Summaries & Questions © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 1 FS / January 2023

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ORGANIC MOLECULES: NOMENCLATURE ................................................................................. 2

ORGANIC MOLECULES: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ................................................................... 11
ORGANIC MOLECULES: ORGANIC REACTIONS ...................................................................... 20
REACTION RATE AND ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS ................................................... 28
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM ........................................................................................................... 44
ACIDS AND BASES ..................................................................................................................... 62
GALVANIC CELLS ....................................................................................................................... 76
ELECTROLYTIC CELLS............................................................................................................... 81
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 85

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 2 FS / January 2023

ORGANIC MOLECULES: NOMENCLATURE

QUESTION 1 (November 2014)
1.1.1 B  (1)
1.1.2 D  (1)
1.2 2-bromo-3-chloro-4-methylpentane  (3)
1.3.1 H

H C H
H H H H H

H C C C C C C H

H H H H
H C H H C H

H H (2)
1.3.2 
H H H O H

H C C C C C H 
H H H H (2)
1.4.1 Compounds with the same molecular formula  but DIFFERENT functional goups.  (2)
1.4.2 B&F (1)
[12]
QUESTION 2 (March 2015)
2.1.1 Carboxyl group  (1)
2.1.2 Ketones  (1)
2.2.1 4-methylhexan-3-one  (2)
2.2.2 4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane  (2)
2.3 Carbon dioxide/CO2  and water/H2O  (2)
2.4.1
H
H C H

H H O

H C C C C O H 
H H H (2)
2.4.2 H H H H H

H C C C C H  OR H C C C C

H H H H H H H H
(2)
2.5.1 E (1)
2.5.2 Substitution / halogenation / bromination  (1)
2.5.3 H Br  Br H

H C C C C H 

H H H H (2)
[18]
QUESTION 3 (June 2015)
3.1.1 B  (1)
3.1.2 E  (1)
3.1.3 A  (1)

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 3 FS / January 2023

3.2.1 4-chloro-2,5-dimethylheptane  (3)

3.2.2 2-methylpropan-1-ol  (2)
3.2.3 O
C C C  (1)

3.3.1 Compounds with the same molecular formula but different POSITIONS of the functional group / side
chain / substituents on parent chain.  (2)
3.3.2 But-1-ene  AND But-2-ene  (4)
3.3.3 H

H C H H
 
H C C C H
H H (2)
3.4.1 Cracking / elimination  (1)
3.4.2 Ethene  (1)
3.4.3 C4H10  (1)
[20]
QUESTION 4 (November 2015)
4.1.1 B  (1)
4.1.2 O 
C H (1)
4.1.3 CnH2n-2  (1)
4.1.4 4-ethyl-5-methylhept-2-yne  OR 4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-heptyne (2)
4.1.5 Butan-2-one / 2-butanone  (2)
4.2.1 Alkanes  (1)
4.2.2 2-methylpropane  OR methylpropane 
H
H C H
H H
H C C C H
H H H (4)
4.2.3 Chain  (1)
4.3.1 Haloalkanes / Alkyl halides  (1)
4.3.2 Substitution / halogenation / bromination  (1)
[16]
QUESTION 5 (March 2016)
5.1.1 Ketones  (1)
5.1.2 3,5-dichloro-4-methyloctane  (1)
5.1.3 H
H C H
H H

H C C C H

H O H
H (2)
5.2.1 Acts as catalyst. / Increases the rate of reaction.  (1)
5.2.2 Water / H2O  (1)
40 6,67 53,33
5.2.3 mol C : mol H : mol O = : : 
12 1 16
= 3,33 : 6,67 : 3,33
=1 : 2 : 1
Empirical formula: CH2O  (5)

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 4 FS / January 2023

5.2.4 M(CH2O) = 30 g·mol-1

60
Formula-units = =2
30
Molecular formula: C2H4O2 (3)
5.2.5 O

H C H (2)
5.2.6 Methyl methanoate  (2)
[19]
QUESTION 6 (June 2016)
6.1.1 E  (1)
6.1.2 C  (1)
6.1.3 D  (1)
6.2.1 Pent-2-yne OR 2-pentyne (2)
6.2.2 H H

