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 SI for HVAC&R
Revised June 1997

This guide conforms to ANSI SI 10-1997, Standard for Use SI PRACTICE

of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric
System. See ANSI SI 10 for more information and a complete
list of conversion factors with more significant digits. 1 General
1.1 The International System of Units (SI) consists of seven
ASHRAE METRIC POLICY base units listed in Table 1 and numerous derived units, which
are combinations of base units (Table 2).
The metric unit use or application policy shall include, as a
Table 1 SI Base Units
minimum, time-dated directions on the use of SI and I-P
units in all ASHRAE publications. Quantity Name Symbol
length metre m
1. The Technical Committee on terminology, TC 1.6, shall mass kilogram kg
serve as the authority on SI and I-P usage and application. time second s
2. Research projects, Standards and Guidelines, Special electric current ampere A
thermodynamic temperature kelvin K
Publications, Insights articles, Journal articles, and Hand-
amount of substance mole mol
books shall be prepared using inch-pound (I-P) units and/
luminous intensity candela cd
or the International System of Units (SI) in formats
approved by the Publishing Council.
2 Units
3. The Publishing Council shall review annually the
approved formats to be used in ASHRAE publications— 2.1 In SI each physical quantity has only one unit. The base
considering suggestions from members, Technical Com- and derived units may be modified by prefixes as indicated in
mittees/Task Groups/Technical Resource Groups, Stan- Section 4. All derived units are defined by simple formulas
dards Project Committees, Research and Technical using the base units. The basic simplicity of the system can
Committee, Journal, Handbook, and other General Com- only be kept by adhering to the approved units.
mittees, and shall establish any changes in the approved 2.2 Angle. The unit of plane angle is the radian. The degree
formats. and its decimal fractions may be used, but the minute and sec-
4. The Publishing Council shall consider this policy annually ond should not be used.
and shall recommend to the Board of Directors the formats
2.3 Area. The unit of area is the square metre. Large areas
to be used in ASHRAE publications.
are expressed in hectares (ha) or square kilometres (km2). The
a. The format for ASHRAE publications shall be dual hectare is restricted to land or sea areas and equals 10 000 m2.
units, except in cases determined by the Publishing
2.4 Energy. The unit of energy, work, and quantity of heat is
Council, where two separate versions are to be pub-
the joule (J). The kilowatthour (kWh) is presently permitted as
lished, one rational I-P and the other rational SI. For
an alternative in electrical applications, but should not be intro-
selected ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines, the Stan-
duced in new applications.
dards Committee may approve use of SI units only.
b. In dual unit publications, the units used in calculating 1 kilowatthour (kWh) = 3.6 megajoules (MJ)
the work being reported shall be listed first. The alter- The unit of power and heat flow rate is the watt (W).
nate system of units should follow in parenthesis.
Authors shall round off equivalents in the alternate sys- 1 watt (W) = 1 joule per second (J/s)
tem of units so that they imply the same accuracy as is
2.5 Force. The unit of force is the newton (N). The newton is
implied with primary units.
also used in derived units which include force.
c. Exceptions require the approval of the Director of
Communications and Publications. Examples: pressure or stress = N/m2 = Pa (pascal)
d. All Handbook volumes are published in separate I-P work = N·m = J (joule)
and SI editions. power = N·m/s = W (watt)

Copyright © 1997 by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.
ASHRAE® has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investigated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process,
procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty,
or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in this publication is free of errors. The
entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.
2 SI for HVAC&R

Table 2 Some SI Derived Units 2.8 Pressure. The unit of stress or pressure, force per unit
Expression in area, is the newton per square metre. This unit is called the
Quantity Other SI Units Name Symbol pascal (Pa). SI has no equivalent symbol for psig or psia. If a
acceleration misinterpretation is likely, spell out Pa (absolute) or Pa
angular rad/s2 (gage).
linear m/s2
angle
2.9 Volume. The unit of volume is the cubic metre. Smaller
plane dimensionless radian rad units are the litre, L (m3/1000); millilitre, mL; and microlitre,
solid dimensionless steradian sr mL. No prefix other than m or m is used with litre.
area m2
Celsius temperature K degree Celsius °C
2.10 Temperature. The unit of thermodynamic (absolute)
conductivity, thermal W/(m ·K) temperature is the Kelvin. Celsius temperature is measured in
density degrees Celsius. Temperature intervals may be measured in
heat flux W/m2 kelvins or degrees Celsius and are the same in either scale.
mass kg/m3 Thermodynamic temperature is related to Celsius temperature
energy, enthalpy
work, heat N·m joule J
as follows:
specific J/kg tc = T - T0
entropy
heat capacity J/K where
specific J/(kg·K)
tc = Celsius temperature, °C
flow, mass kg/s
flow, volume m3/s T = thermodynamic temperature, kelvins (K)
force kg·m/s2 newton N T0 = 273.15 K by definition
frequency
periodic 1/s hertz Hz
2.11 Time. The unit of time is the second, which should be
rotating rev/s used in technical calculations. However, where time relates to
inductance Wb/A henry H life customs or calendar cycles, the minute, hour, day, and
magnetic flux V·s weber other calendar units may be necessary.
moment of a force N·m
potential, electric W/A volt V Exception: Revolutions per minute may be used, but
power, radiant flux J/s watt W revolutions per second is preferred.
pressure, stress N/m2 pascal Pa
resistance, electric V/a ohm W

