Electrical Machines and Drives

Name-Tushar Ravindra Taru

 Abstract
This report which is made in the Starting current control of a DC Shunt Motor. In this report, the
other starting process of the dc shunt motor is also given here and all the software works and its
implementation of this job are done in the mat lab and its snip is also given in the report. Along
with these the speed control process of the DC Shunt Motor is also given here in this topic.

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Table of Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................................................4
Background....................................................................................................................................4
The resistor connected to the starter.........................................................................................5
The resistor connected in Rotor:................................................................................................6
Design calculation of DC Shunt Motor...........................................................................................7
Implementation..............................................................................................................................8
Result and discussion of DC Motor.............................................................................................10
Controlling the control for speed-flux...........................................................................................16
To control the speed, armature controlled can be done..........................................................16
To control the speed, voltage control method can also be done.............................................17
Multiple Voltage-control...........................................................................................................17
Ward Leonard-system control..................................................................................................17
Alternate method.........................................................................................................................19
"Two-point starter"....................................................................................................................19
"Three-point starter".................................................................................................................20
"Four-point starter."..................................................................................................................20
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................20
Reference List..............................................................................................................................22

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Introduction

A DC Motor is used to "convert the mechanical energy to the electrical energy". When the Motor
is starting at that time, the Motor is taking a large amount of current. So, there are different
methods to limit the current, but here a series of 3-4 resistors are used to control the starting
current. This series resistor can be used in the stator as well as a rotator to limit the current
amount. Because the Motor's current amount is not limited, then the Motor will face a great deal
of damage. Not only controlling the starting current is imp[ortant to protect the DC Motor but
also speed control of the method is also necessary. In most cases, the DC Motor is used in the
field because different parameters can easily control its speed, but the AC motor's speed cannot
be controlled. It is the most significant advantage of DC Motors. And among them, Armature-
resistor speed control is mainly used. All the report is written on this topic, and for giving the
description, a shunt motor is used here.

Background

For controlling the speed and starting-current of the Dc Shunt-motor at the time of starting, an
armature resistor and a series of 3-4 resistance can be used. But why it is used here can be seen
from the below equation.
N = v- ia*ra/ kØ
So, if the armature resistor value will be changed, the speed and current can be changed.
Same as the speed to control the starting current of the DC Motor also a series of three to four
resistors can also be used here.

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 Figure 1: starting of a dc shunt motor

This is the average starting of the shunt DC Motor. But here I= Va\ R (Pasture, 2021). So, in
starting, it is taking a large amount of current, so to control the starting current, a series 3-4
resistor is used. The below picture is the starting resistor used at the time of starting.

Figure 2: Controlling the starting current with Series resistor in Shunt Motor

The series of resistors can be used in the stator and the Rotor at a time.

The resistor connected to the starter

If the series of resistors are used in the stator, then the resistor will reduce the voltages and
control the current flowing through the Motor at the time of starting (Madonna 2018). The inbuilt

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resistor of the armature is very low, so external resistance is used to control the shunt DC
Motor's starting current. "At the time of the first voltage supply, a large amount of current will
flow, and that can damage the DC shunt-motor because a large amount of heat will be produced
and no resistive back electromotive force is present there to limit the starting excessive current".
To protect Shunt DC Motor, a series of 3-4 resistors are used in the stator of the Motor. At the
time of the Motor's acceleration, a back-emf will produce, and it will decrease the resistor value.
Because at the time of acceleration, the current which is flowing through the resistor decreases.
And for this reason, the voltage drop across the resistor will decrease. The terminal voltage of the
motor increases. As the voltage and the terminal increase, a smooth acceleration occurs. As the
DC Shunt Motor reaches a certain speed, the resistor opens automatically (Giangrande, 2020).
Next, the DC Shunt Motor runs “ with full line load”.

The resistor connected in Rotor:

In the mining industry, for loading belt converters, high torque is needed at the time of starting,
and hence a series resistor is needed at the Rotor to give a smooth start to the DC Shunt Motor.
The maximum "break down” motor-torque can be shifted to "starting-torque during the start-up
by the series of resistance because the load at the starting is heavy" (Henke et al. 2018). The
control system which controls the starting of the motors that system only controls the resistor
work. When the Motor takes the usual speed, the external series resistor will be detached from
the DC Shunt Motor's Rotor.