H C C C C H 

H H H
H C H
H (2)
6.2.3 2-methylbut-1-ene  OR 3-methylbut-1-ene (3)
6.3.1 Esters  (1)
6.3.2 Sulphuric acid / H2SO4  (1)
6.3.3 Methyl propanoate  (2)
[14]
QUESTION 7 (November 2016)
7.1.1 A  (1)
7.1.2 D  (1)
7.1.3 E  (1)
7.2.1 H

H C H
H H H H

H C C C C C H

H H Br Br H (3)
7.2.2 H O

H C C O H 

H (2)

7.3.1 Hydrogen gas  (1)

7.3.2 Addition / Hydrogenation  (1)
[10]
QUESTION 8 (March 2017)
8.1 A bond or an atom or a group of atoms  that determine(s) the (physical and chemical) properties
of a group of organic compounds.  (2)
8.2.1 O

C H (1)
8.2.2 Carboxyl (group)  (1)

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 5 FS / January 2023

8.3.1 Ketones  (1)

8.3.2 H H O H H H

H C C C C C C H 

H H H
H C H H C H

H H (3)
8.4.1 5-bromo-4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane  (3)
8.4.2 4-methylpent-2-yne  / 4-methyl-2-pentyne (2)
[13]
QUESTION 9 (June 2017)
9.1.1 B  (1)
9.1.2 D OR E  (1)
9.1.3 F  (1)
9.2.1 Butanal  (1)
9.2.2 2,3,3-trimethylbut-1-ene  OR 2,3,3- trimethyl-1-butene (3)
9.3 H H O H

H C C C C H

H H H (2)
9.4.1 Esterification / Condensation  (1)
9.4.2 Propan-1-ol  (1)
9.4.3
H H H O

H C C C C O H 

H H H
(3)
9.4.4 Propyl  butanoate  (2)
[16]
QUESTION 10 (November 2017)
10.1.1 Esters  (1)
10.1.2 Ethyl  butanoate  (2)
10.1.3 Butanoic acid  (1)
10.1.4 H H H O
H H

H C C C C C C O H

H H H H H (2)

10.2 H H H O H

H C C C C C H 

H H H
H C H

H  (3)
10.3.1 CnH2n-2  (1)
10.3.2 5-ethyl-2,6-dimethylhept-3-yne  OR 5-ethyl-2,6-dimethyl-3-heptyne (3)
[13]
QUESTION 11 (June 2018)
11.1.1 A  (1)
11.1.2 B  (1)
11.1.3 D  (1)
11.1.4 D  (1)
11.2.1 Butanal  (1)
11.2.2 5-ethyl-6,6-dimethyloctan-3-ol  OR 5-ethyl-6,6-dimethyl-3-octanol (4)
11.3 Compounds with the same molecular formula,  but different positions of the side
chain/substituents/functional groups on parent chain.  (2)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 6 FS / January 2023

11.4.1 H

H H O H

H C C C C H 

H H H H
(2)
11.4.2 H O H H

H C C C C H

H H H (2)
11.4.3 O
H H

H C C C O H

H H
(2)
[17]
QUESTION 12 (June 2018)
12.1.1 A  (1)
12.1.2 D  (1)
12.1.3 B  (1)
12.1.4 E  (1)
12.1.5 B  (1)
12.2.1 H
H O H H O

C C C  OR C O C H
H O H H C

H H H H
(2)
12.2.2 Methyl ethanoate  OR Ethyl methanoate  (2)
12.3.1 A large molecule composed of smaller monomer units covalently bonded to each other in a
repeating pattern.  (2)
12.3.2 Polyethene  (1)
12.3.3
H H H H

n C C C C

H H H H

n (3)
12.4 Hydrolysis/Substitution  (1)
12.5 Use concentrated strong base/NaOH/KOH/LiOH 
Heat strongly  (2)
[18]
QUESTION 13 (June 2019)
13.1 Unsaturated
C/It has a triple/multiple bond.  (2)
13.2.1 D  (1)
13.2.2 B  (1)
13.2.3 C  (1)
13.2.4 E  (1)
13.3.1 C C  (1)
13.3.2  O
H H H H H H
H C C C C O C C C H 
H H H H H H (2)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 7 FS / January 2023