velocity 3 Symbols
angular rad/s
linear m/s 3.1 The correct use of symbols is important because an incor-
viscosity rect symbol may change the meaning of a quantity. Some SI
dynamic (absolute)(m) Pa·s symbols are listed in Table 3.
kinematic (n) m2/s
volume m3 3.2 SI has no abbreviations—only symbols. Therefore, no
volume, specific m3/kg periods follow a symbol except at the end of a sentence.

2.6 Length. The unit of length is the metre. The millimetre Examples: SI, not S.I.; s, not sec; A, not amp
is used on architectural or construction drawings and 3.3 Symbols appear in lower case unless the unit name has
mechanical or shop drawings. The symbol mm does not need been taken from a proper name. In this case the first letter of the
to be placed after each dimension; a note, “All dimensions in symbol is capitalized.
mm” is sufficient.
The centimetre is used only for cloth, clothing sizes, and Examples: m, metre; W, watt; Pa, pascal
anatomical measurements. Exception: L, litre
The metre is used for topographical and plot plans. It is
always written with a decimal and three figures following the 3.4 Symbols and prefixes are printed in upright (roman) type
decimal, i.e., 38.560. regardless of the type style in surrounding text.

2.7 Mass. The unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). The unit of Example: . . . a distance of 56 km between . . .
mass is the only unit whose name, for historical reasons, con- 3.5 Unit symbols are the same whether singular or plural.
tains a prefix. Names of multiples of the unit mass are formed
by attaching prefixes to the word gram. The megagram, Mg, Examples: 1 kg, 14 kg; 1 mm, 25 mm
(1000 kg, metric ton or tonne, t) is the appropriate unit for 3.6 Leave a space between the value and the symbol.
describing large masses. Do not use the term weight when mass
is intended. Examples: 55 mm, not 55mm; 100 W, not 100W
Revised June 1997 3

