomes

13. Explain the structure of an AI agent.

 The task of AI is to design an agent program which implements the agent
function.
 The structure of an intelligent agent is a combination of architecture and agent
program. It can be viewed as:

 Agent = Architecture + Agent program

 Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executes on.

 Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to an action.
f:P* → A
 Agent program: Agent program is an implementation of agent function. An
agent program executes on the physical architecture to produce function f.

14. What is PEAS representation? Explain with suitable example.

PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent works upon.

When we define an AI agent or rational agent, then we can group its properties under
PEAS representation model.
 It is made up of four words:
 P: Performance measure
 E: Environment
 A: Actuators
 S: Sensors

Let's suppose a self-driving car then PEAS representation will be:

Performance: Safety, time, legal drive, comfort
Environment: Roads, other vehicles, road signs, pedestrian
Actuators: Steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn
Sensors: Camera, GPS, speedometer, odometer, accelerometer, sonar.

15. Explain all AI agents with suitable architectural diagram.

 Simple Reflex Agent
 Model-based reflex agent
 Goal-based agents
 Utility-based agent
 Learning agent

1. Simple Reflex Agent

 The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents.
 These agents take decisions on the basis of the current percepts and ignore
the rest of the percept history.
 These agents only succeed in the fully observable environment.
 The Simple reflex agent does not consider any part of percepts history
during their decision and action process.
 The Simple reflex agent works on Condition-action rule, which means it
maps the current state to action. Such as a Room Cleaner agent, it works
only if there is dirt in the room.
 Problems for the simple reflex agent design approach:
 They have very limited intelligence
 They do not have knowledge of non-perceptual parts of the current state
 Mostly too big to generate and to store.
 Not adaptive to changes in the environment.

2. Model-based reflex agent

 The Model-based agent can work in a partially observable environment,
and track the situation.
 A model-based agent has two important factors:
Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world," so it is
called a Model-based agent.
Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on percept
history.

 These agents have the model, "which is knowledge of the world" and
based on the model they perform actions.
  Updating the agent state requires information about:
o How the world evolves
o How the agent's action affects the world.

3. Goal-based agents
 The knowledge of the current state environment is not always sufficient to
decide for an agent to what to do.
 The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable situations.
 Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent by
having the "goal" information.
 They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal.
 These agents may have to consider a long sequence of possible actions
before deciding whether the goal is achieved or not.
 Such considerations of different scenario are called searching and
planning, which makes an agent proactive.

4. Utility-based agent
 These agents are similar to the goal-based agent but provide an extra
component of utility measurement which makes them different by
providing a measure of success at a given state.
 Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best way to
achieve the goal.
 The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple possible
alternatives, and an agent has to choose in order to perform the best
action.
 The utility function maps each state to a real number to check how
efficiently each action achieves the goals.
5. Learning agent
 A learning agent in AI is the type of agent which can learn from its past
experiences, or it has learning capabilities.
 It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt
automatically through learning.
 A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:
o Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by
learning from environment
o Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which
describes that how well the agent is doing with respect to a fixed
performance standard.
o Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action
o Problem generator: This component is responsible for suggesting
actions that will lead to new and informative experiences.
 Hence, learning agents are able to learn, analyze performance, and look
for new ways to improve the performance.
16. List and discuss the various features of environment.
1. Fully observable vs Partially Observable
2. Static vs Dynamic
3. Discrete vs Continuous
4. Deterministic vs Stochastic
5. Single-agent vs Multi-agent
6. Episodic vs sequential
7. Known vs Unknown
8. Accessible vs Inaccessible

1. Fully observable vs Partially Observable

 If an agent sensor can sense or access the complete state of an environment at
each point of time then it is a fully observable environment, else it
is partially observable.
 A fully observable environment is easy as there is no need to maintain the
internal state to keep track history of the world.
 An agent with no sensors in all environments then such an environment is
called as unobservable.

2. Static vs Dynamic
 If the environment can change itself while an agent is deliberating then such
environment is called a dynamic environment else it is called a static
environment.
 Static environments are easy to deal because an agent does not need to
continue looking at the world while deciding for an action.
 However for dynamic environment, agents need to keep looking at the world
at each action.
 Taxi driving is an example of a dynamic environment whereas Crossword
puzzles are an example of a static environment.

3. Discrete vs Continuous
 If in an environment there are a finite number of percepts and actions that can
 be performed within it, then such an environment is called a discrete
environment else it is called continuous environment.
 A chess gamecomes under discrete environment as there is a finite number of
moves that can be performed.
 A self-driving car is an example of a continuous environment.