13.3.3 H

H C H
H H

H C C C H 

H H H
(2)
13.4.1 2,3-dibromo-5-methylheptane  (3)
13.4.2 2C4H10 + 13O2   8CO2 + 10H2O  Bal  (3)
[17]
QUESTION 14 (November 2019)
14.1.1 CnH2n - 2  (1)
14.1.2
H

H C H
H H

H C C C C C H 

H H

H C H
H (3)

14.2.1 Compounds with the same molecular formula,  but different positions of the side
chain/substituents/functional groups on the parent chain. (2)
14.2.2 Pentan-3-one/3-pentanone  (2)
14.2.3 H H H H O

H C C C C C H
H H H H
(2)
14.3.1 Tertiary (alcohol) 
The C atom bonded to the functional group/hydroxyl (group)/-OH is bonded to three other C atoms.  (2)
14.3.2 2-methylbutan-2-ol/2-methyl-2-butanol  (2)
14.3.3 2-methylbut-2- ene/2-methyl-2-butene  (2)
[16]
QUESTION 15 (November 2020)
15.1.1 Ketones  (1)
15.1.2 Pentanal  (2)
15.2.1 5-bromo-2,3-dimethylhexane  (3)
15.2.2
H H H


H C C C C C H

H H
H C H

H (2)
15.3.1 The C atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to only one other C-atom.  (2 or 0)
OR
The hydroxyl group/-OH/ is bonded to a C atom which is bonded to two hydrogens atoms. (2 or 0)
OR
The hydroxyl group/functional group/-OH is bonded to: a primary C atom / the first C atom. (2 or 0) (2)
15.3.2 Esterification/condensation  (1)
15.3.3 Butanoic acid  (1)
[12]

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 8 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 16 (June 2021)

16.1
16.1.1 F  (1)
16.1.2 B & F  (1)
16.1.3 C  (1)
16.2
16.2.1 Haloalkane/alkyl halide  (1)
16.2.2 3,5-dibromooctane  Marking criteria
• Octane 
• Dibromo 
• Substituents (dibromo) correctly numbered, hyphens,
commas correctly used. 
(3)
16.3
16.3.1 Pentan-3-one  Marking criteria
• Pentanone 
• Correct position of functional group. 
(2)

16.3.2 3-methylbutan-2-one OR 3-methylbutanone  methylbutanone (2)

16.4
16.4.1 Hexyl methanoate  (2)
16.4.2 O O

C O C OR R C O R
(1)
16.5
16.5.1 Cracking/Elimination  (1)
16.5.2 C7H16  (2)
16.5.3
H H
 Marking criteria
H C C C H • Functional group 
• Whole structure correct. 
H H
(2)
[19]
QUESTION 17 (September 2021)
17.1
17.1.1 C  (1)
17.1.2 B/E  (1)
17.1.3 E  (1)
17.2
17.2.1 2-bromo-4-ethyl-3,3-dimethylhexane 
Marking criteria
• Correct stem i.e. hexane. 
• All substituents (bromo, ethyl and dimethyl) correctly identified. 
• IUPAC name completely correct including numbering, sequence, hyphens and commas.
(3)
17.2.2
Marking criteria
• Six carbons in longest chain. 
• Hydroxyl group on third carbon. 