Table 3 SI Symbols 3.8 Symbol for product—use the raised dot (·)
Symbol Name Quantity Formula Examples: N·m; mPa·s; W/(m2 ·K)
A ampere electric current base unit
a atto prefix 10-18 3.9 Symbol for quotient—use one of the following forms:
Bq becquerel activity (of a radio nuclide) 1/s m
C coulomb quantity of electricity A·s Examples: m/s or ---- or use negative exponent
s
°C degree Celsius temperature °C = K
c centi prefix 10-2 Note: Use only one solidus ( / ) per expression.
cd candela luminous intensity base unit
10-1
3.10 Place modifying terms such as electrical, alternating
d deci prefix
da deka prefix 101 current, etc. parenthetically after the symbol with a space in
E exa prefix 1018 between.
F farad electric capacitance C/V
f femto prefix 10-15 Examples: MW (e); not MWe; not MW(e)
G giga prefix 109 V (ac); not Vac; not V(ac)
Gy gray absorbed dose J/kg kPa (gage); not kPa(gage); not KPa gage
g gram mass kg/1000
H henry inductance Wb/A
Hz hertz frequency 1/s 4 Prefixes
h hecto prefix 102
ha hectare area 10 000 m2 4.1 Most prefixes indicate orders of magnitude in steps of
J joule energy, work, heat N·m 1000. Prefixes provide a convenient way to express large and
K kelvin temperature base unit small numbers and to eliminate nonsignificant digits and
k kilo prefix 103
leading zeros in decimal fractions. Some prefixes are listed in
kg kilogram mass base unit
L litre volume m3/1000 Table 4.
lm lumen luminous flux cd·sr
lx lux illuminance lm/m2 Examples: 126 000 watts is the same as 126 kilowatts
M mega prefix 106 0.045 metre is the same as 45 millimetres
m metre length base unit 65 000 metres is the same as 65 kilometres
m milli prefix 10-3
mol mole amount of substance base unit 4.2 To realize the full benefit of the prefixes when expressing
m micro prefix 10-6 a quantity by numerical value, choose a prefix so that the num-
N newton force kg·m/s2 ber lies between 0.1 and 1000. For simplicity, give preference
n nano prefix 10-9
W ohm electric resistance V/A
to prefixes representing 1000 raised to an integral power (i.e.,
P peta prefix 1015 mm, mm, km).
Pa pascal pressure, stress N/m2
p pico prefix 10-12 Exceptions:
rad radian plane angle dimensionless 1. In expressing area and volume, the prefixes hecto, deka,
S siemens electric conductance A/V deci, and centi are sometimes used; for example, cubic
Sv sievert dose equivalent J/kg
s second time base unit
decimetre (L), square hectometre (hectare), cubic centi-
sr steradian solid angle dimensionless metre.
T tera prefix 1012 2. Tables of values of the same quantity.
T tesla magnetic flux density Wb/m2
t tonne, metric ton mass 1000 kg; Mg
3. Comparison of values.
V volt electric potential W/A Table 4 SI Prefixes
W watt power, radiant flux J/s
Wb weber magnetic flux V·s Prefix Pronunciation Symbol Represents
exa ex‡a (a as in about) E 1018
Exception: No space is left between the numerical value
peta pet‡a (e as in pet, a as in about) P 1015
and symbol for degree Celsius and degree of tera as in terra firma T 1012
plane angle. giga jig‡ (i as in jig, a as in about) G 109
mega as in megaphone M 106
Note: Symbol for degree Celsius is °C; for coulomb, C. kilo kill‡oh k 103 = 1000
Examples: 20°C, not 20 °C or 20° C; 45°, not 45 ° hecto heck‡ toe h* 102 = 100
deka deck‡a (a as in about) da* 101 = 10
3.7 Do not mix symbols and names in the same expression. deci as in decimal d* 10-1 = 0.1
centi as in centipede c* 10-2 = 0.01
Examples: m/s or metres per second, milli as in military m 10-3 = 0.001
not metres/second; not metres/s micro as in microphone m 10-6
nano nan‡oh (an as in ant) n 10-9
J/kg or joules per kilogram, pico peek‡oh p 10-12
not joules/kilogram; not joules/kg *See paragraph 4.2 regarding use of this prefix.
4 SI for HVAC&R