4. Deterministic vs Stochastic
 If an agent's current state and selected action can completely determine the
next state of the environment, then such environment is called a deterministic
environment.
 A stochastic environment is random in nature and cannot be determined
completely by an agent.
 In a deterministic, fully observable environment, agent does not need to
worry about uncertainty.

5. Single-agent vs Multi-agent
 If only one agent is involved in an environment, and operating by itself then
such an environment is called single agent environment.
 However, if multiple agents are operating in an environment, then such an
environment is called a multi-agent environment.
 The agent design problems in the multi-agent environment are different from
single agent environment.

6. Episodic vs sequential
 In an episodic environment, there is a series of one-shot actions, and only the
current percept is required for the action.
 However, in Sequential environment, an agent requires memory of past
actions to determine the next best actions.

7. Known vs Unknown
 Known and unknown are not actually a feature of an environment, but it is an
agent's state of knowledge to perform an action.
 In a known environment, the results for all actions are known to the agent.
While in unknown environment, agent needs to learn how it works in order to
perform an action.
 It is quite possible that a known environment to be partially observable and an
Unknown environment to be fully observable.

8. Accessible vs Inaccessible
 If an agent can obtain complete and accurate information about the state's
environment, then such an environment is called an Accessible environment
else it is called inaccessible.
 An empty room whose state can be defined by its temperature is an example
of an accessible environment.
 Information about an event on earth is an example of Inaccessible
environment.
 Unit – VI

17. What is NLP? Discuss the applications of NLP.

NLP stands for Natural Language Processing.
 It is the branch of Artificial Intelligence that gives the ability to machine
understand and process human languages.
 Human languages can be in the form of text or audio format.

Applications of NLP
 Text and speech processing like-Voice assistants – Alexa, Siri, etc.
 Text classification like Grammarly, Microsoft Word, and Google Docs
 Information extraction like-Search engines like DuckDuckGo, Google
 Chatbot and Question Answering like:- website bots
 Language Translation like:- Google Translate
 Text summarization

18. Discuss the advantages and drawbacks of NLP.

Advantages:
 NLP helps us to analyse data from both structured and unstructured sources.
 NLP is very fast and time efficient.
 NLP offers end-to-end exact answers to the question. So, It saves time that going
to consume unnecessary and unwanted information.
 NLP offers users to ask questions about any subject and give a direct response
within milliseconds.

Disadvantages
 For the training of the NLP model, A lot of data and computation are required.
 Many issues arise for NLP when dealing with informal expressions, idioms, and
cultural jargon.
 NLP results are sometimes not to be accurate, and accuracy is directly
proportional to the accuracy of data.
 NLP is designed for a single, narrow job since it cannot adapt to new domains
and has a limited function.

19. List and explain the basic terminology of NLP.

1. Phonology: It is a field that studies how sound is organized systematically.
2. Morphology: It is a field that studies how meaningful words are constructed
from primitive units.
3. Morpheme: the smallest unit of language that has its own meaning, either a word
or a part of a word: "Worker" contains two morphemes: "work" and "-er".
4. Syntax: Syntax refers to the set of rules which defines how the words can be
organized to form sentences and phrases.
5. Semantics: Semantics is a branch that focuses on the meaning of words and
sentences. It deals with how to combine words so that it converts into meaningful
phrases and sentences.
6. Pragmatics: It is the branch that deals with how the sentences should be
 interpreted according to different situations.
7. World Knowledge: It refers to the general knowledge about the world.

20. Explain the working steps of NLP with suitable diagram.

1. Lexical Analysis In this step, the Lexical Analyzer categorizes the entire input
text into words, sentences, and paragraphs.
 NLP identifies and analyzes the structure of words in the sentences.

2. Syntax Analysis This process is also called parsing. In this step, the Syntax
Analyzer will check the input text for grammatical errors.
 In this step, the words are arranged in such a way that the relation between
them can be identified.
 Syntactic Analyzer will reject any sentence in the input text which is not
correct.

3. Semantic Analysis In this step, NLP checks whether the text holds a meaning or
not.
 It tries to decipher the accurate meaning of the text. Semantic Analyzer will
reject a sentence like “ dry water.”

4. Discourse Analysis The meaning of any sentence is greatly affected by its

preceding sentences. Thus in this step, it figures out the meaning of immediately
preceding and succeeding sentences.

5. Pragmatic Analysis In this step, the analyzed text is integrated with the real
world knowledge for extracting the actual meaning of the text.