(2)
17.2.3 Pentanal  Marking criteria
• Correct functional group i.e. -al 
• Whole name correct. 
(2)
17.3
17.3.1 Oxidation/combustion  (1)
17.3.2 C8H18  (2 or 0) (2)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 9 FS / January 2023

17.3.3

(3)
[16]
QUESTION 18 (November 2021)
2.1 A compound that contains a double bond/multiple bond/no single bonds (between C atoms).  (2)
2.2
2.2.1 B / E  (1)
2.2.2 Carbonyl (group)  (1)
2.2.3 F  (2)
2.2.4 2,5-dichloro-3-methylhexane Marking criteria
• Correct stem i.e. hexane. 
• All substituents (dichloro and methyl) correctly identified. 
• IUPAC name completely correct including numbering, sequence,
hyphens and commas.
(3)
2.2.5 CnH2n  (1)
2.3 Compounds with the same molecular formula,  but different functional groups.  (2)
2.4
2.4.1 Carboxylic acids  (1)
2.4.2 
H
O Marking criteria
• Functional group 
H C O C H  • Whole structure correct. 

(2)
H
2.5
2.5.1 Ethanol  (1)
2.5.2 E (1)
2.5.3 (Concentrated) sulphuric acid/H2SO4  (1)
[18]
QUESTION 19 (June 2022)
19.1
19.1.1 E  (1)
19.1.2 F  (1)
19.1.3 C  (1)
19.1.4 H  (1)
19.2
19.2.1 2-bromo-2,4,5-trimethylhexane Marking criteria
• Correct stem i.e. hexane. 
• All substituents (bromo and trimethyl) correctly identified. 
• IUPAC name completely correct including numbering,
sequence, hyphens and commas.
(3)

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 10 FS / January 2023

19.2.2 H

H C H
H H Marking criteria
• Five C atoms in longest chain + tripple bond. 
H C C C C C H • Two methyl substituents. 
• Whole structure correct. 

H H

H C H

H (3)
19.3
19.3.1 Aldehyde  (1)
19.3.2 Formyl  (1)
19.3.3
H H O H
Marking criteria
H C C C C H • Functional group 
• Whole structure correct. 
H H H (2)
19.4
19.4.1 Methylpropane/2-methylpropane (2)
19.4.2 2C4H10 + 13O2  → 8CO2 + 10H2O  Bal.  (3)
[19]
QUESTION 20 (November 2022)
20.1
20.1.1 C & D  (1)
20.1.2 Functional  (1)
20.1.3 CnH2n-2  (1)
20.1.4 Hydroxyl (group)  (1)
20.2
20.2.1 4-bromo-3,3-dimethylhexane 
Marking criteria:
• Correct stem i.e. hexane. 
• All substituents (bromo and dimethyl) correctly identified. 
• IUPAC name completely correct including numbering, sequence, hyphens and commas. 
(3)
20.2.2 4,4-dimethylpent-2-yne/4,4-dimethyl-2-pentyne 
Marking criteria:
• Correct stem and substituents: dimethyl and pentyne 
• IUPAC name completely correct including numbering, sequence, hyphens and commas. 
(2)
20.2.3 Butanal  Marking criteria
• Functional group: -al 
• IUPAC name correct. 
(2)
20.3
20.3.1 Esterification/condensation  (1)
20.3.2 M(C3H6O) = 58 g·mol-1
molecular mass of molecular formula 116
molecular mass of empirical formula
= 58
=2
Compound S = C6H12O2 
Carboxylic acid: C2H4O2  (3)
[15]

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 11 FS / January 2023

ORGANIC MOLECULES: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

QUESTION 1 (November 2014)
1.1 Alkanes have ONLY single bonds between C atoms. OR Alkanes have NO multiple bonds. (1)
1.2.1
─C─O─H
(1)
1.2.2 H