4. For certain quantities in particular applications. For exam- 6.2 Treat all spelled out names as nouns. Therefore, do not
ple, the millimetre is used for linear dimensions in engi- capitalize the first letter of a unit except at the beginning of a
neering drawings even when the values lie far outside the sentence or in capitalized material such as a title.
range of 0.1 mm to 1000 mm; the centimetre is usually Examples: watt; pascal; ampere; volt; newton; kelvin
used for body measurements and clothing sizes.
Exception: Always capitalize the first letter of Celsius.
4.3 Compound units. A compound unit is a derived unit
6.3 Do not begin a sentence with a unit symbol—either rear-
expressed with two or more units. The prefix is attached to a
range the words or write the unit name in full.
unit in the numerator.
6.4 Use plurals for spelled out words when required by the
Examples: V/m not mV/mm
rules of grammar.
mN·m not N·mm (torque)
MJ/kg not kJ/g Examples: metre — metres; henry — henries;
kilogram — kilograms; kelvin — kelvins
4.4 Compound prefixes formed by a combination of two or
more prefixes are not used. Use only one prefix. Irregular: hertz — hertz; lux — lux;
siemens — siemens
Examples: 2 nm not 2 mmm
6 m3 not 6 kL 6.5 Do not put a space or hyphen between the prefix and unit
6 MPa not 6 kkPa name.
4.5 Exponential Powers. An exponent attached to a symbol Examples: kilometre not kilo metre or kilo-metre;
containing a prefix indicates that the multiple (of the unit with its milliwatt not milli watt or milli-watt
prefix) is raised to the power of 10 expressed by the exponent. 6.6 When a prefix ends with a vowel and the unit name
Examples: 3
1 mm = (10 - 3 m)3
= 10 - 9 m3 begins with a vowel, retain and pronounce both vowels.
1 ns-1 = (10-9 s)-1 = 109 s-1 Example: kiloampere
1 mm2/s = (10-3 m)2/s = 10-6 m2/s Exceptions: hectare; kilohm; megohm
6.7 When compound units are formed by multiplication,
5 Numbers leave a space between units that are multiplied.
5.1 Large Numbers. International practice separates the Examples: newton metre, not newton-metre;
digits of large numbers into groups of three, counting from the volt ampere, not volt-ampere
decimal to the left and to the right, and inserts a space to sepa-
rate the groups. In numbers of four digits, the space is not nec- 6.8 Use the modifier squared or cubed after the unit name.
essary except for uniformity in tables. Example: metre per second squared
Examples: 2.345 678; 73 846; 635 041; 600.000; Exception: For area or volume place the modifier before
0.113 501; 7 258 the units. Example: square millimetre; cubic
5.2 Small Numbers. When writing numbers less than one, metre
always put a zero before the decimal marker. 6.9 When compound units are formed by division, use the
Example: 0.046 word per, not a solidus ( / ).
5.3 Decimal Marker. The recommended decimal marker is Examples: metre per second, not metre/second;
a dot on the line (period). (In some countries, a comma is used watt per square metre, not watt/square metre
as the decimal marker.)
5.4 Billion. Because billion means a thousand million in the TEMPERATURE CONVERSION
United States and a million million in most other countries, (exact)
avoid using the term in technical writing. tC = (tF - 32)/1.8 tF = 1.8 tC + 32
5.5 Roman Numerals. Do not use M to indicate thousands tC = T - 273.15 tF = TR - 459.67
(MBtu for a thousand Btu), nor MM to indicate millions, nor C T = TR/1.8 TR = 1.8T
to indicate hundreds because they conflict with SI prefixes.
T = tC + 273.15 TR = tF + 459.67
6 Words where
tC = Celsius temperature, °C
6.1 The units in the international system of units are called SI T = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature, kelvins (K)
units—not Metric Units and not SI Metric Units. tF = Fahrenheit temperature, °F
(Inch-Pound units are called I-P units—not conventional TR = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature, degrees
units, not U.S. customary units, not English units, and not Rankine (°R)
Imperial units.) and °C = K = 1.8°F °F = °R = °C/1.8
Revised June 1997 5

SI Units for HVAC&R Catalogs

Quantity Unit Quantity Unit Quantity Unit
Boilers Diffusers and Grilles Pumps
Heat output kW Air volume flow rate m3/s, L/s Mass flow rate kg/s
Heat input kW Airflow pressure loss Pa Volume flow rate L/s
Heat release kW/m2 Velocity m/s Power input (to drive) kW
Steam generation rate kg/s Developed pressure kPa
Fuel firing rate: Fans Operating pressure kPa
solid kg/s Air volume flow rate m3/s, L/s Rotational frequency rev/s (rpm)*
gaseous L/s Power input (to drive) kW
liquid kg/s, L/s Fan static pressure Pa Space Heating Apparatus
Volume flow rate (combust. products) m3/s, L/s Fan total pressure Pa Heat output kW
Power input (to drives) kW Rotational frequency rev/s (rpm)* Airflow volume flow rate m3/s, L/s
Operating pressure kPa Outlet velocity m/s Power input (to drive) kW
Hydraulic resistance kPa Primary medium mass flow rate kg/s
Draft conditions Pa Air Filters Hydraulic resistance kPa
Air volume flow rate m3/s, L/s Operating pressure kPa
Coil, Cooling and Heating Static pressure loss Pa Airflow static pressure loss Pa
Heat exchange rate kW Face area m2
Primary medium: Vessels
mass flow rate kg/s Fuels Operating pressure kPa
hydraulic resistance kPa Heating value: Volumetric capacity m3, L
Air volume flow rate m3/s, L/s solid MJ/kg
Airflow static pressure loss Pa gaseous MJ/m3 Air Washers
Face area m2 liquid MJ/kg Volume flow rate:
Fin spacing, center to center mm air m3/s, L/s
Heat Exchangers water m3/s, L/s
Controls and Instruments Heat output kW Mass flow rate, water kg/s
Flow rate: Mass flow rate kg/s Power input (to drive) kW
mass kg/s Hydraulic resistance kPa Airflow static pressure loss Pa
volume m3/s, L/s, mL/s Operating pressure kPa Hydraulic resistance kPa
Operating pressure kPa Flow velocity m/s
Hydraulic resistance kPa Heat exchange surface m2 Water Chillers
Rotational frequency rev/s (rpm)* Fouling factor m2/W Cooling capacity kW
Mass flow rate, water kg/s
Cooling Towers Induction Terminals Power input (to drive) kW
Heat extraction rate kW Heating or cooling output kW Refrigerant pressure kPa
Volume flow rate: Primary air volume flow rate m3/s, L/s Hydraulic resistance kPa
air m3/s, L/s Primary air static pressure loss Pa
3
water m /s, L/s Secondary water mass flow rate kg/s *Acceptable
Power input (to drive) kW Secondary water hydraulic resistance kPa