21. Discuss the all Classical Approaches of NLP.

 Corpus
 Stemming
 Lemmatization
 Tokenization
 N-grams
 Normalization
 NER (Named Entity Recognition)
  PoS Tagging (Parts-of-speech)
 Stop Words

Corpus
 Natural language processing is a unique field that combines computer science,
data science, and linguistics all together to enable computers to understand and
use human languages.
 From that perspective, corpus — Latin for body — is a term used to refer to a
body of text.
 The plural form of the word is corpora.
 This text can contain one or more languages and can be either in the form of
written or spoken languages.
 Corpora can have a specific theme or can be generalized text.
 Either way, corpora are used for statistical linguistic analysis and linguistic
computing.

Stemming
 In natural language processing, stemming is a technique used to extract a word’s
origin by removing all fixes — prefixes, affixes, and suffixes.
 For example: “ Flying ” is a word and its suffix is “ ing ”, if we remove “ ing ”
from “ Flying ” then we will get base word or root word which is “ Fly ”.
 The main purpose of stemming is to give the algorithm the ability to look for and
extract useful information from a huge source, like the internet or big data.
 Various algorithms are used to perform stemming, including:
o Lookup tables. A form that has all possible variations of all words
(similar to a dictionary).
o Stripping suffixes. Remove suffixes from the word to construct its origin
form.
o Stochastic modeling. A unique type of algorithm understands suffixes'
grammatical rules and uses that to extract a new word’s origins.

Lemmatization
 Although stemming is a good approach to extract word origins, sometimes
removing fixes is not enough to obtain the correct word’s origin.
 For example, if I use a stemmer to get the origin of paid, it will give me pai.
which is incorrect.
 Stemmers often fails when dealing with irregular words that don't follow the
standard grammar rule.
 Here where lemmatization comes to help.
 Lemmatization is a word used to deliver that something is done properly.
  This case refers to extracting the original form of a word— aka, the lemma. So, in
our previous example, a lemmatizer will return pay or paid based on the word's
location in the sentence.

Tokenization
 In natural language processing, tokenization is the process of chopping down a
sentence into individual words or tokens.
 In the process of forming tokens, punctuation or special characters are often
removed entirely.
 Tokens are constructed from a specific body of text to be used for statistical
analysis and processing.
 It’s worth mentioning that a token doesn’t necessarily need to be one word; for
example, “rock ’n’ roll,” “3-D printer” are tokens, and they are constructed from
multiple words.

N-grams
 In text analysis tasks, n-grams refer to diving the corpus into n-words chunks.
 These chunks are often constructed by moving one word at a time.
 When n =1, we use the term unigrams instead of 1-gram. In case n = 2, we call it
bigrams, and when n = 3, it’s called trigrams.
Normalization
 When we want to analyze text for any purpose, the analysis process can be much
more accurate if the text we are using is in a standard format.
 Putting the text in a standard format is what’s called normalization.
 For example, if we search within a text, it will be better if the entire text was in
either upper or lower case.
 Normalization is often conducted after tokenizing a text and a query.
 We may have two similar phrases but not a 100% the same, such as USA and
U.S.A. But, you want your model to match these two terms together regardless of
the small differences.

NER: Named Entity Recognition

 In any natural language processing task, we are often asked to read, clean, and
analyze a huge corpus.
 That’s why most of the terms in this list are techniques that can make the analysis
easier and more efficient.
 Named-entity recognition is another natural language processing technique that
extracts more information about some text by labeling the different words into
predefined categories such as people, place, time, email, etc.

PoS Tagging (Parts-of-speech)

  Another useful analysis technique is identifying the different parts of speech
within a specific text or a sentence.
 POS tagging results in a list of tuples; each tuple contains the word and its tag.
 The tag is a description of the word’s part of speech, is it a verb, noun, adjective,
etc.
 In most applications, we initially use a default tagger to get basic POS tagging
that we can then enhance.
 The NLTK package offers a default tagger that can give you the basic tagging of
any text.

Stop Words
 Stop words are those words which are filtered out before further processing of
text, since these words contribute little to overall meaning, given that they are
generally the most common words in a language.
 For instance, "the," "and," and "a," while all required words in a particular
passage, don't generally contribute greatly to one's understanding of content.
 As a simple example, the following pangram is just as legible if the stop words
are removed:
 A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.