H C H
H  H

H C C C H
H H
O

H
(2)
1.3.1 Criteria for investigative question:
The dependent and independent variables are stated. 
Ask a question about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. 
Examples:
How does an increase in chain length influence boiling point?
What is the relationship between chain length and boiling point? (2)
1.3.2 Structure: The chain length increases. 
Intermolecular forces: Increase in strength of intermolecular. 
Energy: More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces. 
OR
Structure: From propane to methane the chain length decreases. 
Intermolecular forces: Decrease in strength of intermolecular. 
Energy: Less energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces.  (3)
1.4 Between propane molecules are London forces. 
Between propan-1-ol molecules are London forces, dipole-dipole forces and hydrogen bonds. 
Hydrogen bonds are stronger than London forces.  (3)
[12]
QUESTION 2 (March 2015)
2.1 C (1)
2.2.1 Chain length  (1)
2.2.2 Boiling point  (1)
2.3 London forces  (1)
2.4 Higher than  (1)
2.5 Lower than 
Both compounds D and E have hydrogen bonding between molecules. 
Compound D has one site for hydrogen bonding whilst compound E has two sites for hydrogen
bonding OR can form dimers. 
More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in compound E.  (4)
[9]
QUESTION 3 (June 2015)
3.1 Saturated 
B has ONLY single bonds between C atoms.  OR B has NO multiple bonds. (2)
3.2.1 ‒ 42 °C  (1)
3.2.2 78 °C  (1)
3.3 Between molecules of C/propane are London forces / induced dipole forces. 
Between molecules of E/ethanol are (London forces / induced dipole forces and) hydrogen bonds. 
Hydrogen bonds / Forces between alcohol molecules are stronger.  (3)
3.4 Decrease 
From A to D: Chain length increases. 
Strength of intermolecular forces increases. 
More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces.  (4)
3.5 Higher than  (1)
[12]

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 12 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 4 (November 2015)

4.1 A bond / an atom / a group of atoms  that determine(s) the (physical and chemical) properties
of a group of organic compounds.  (2)
4.2.1 D / ethanoic acid 
Lowest vapour pressure.  (2)
4.2.2 A / butane  (1)
4.3 Between molecules of A / butane are London forces. 
Between molecules of B / propan-2-one / ketones are dipole-dipole forces  in addition to
London forces.
Intermolecular forces in A are weaker than those in B.  (3)
4.4 London forces / induced dipole forces / dipole-dipole forces. 
OR A and B do not have hydrogen bonding. / C and D have hydrogen bonding. (1)
4.5 D has more sites for hydrogen bonding than C. / D forms dimers. 
D has stronger intermolecular forces.  (2)
4.6
V(CO2) = 4V(C4H10) V(H2O) = 5V(C4H10) V(O2 reacted):
= (4)(8)  = (5)(8)  13
= 32 cm3 = 40 cm3 V(O2) = ( ) V(C4H10)
2
13
= ( ) (8)  = 52 cm3
2
V(O2 excess):
V(O2) = 60 – 52 = 8 cm3

Vtot = 32 + 40 + 8 = 80 cm3 
(5)
[16]
QUESTION 5 (March 2016)
5.1 Temperature  at which the vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure.  (2)
5.2 The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point. / The boiling point is proportional
to the strength of intermolecular forces. 
NOTE: NOT DIRECTLY proportional! (1)
5.3.1 Between molecules of A / propane are London forces. 
Between molecules of B / propan-2-one are dipole-dipole forces  in addition to London forces.
Intermolecular forces in A are weaker than those in B.  (3)
5.3.2 Both C and D: hydrogen bonding 
D has two / more sites for hydrogen bonding. / D forms dimers. 
D has stronger intermolecular forces than C.  (3)
5.4 Liquid  (1)
[10]
QUESTION 6 (June 2016)
6.1 Temperature at which the vapour pressure equals atmospheric pressure.  (2)
6.2 Criteria for conclusion:
Dependent and independent variables correctly identified. 
Relationship between the independent and dependent variables correctly stated. 
Examples:
• Boiling point increases with increase in chain length.
• Boiling point decreases with decrease in chain length.
• Boiling point is proportional to chain length.
NOTE: Boiling point is NOT DIRECTLY proportional to chain length. (2)
6.3.1 P  (1)
6.3.2 R  (1)
6.4 Between alkane molecules are London forces. 
In addition to London forces and dipole-dipole forces each alcohol molecule has one site for
hydrogen bonding. 
In addition to London forces and dipole-dipole forces each carboxylic acid molecule has two sites for
hydrogen bonding. 
Intermolecular forces in carboxylic acids are stronger than intermolecular forces in alkanes and
alcohols. 
More energy is needed to overcome intermolecular forces in carboxylic acids than in the other two
compounds.  (5)
[11]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 13 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 7 (November 2016)