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Standard Air

Dry air at 101.325 kPa and 20°C (density 1.204 kg/m3)
Atmospheric Pressure
Specific heat (constant pressure), cp = 1.006 kJ/(kg·K)
Standard pressure = 101.325 kPa, exact value by definition
(approximately 29.921 in. Hg at 32°F; 760 mm Hg at 0°C; Heating of Air
14.696 psi at 32°F). Sensible heat qs = 1.2 QDt
Gravity Latent heat ql = 3.0 QDw
2
Standard acceleration = 9.806 65 m/s , exact value by defi- Total heat qt = 1.2 QDh
nition (approximately 32.1740 ft/s2).
where
Typical Densities (kg/m3 at 20°C)
Dt = temperature difference, K or °C
Gases (101.325 kPa) Liquids Solids
Dw = moisture content difference, g/kg (dry air)
butane 2.412 mercury 13 550 lead 11 300
propane 1.829 sulphuric acid 1 830 copper 8 900 Dh = enthalpy difference, kJ/kg (dry air)
oxygen 1.330 refrigerant 12 1 329 steel 7 830 Q = volume flow rate, m3/s (standard air)
air, dry 1.204 glycerine 1 264 cast iron 7 200
carbon dioxide 1.970 battery electr. 1 260 aluminum 2 700
qs, ql, qt = heat flow, kW
air, 50% rh 1.191 refrigerant 22 1 213 glass 2 500
acetylene 1.173 water 998 concrete 2 300
Water
nitrogen 1.164 mineral oil 900 brick 1 920 Heat of vaporization
natural gas 0.719 kerosene 820 hardwood 750
helium 0.166 ethyl alcohol 791 softwood 540 at 101.325 kPa and 100°C = 2257 kJ/kg
hydrogen 0.083 gasoline 730 fiberglass board 80
propane 580 polystyrene 20 Heat of fusion at 0°C = 334 kJ/kg
 CONVERSION FACTORS
When making conversions, remember that a converted value is no CAUTION: The conversion values are rounded to three or four sig-
more precise than the original value. Round off the final value to nificant figures, which is sufficiently accurate for most applica-
the same number of significant figures as those in the original tions. See ANSI SI 10 for additional conversions with more signif-
value. icant figures.