22. What is pattern recognition? Discuss the examples of the same.

  Pattern recognition is the ability of machines to identify patterns in data, and then
use those patterns to make decisions or predictions.
 Pattern recognition analyzes incoming data and tries to identify patterns.
 The data inputs for pattern recognition can be words or texts, images, or audio
files.
 A pattern can be any entity of interest that one needs to recognize and identify.
 Patterns include repeated trends in various forms of data.
 For example, a pattern could be a fingerprint image, a handwritten cursive word,
a human face, or a speech signal.
 Pattern recognition is the process of recognizing patterns by using a machine
learning algorithm.
 Pattern recognition can be defined as the classification of data based on
knowledge already gained or on statistical information extracted from patterns
and/or their representation.
 Pattern recognition involves the classification and cluster of patterns.
o In classification, an appropriate class label is assigned to a pattern based
on an abstraction that is generated using a set of training patterns or
domain knowledge.
o Clustering generated a partition of the data which helps decision making,
the specific decision-making activity of interest to us
Examples:
1. Sound wave
2. Tree species
3. Fingerprint
4. Face
5. Barcode
6. QR-code
7. Handwriting
8. Character image

23. What is Game playing in AI? Discuss the approaches and techniques for the same.
 Game playing is a popular application of artificial intelligence that involves the
development of computer programs to play games, such as chess, checkers, or
Go.
 The goal of game playing in artificial intelligence is to develop algorithms that
can learn how to play games and make decisions that will lead to winning
outcomes.
 Game playing in AI is an active area of research and has many practical
applications, including game development, education, and military training.
 By simulating game playing scenarios, AI algorithms can be used to develop
more effective decision-making systems for real-world applications.

Example
 One of the earliest examples of successful game playing AI is the chess program
Deep Blue, developed by IBM, which defeated the world champion Garry
Kasparov in 1997.
 Since then, AI has been applied to a wide range of games, including two-player
 games, multiplayer games, and video games.

Approaches
 There are two main approaches to game playing in AI, rule-based systems and
machine learning-based systems.
 Rule-based systems use a set of fixed rules to play the game.
 Machine learning-based systems use algorithms to learn from experience and
make decisions based on that experience.

Technique
 The most common search technique in game playing is Minimax search
procedure.
 It is depth-first depth-limited search procedure. It is used for games like chess and
tic-tac-toe.
 Minimax algorithm uses two functions –
o MOVEGEN : It generates all the possible moves that can be generated
from the current position.
o STATICEVALUATION : It returns a value depending upon the
goodness from the viewpoint of two-player

24. What are the advantages and drawbacks of game playing in AI?
Advantages:-

Advancement of AI:
Game playing has been a driving force behind the development of artificial intelligence
and has led to the creation of new algorithms and techniques that can be applied to other
areas of AI.

Education and training:

Game playing can be used to teach AI techniques and algorithms to students and
professionals, as well as to provide training for military and emergency response
personnel.

Research:
Game playing is an active area of research in AI and provides an opportunity to study
and develop new techniques for decision-making and problem-solving.

Real-world applications:
The techniques and algorithms developed for game playing can be applied to real-world
applications, such as robotics, autonomous systems, and decision support systems.

Disadvantages:-

Limited scope:
The techniques and algorithms developed for game playing may not be well-suited for
 other types of applications and may need to be adapted or modified for different
domains.

Computational cost:
Game playing can be computationally expensive, especially for complex games such as
chess or Go, and may require powerful computers to achieve real-time performance.

25. What is Robotics? Which AI technologies used in Robotics?

 Robotics is a branch of AI, which is composed of Electrical Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering, and Computer Science for designing, construction, and
application of robots.
 A robot is a machine that looks like a human, and is capable of performing out of
box actions and replicating certain human movements automatically by means of
commands given to it using programming.
 Examples: Drug Compounding Robot, Automotive Industry Robots, Order
Picking Robots, Industrial Floor Scrubbers and Sage Automation Gantry Robots,
etc.
 Aspects of Robotics
o The robots have mechanical construction, form, or shape designed to
accomplish a particular task.
o They have electrical components which power and control the machinery.
o They contain some level of computer program that determines what, when
and how a robot does something.

AI technologies used in Robotics:

Computer Vision
 Robots can also see, and this is possible by one of the popular Artificial
Intelligence technologies named Computer vision.
 Computer Vision plays a crucial role in all industries like health, entertainment,
medical, military, mining, etc.
 Computer Vision is an important domain of Artificial Intelligence that helps in
extracting meaningful information from images, videos and visual inputs and take
action accordingly.