7.1 Compounds with the same molecular formula  but different structural formulae.  (2)
7.2 Chain  (1)
7.3 From A to C:
Structure: Less branched / less compact / larger surface area (over which intermolecular forces act). 
Intermolecular forces: Stronger intermolecular forces. 
Energy: More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces.  (3)
7.4 A
Lowest boiling point.  (2)
7.5 C5H12 + 8O2   5CO2 + 6H2O  Bal  (3)
[11]
QUESTION 8 (March 2017)
8.1.1 H

H C H

H H

H C C C O H

H H H (3)
8.1.2 D (1)
8.1.3 G (1)
8.2.1 Chain length/molecular size/surface area  (1)
8.2.2 London forces/dispersion forces/induced-induced dipole  (1)
8.3.1 108 °C  (1)
8.3.2 Compare compound F with compounds C and D:
• Compound F has a larger molecular mass/molecular size/surface area than compound C. 
• Compound F is more branched than compound D. 
• Intermolecular forces in compound F are stronger than in compound C and weaker than in
compound D. 
• More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in compound F than in compound C and
less energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in compound F than in D.  (4)
8.4 H H
H Marking criteria
O C H At least one structural formula of methanol as shown. 
H C O Dotted line drawn from O atom on one molecule to H
atom bonded to an O atom in the second molecule. 
H H
H (H atom should be between two O atoms.)

(2)
8.5.1 Esterification/Condensation  (1)
8.5.2 H H H H
O

H C C O C C C H 

H H H H
(2)
[17]
QUESTION 9 (June 2017)
9.1 The temperature  at which the vapour pressure equals atmospheric (external) pressure.  (2)
9.2 Flammable / Catch fire easily. / Volatile  (1)
9.3.1 Use straight chain  primary alcohols  (2)
9.3.2. Structure: Chain length / more C atoms in chain / molecular size / molecular mass / surface
area increases from top to bottom / butan-1-ol to hexan-1-ol. 
Intermolecular forces: Intermolecular forces / Van der Waals forces / London forces / dispersion
forces increase from top to bottom / butan-1-ol to hexan-1-ol. 
Energy: Energy needed to overcome / break intermolecular forces increases from top to bottom /
butan-1-ol to hexan-1-ol.  (3)
9.4 Remains the same  (1)
9.5.1 Functional group / Type of homologous series  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 14 FS / January 2023

9.5.2 Type of intermolecular forces:

Between molecules of aldehyde / hexanal are dipole-dipole forces. 
Between molecules of alcohols / hexan-1ol are (in addition to dipole-dipole forces and London forces)
hydrogen bonds. 
Strength of intermolecular forces:
Dipole-dipole forces are weaker than hydrogen bonds. 
OR Hydrogen bonds are stronger than dipole-dipole forces.
Energy:
More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in hexan-1-ol. 
OR Less energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in hexanal.  (4)
[14]
QUESTION 10 (November 2017)
10.1 They have ONLY single bonds between C atoms. /They have NO multiple bonds.  (1)
10.2 The pressure exerted by a vapour in equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system.  (2)
10.3.1 Increases  (1)
10.3.2 Q 
It is the temperature where the vapour pressure of compound Q equals atmospheric pressure/is
equal to 760 (mmHg). /It is the temperature where the graph intercepts the dotted line.  (2)
10.3.3 S 
At a given temperature/reference to any temperature. 
S has the lowest vapour pressure. 
Strongest intermolecular forces. / Highest energy needed to overcome the intermolecular forces.  (4)
10.4.1 H
H H H H