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 Figure 3: Starting resistor used in Motor

Design calculation of DC Shunt Motor

First, it is needed to be seen that what are the values which are given here-
Load torque = 0.2287*ω
Inertia= 1 kg m2
Field-voltage= 240 V
Armature-voltage=240 V
Field-armature mutual-inductance=1.8 H
From here, the current flowing through the armature can be solved,
Current flowing through the armature= Vk-Mk/Rk = 240-0/0.6 = 400A.
In a resistor starting, DC Motor resistors are implemented from this equation the entire armature
can be calculated.
Rsum = Ra+Rb+Rc+Rd+....+R1=Ht\ maximum current
= Rsum= Ra+1+......R1
Rsum,a= minimum current/ maximum current * Rsum

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RA= Rsum,k = (minimum current/maximum current)^k * Rsum
k = log(RA/Rsum)\log(minimum current/maximum current)
So, these are some formulas that are needed to implement different graphs for resistor start DC
Motor.
This series of 3-4 resistors are used in the Motor to control the current driven by the Motor at the
time of starting. It can be used in the Rotor or the stator of the Motor (Shen 2018). This series of
resistance is disconnected from the Motor's circuit when the Motor takes a usual speed and draws
a normal current from the sources. These are mainly used in overhead cranes, On load starting-
motors, Steel mills, Submarine, and ships. To control the cement plants and industrial control, it
will be used. As well as these lift trucks, conveyors, and machine tools, it is used.

Implementation

Mainly this series resistor is used in the stator and Rotor of the Motor ( Madonna 2019). Here the
implementation of this series resistor in the shunt dc motor is shown in the Matlab, and due to
this, the different graphs are coming out, which are shown in the result and discussion section.

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 Figure 4: Implementation of the circuit
(Source: created in the mat lab)

Here a dc motor is implemented in the Matlab software, and after running the software, different
values are obtained, all the values are calculated. Here to implement the dc machine, many
parameters are used. And here, two scopes are used to find out the step function and the other to
find out the torque graph and the field current (Walker et al. 2017). Here again, it is also used,
which value is 30 (Bonneel et al. 2018). Here two voltage sources are used; both are 240 v. One
is the armature voltage, and the other is the field voltage. A sum parameter is also used here, and
four-step functions are also used here. First one is t1 = 0sec, t2 = 3 sec, t3 = 6 sec, t4 = 9 sec.
Here a powerful is also used for stimulation. It is a sim power system block.
Here three display boxes are used to display the value of the torque, armature current, and field
current.

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 Figure 5: Design of DC Motor for implementation of different graphs
(Source: created in Mat lab)

This is a design of DC Shunt Motor which is implemented to get different graphs of the series
resistor to start DC Motor and here the parameters which are used here are-
Four scopes through which the four outputs of the bus selector are shown (Costabeber 2018).
The four outputs which are mentioned here are speed, armature current, field current, and torque
of the Motor (Liu et al. 2018). Next, the main thing which we used here is a DC Shunt Machine,
voltage sources, ground, gain, and a power grid. The graph of these is shown below.

Result and discussion of DC Motor

If the series resistor is used in a Shunt DC Motor, then. As a result, some graph is occurring on
the screen, which is shown below-

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 Figure 6: field current vs. torque characteristic
(Source: created in mat lab)
This is an electrical characteristic. “And this torque is proportional directly to the armature
current product and the flux of the field. Kn ∝ Ø (Kn = torque of the armature)". In the case of
series DC-motors, the field-winding is connected with armature in series. So, in this case, it can
be written that the "armature current is equal to the field current."
If = Ia.

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 Figure 7: Step function
(Source: created in mat lab)
Here the step function graphs are given. There is a different value of there for that only this
graph is occurring (Bellini 2020). These values are given here to observe the graph after some
intervals.
So, these are the graphs that are visible in two scopes (Madonna et al., 2017). Among them, the
first graph is very much important. Because based on it, only the characteristic of the DC motor
can be obtained.

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 Figure 8: Plotting of armature current
(Source: created in Mat lab)

It is the "graph of the armature current of the DC Shunt Motor". The armature current is the
current which is flowing through the armature. In Shunt DC, Motor armature winding is parallel
connected with the field winging, and as the reason for this, the current which is flowing through
the dc motor is divided into two parts one is field current, and the other one is armature-current.
In DC- Motor, the armature component always carries an alternating current (Strous 2017). It can
be seen from the graph that the armature-current of the Shunt DC Motor is high at the starting
and constant as the Motor draws a normal current.

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 Figure 9: Plotting of Field current
(Source: created in Mat lab)
Vf/Rf= If
This is the formula that is needed to calculate the field current of a Shunt DC Motor. And the
above graph is the given graph of the field current of the Motor. In a DC Shunt Motor, there are
two types of the current one is field current, and the other one is armature current. "But from the
equation, it can be seen that if the voltage increases, the field current will also increase, and if the
voltage decreases, the field current also decreases" (Wrobel 2020). But if the resistor of the DC
Shunt Motor increases, then the field current will decrease, and if the resistor decreases, then the
field current will increase.
So, these are the details about the field- current of the Shunt DC Motor.