Natural Language Processing

 NLP (Natural Languages Processing) can be used to give voice commands to AI
robots.
 It creates a strong human-robot interaction.
 NLP is a specific area of Artificial Intelligence that enables the communication
between humans and robots.
 Through the NLP technique, the robot can understand and reproduce human
language.
 Some robots are equipped with NLP so that we can't differentiate between
humans and robots.
 Similarly, in the health care sector, robots powered by Natural Language
Processing may help physicians to observe the decease details and automatically
 fill in EHR.
 sBesides recognizing human language, it can learn common uses, such as learn
the accent, and predict how humans speak.

Edge Computing
 Edge computing in robots is defined as a service provider of robot integration,
testing, design and simulation.
 Edge computing in robotics provides better data management, lower connectivity
cost, better security practices, more reliable and uninterrupted connection.

Complex Event Process

 Complex event processing (CEP) is a concept that helps us to understand the
processing of multiple events in real time.
 An event is described as a Change of State, and one or more events combine to
define a Complex event.
 The complex event process is most widely used term in various industries such as
healthcare, finance, security, marketing, etc.
 It is primarily used in credit card fraud detection and also in stock marketing
field.

Affective computing
 Affective computing is a field of study that deals with developing systems that
can identify, interpret, process, and simulate human emotions.
 Affective computing aims to endow robots with emotional intelligence to hope
that robots can be endowed with human-like capabilities of observation,
interpretation, and emotion expression.

Mixed Reality
 Mixed Reality is also an emerging domain. It is mainly used in the field of
programming by demonstration (PbD).
 PbD creates a prototyping mechanism for algorithms using a combination of
physical and virtual objects.

26. What are Artificial Intelligence Robots?

 Artificial intelligent robots connect AI with robotics.
 AI robots are controlled by AI programs and use different AI technologies, such
as Machine learning, computer vision, RL learning, etc.
 Usually, most robots are not AI robots, these robots are programmed to perform
repetitive series of movements, and they don't need any AI to perform their task.
 However, these robots are limited in functionality.
 AI algorithms are necessary when you want to allow the robot to perform more
complex tasks.

27. What are the advantages of integrating AI into Robotics?

 The major advantages of artificially intelligent robots are social care.
 They can guide people, especially come to aid for older people, with chatbot like
 social skills and advanced processors.
 Robotics also helps in Agricultural industry with the help of developing AI based
robots.
 These robots reduce the farmer's workload.
 In Military industry, Military bots can spy through speech and vision detectors,
along with saving lives by replacing infantry
 Robotics also employed in volcanoes, deep oceans, extremely cold places, or
even in space where normally humans can't survive.
 Robotics is also used in medical and healthcare industry as it can also perform
complex surgeries that have a higher risk of a mistake by humans, but with a pre-
set of instructions and added Intelligence.
 AI integrated robotics could reduce the number of casualties greatly.

28. What is ANN? Discuss the structure of ANN.

ANN – Artificial Neural Network

 In our brain, there are billions of cells called neurons, which processes
information in the form of electric signals.
 External information/stimuli is received by the dendrites of the neuron, processed
in the neuron cell body, converted to an output and passed through the Axon to
the next neuron.
 The next neuron can choose to either accept it or reject it depending on the
strength of the signal.
29. Explain the types of AI.

Types of ANN:-

1. Feedforward Neural Network

-The feedforward neural network is one of the most basic artificial neural networks.
-In this ANN, the data or the input provided travels in a single direction.
-It enters into the ANN through the input layer and exits through the output layer while
hidden layers may or may not exist.
-So the feedforward neural network has a front propagated wave only and usually does
not have backpropagation.

2. Recurrent Neural Network

-The Recurrent Neural Network saves the output of a layer and feeds this output back to
the input to better predict the outcome of the layer.
-The first layer in the RNN is quite similar to the feed-forward neural network and the
recurrent neural network starts once the output of the first layer is computed.
-After this layer, each unit will remember some information from the previous step so
that it can act as a memory cell in performing computations.

3. Convolutional Neural Network

-A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a type of artificial neural network used in
image recognition and processing that is specifically designed to process pixel data.
-A Convolutional neural network has some similarities to the feed-forward neural
network, where the connections between units have weights that determine the influence
of one unit on another unit.
-But a CNN has one or more than one convolutional layers that use a convolution
operation on the input and then pass the result obtained in the form of output to the next
layer.

4. Modular Neural Network

-A Modular Neural Network contains a collection of different neural networks that work
independently towards obtaining the output with no interaction between them.
-Each of the different neural networks performs a different sub-task by obtaining unique
inputs compared to other networks.
-The advantage of this modular neural network is that it breaks down a large and
complex computational process into smaller components.