Multiply By To Obtain Multiply By To Obtain

acre 0.4047 ha in/100 ft (thermal expansion) 0.833 mm/m
atmosphere, standard *101.325 kPa in·lbf (torque or moment) 113 mN·m
bar *100 kPa in2 645 mm2
barrel (42 US gal, petroleum) 159 L in3 (volume) 16.4 mL
Btu, (International Table) 1.055 kJ in3/min (SCIM) 0.273 mL/s
Btu/ft2 11.36 kJ/m2 in3 (section modulus) 16 400 mm3
Btu·ft/h·ft2 ·°F 1.731 W/(m·K) in4 (section moment) 416 200 mm4
Btu·in/h·ft2 ·°F km/h 0.278 m/s
(thermal conductivity, k) 0.1442 W/(m·K) kWh *3.60 MJ
Btu/h 0.2931 W kW/1000 cfm 2.12 kJ/m3
Btu/h·ft 0.9615 W/m kilopond (kg force) 9.81 N
Btu/h·ft2 3.155 W/m2 kip (1000 lbf) 4.45 kN
Btu/h·ft2 ·°F kip/in2 (ksi) 6.895 MPa
(heat transfer coefficient, U) 5.678 W/(m2 ·K) litre *0.001 m3
Btu/lb *2.326 kJ/kg MBtuh (1000 Btu/h) 0.2931 kW
Btu/lb·°F (specific heat, cp) 4.184 kJ/(kg·K) met 58.15 W/m2
bushel 0.03524 m3 micron (mm) of mercury (60°F) 133 mPa
calorie, (thermochemical) *4.184 J mil (0.001 in.) *25.4 mm
calorie, nutrition (kilocalorie) *4.184 kJ mile 1.61 km
candle, candlepower *1.0 cd mile, nautical 1.85 km
centipoise, dynamic vicosity, m *1.00 mPa·s mph 1.61 km/h
centistokes, kinematic viscosity, n *1.00 mm2/s mph 0.447 m/s
clo 0.155 m2 ·K/W millibar *0.100 kPa
dyne/cm2 *0.100 Pa mm of mercury (60°F) 0.133 kPa
EDR hot water (150 Btu/h) 44.0 W mm of water (60°F) 9.80 Pa
EDR steam (240 Btu/h) 70.3 W ounce (mass, avoirdupois) 28.35 g
fuel cost comparison at 100% eff. ounce (force of thrust) 0.278 N
cents per gallon (no. 2 fuel oil) 0.0677 $/GJ ounce (liquid, US) 29.6 mL
cents per gallon (no. 6 fuel oil) 0.0632 $/GJ ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon 7.49 kg/m3
cents per gallon (propane) 0.113 $/GJ perm (permeance) 57.45 ng/(s·m2 ·Pa)
cent per kWh 2.78 $/GJ perm inch (permeability) 1.46 ng/(s·m ·Pa)
cents per therm 0.0948 $/GJ pint (liquid, US) 473 mL
ft *0.3048 m pound
ft *304.8 mm lb (mass) 0.4536 kg
ft/min, fpm *0.00508 m/s lb (mass) 453.6 g
ft/s, fps *0.3048 m/s lbf (force or thrust) 4.45 N
ft of water 2.99 kPa lb/ft (uniform load) 1.49 kg/m
ft of water per 100 ft of pipe 0.0981 kPa/m lbm/(ft·h) (dynamic viscosity, m) 0.413 mPa·s
ft2 0.09290 m2 lbm/(ft·s) (dynamic viscosity, m) 1490 mPa·s
ft2 ·h·°F/Btu (thermal resistance, R) 0.176 m2 ·K/W lbf ·s/ft2 (dynamic viscosity, m) 47 880 mPa·s
ft2 /s, kinematic viscosity, n 92 900 mm2/s lb/min 0.00756 kg/s
ft3 28.32 L lb/h 0.126 g/s
ft3 0.02832 m3 lb/h (steam at 212°F)(970 Btu/h) 0.284 kW
ft3/h, cfh 7.866 mL/s lbf/ft2 47.9 Pa
ft3/min, cfm 0.4719 L/s lb/ft2 4.88 kg/m2
ft3/s, cfs 28.32 L/s lb/ft3 (density, r) 16.0 kg/m3
footcandle 10.76 lx lb/gallon 120 kg/m3
ft·lbf (torque or moment) 1.36 N·m ppm (by mass) *1.00 mg/kg
ft·lbf (work) 1.36 J psi 6.895 kPa
ft·lbf/lb (specific energy) 2.99 J/kg quad (1015 Btu) 1.06 EJ
ft·lbf/min (power) 0.0226 W quart (liquid, US) 0.946 L
gallon, US (*231 in3) 3.785 L revolutions per minute (rpm) *1/60 Hz
gph 1.05 mL/s square (100 ft2 ) 9.29 m2
gpm 0.0631 L/s tablespoon (approx.) 15 mL
gpm/ft2 0.6791 L/(s·m2) teaspoon (approx.) 5 mL
gpm/ton refrigeration 0.0179 mL/J therm (100,000 Btu) 105.5 MJ
grain (1/7000 lb) 0.0648 g ton, short (2000 lb) 0.907 Mg; t (tonne)
gr/gal 17.1 g/m3 ton, refrigeration (12,000 Btu/h) 3.517 kW
horsepower (boiler)(33,470 Btu/h) 9.81 kW torr (1 mm Hg at 0°C) 133 Pa
horsepower (550 ft·lbf/s) 0.746 kW watt per square foot 10.8 W/m2
inch *25.4 mm yd *0.9144 m
inch of mercury (60°F) 3.377 kPa yd2 0.836 m2
inch of water (60°F) 248.8 Pa yd3 0.7646 m3
To Obtain By Divide To Obtain By Divide
Note: In this list the kelvin (K) expresses temperature intervals. The degree Celsius *Conversion factor is exact.
symbol (°C) is often used for this purpose as well.