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 Figure 10: plotting of speed of DC-Motor
(Source: created in Mat lab)

This is the graph of the speed of the Shunt DC Motor. "And from the graph, it can be noticed that
the speed of the dc shunt-motor is very much high when the motor runs". And at the starting time
of the shunt dc motor, the speed is low as usual. So, it is important to control the speed of the dc
motor to give protection to the Motor; otherwise, the Motor will be heated, and harmonics will
be generated, and as a result, the Motor will get damaged.
N = v- rA*iA/ kØ
This is the formula that is used to calculate the values of the speed.

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 Figure 11: “Speed-control of a Shunt DC-Motor”

Controlling the control for speed-flux

From the above formula, it can be seen that the speed is dependent on the flux of the Motor. The
flux is inversely proportional to the flux (Ruf 2017). So, if the “flux of the shunt dc motor” is
increasing, then the motor acceleration will decrease, and if the flux is decreased, then the speed
of the motor will increase.

To control the speed, armature controlled can be done

“The speed-control of the Shunt-DC Motor can be done by the armature control. Because the
back emf of the motor is directly proportional to the speed".
Induced emf = Voltage - (Armature resistance * Armature current)
There has been the availability of the constant resistance and respective voltage that will result in
the generation of the uniform flow for the “armature current” in a suitable manner.
With increasing the armature current speed of the motor will increase. So, this is the way by
which controlling the armature-current value the Motor-speed can be controlled.

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To control the speed, voltage control method can also be done

"By controlling the supply voltage of the Shunt DC-Motor, the speed of the dc motor can also be
controlled". There are two different processes under voltage control. They are-

Multiple Voltage-control

In the case of the multiple voltages, a variable value of the voltages is supplied to the armature,
and a fixed amount of voltage is supplied to the shunt-field (Galea 2018). By using appropriate
switchgear, the armature voltages can be changed, and by changing the voltages, the speed can
be changed.

Ward Leonard-system control

Ward Leonard is a method in which a variable amount of voltage is given to control -speed of the
Shunt DC-Motor.

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 Figure 12: plotting of motor torque in DC Motor
(Source: created in Mat lab)
When the stator field is present and the current is carried by the armature conductor, then torque
is produced, which is known as mechanical torque (Galea, 2019). "The torque here is developed
in between the stator of the motor and the armature". From the equation, it can be seen that.
Mechanical-torque = R(N-m) * f
So, the torque is dependent on the radius of the armature of the Motor. So, if the armature
voltage and current are changed, then the value of the torque of the DC Shunt Motor will also be
changed.

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Alternate method

Using a series of resistance to control the starting current is a common type of starter. But the
other starter which is used in starting the DC Motor is -

"Two-point starter"

This type of starter is used in the series motor, and the field winding and the armature winding
are connected in the series. If this happens, the Motor starts running at high speed, and as it is
known that without load, the Motor doesn't start. Rheostat combination along with the tap-
changing is similar to the work of the "two-point starter". The no-load release coil and the
starting resistance, along with the armature, are connected with series. When the supply is given
to the Motor at that time, the handle of the "Two point starter" is moving from the off mode to on
mode and starting to work.

Figure 13: Two-point starter

And for this reason, the starting current, which is drawn by the shunt dc motor, is reduced, and
the Motor can work normally. But if the starter is not used here, then the Motor will get
damaged, and the Motor will not get heated, and no harmonic will occur.

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"Three-point starter"

This "Three-point starter" is used mainly in the compound-wound and shunt-wound type Shunt
DC motor. To start the Motor, if the branch of the starter is moving clockwise, then the current
drawn at the time of starting will be lower. So, this is the reason why the "Three-point starter" is
used.

Figure 14: “Three-point starter”

"Four-point starter."

There are many disadvantages to the "Three-point starter". So, this "Four point starter" is
introduced in the machines. This is also used to limit up the starting current and protect the Shunt
DC Motor from damage.
So, these are some stators that are used to limit the starting current of the Shunt DC Motor.

Conclusion

This report is done to make a user clear about the concept of controlling the starting-current of a
Shunt-dc Motor by using a series resistor. And all the graphs are shown here to make the concept
more clear, and the configuration of the dc motor in Matlab that snips are also given here, and
software works are also given for this job. To work with the DC Shunt-Motor, a person needs to
know about the topic very clearly. As well as this, the other processes of controlling the starting
current are also discussed here, and the speed control of a Shunt DC Motor is also mentioned
here for clearing the concept of the user.

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Reference List

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