H C C C C H H C H
OR 
H H
H H H
H C C C H
H C H
H H
H H C H

2-methylbutane/methylbutane  H
2,2-dimethylpropane/dimethylpropane  (3)
10.4.2 Higher than  (1)
[14]
QUESTION 11 (March 2018)
11.1 150 kPa  (1)
11.2.1 The temperature  at which the vapour pressure equals atmospheric/external pressure.  (2)
11.2.2 55 °C  (1)
11.3.1 Z  (1)
11.3.2 Carboxylic acids have, in addition to London forces and dipole-dipole forces, two sites for hydrogen
bonding between molecules. / Carboxylic acids can form dimers due to strong hydrogen bonding
between molecules.
Alcohols have, in addition to London forces and dipole-dipole forces, one site for hydrogen bonding
between molecules. 
Ketones has, in addition to London forces, dipole-dipole forces between molecules. 
Intermolecular forces in ethanoic acid is the strongest./Most energy needed to overcome/break
intermolecular forces in ethanoic acid.  (4)
11.3.3 Propanone  OR propan-2-one OR 2-propanone (1)
[10]
QUESTION 12 (June 2018)
12.1 Structure: The chain length/molecular size/molecular mass/ surface area increases. 
Intermolecular forces: Increase in strength of intermolecular forces. 
Energy: More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces. 
OR
Structure: From 4 C atoms to 1 C atom/bottom to top the chain length/molecular size/molecular
mass/surface area decreases. 
Intermolecular forces: Decrease in strength of intermolecular forces. 
Energy: Less energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces.  (3)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 15 FS / January 2023

12.2 Alkanes have London forces. 

Alcohols have hydrogen bonding (in addition to London forces and dipole dipole forces). 
Hydrogen bonding are stronger intermolecular forces than London. / More energy needed to
overcome intermolecular forces in alcohols 
Alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes.  (4)
12.3 Decrease  (1)
12.4 Lower than 
2-methylpropane is more branched/has a smaller surface area than butane/chain isomer. 
OR Butane/chain isomer is less branched /has larger surface area than 2-methylpropane. (2)
[10]
QUESTION 13 (November 2018)
13.1 The temperature  at which the vapour pressure of a substance equals atmospheric/external
pressure.  (2)
13.2.1 Carboxyl group  (1)
13.2.2 Propanoic acid  (1)
13.2.3 H O

H C O C H 

H
(2)
13.3 A
Lowest boiling point./Shortest chain length.  (2)
13.4.1 The same molecular mass/molecular size.  (1)
13.4.2 Primary 
̶ OH group is bonded to a C atom bonded to one other C atom.  (2)
13.4.3 - Both compounds/X and B have (in addition to London forces and dipole-dipole forces) hydrogen
bonding. 
- Compound X/CH3CH2CH2OH/propan-1-ol/alcohol has one site for hydrogen bonding and
compound B/ethanoic acid/carboxylic acid has two/more sites for hydrogen bonding
OR: B/ethanoic acid/carboxylic acid has two/more sites for hydrogen bonding. 
- Intermolecular forces in compound B/ethanoic acid/carboxylic acid are stronger than intermolecular
forces in compound X/CH3CH2CH2OH/ propan-1-ol/alcohol. 
OR: Intermolecular forces in compound X/CH3CH2CH2OH/ propan-1-ol/alcohol are weaker than
intermolecular forces in compound B/ethanoic acid/carboxylic acid.
- More energy is needed to overcome intermolecular forces in compound B/ethanoic acid/carboxylic
acid than in compound X/CH3CH2CH2OH/ propan-1-ol/alcohol. 
OR Less energy is needed to overcome intermolecular forces in compound X/CH3CH2CH2OH/
propan-1-ol/alcohol than in compound B/ethanoic acid/carboxylic acid. (4)
[15]
QUESTION 14 (June 2019)
14.1.1 Yes 
Compounds have the same molecular mass.  (2)
14.1.2 Functional group/Homologous series/Type of (organic) compound  (1)
14.2 A/butane 
Lowest boiling point/weakest intermolecular forces.  (2)
14.3 - Between molecules of butane/compound A are London forces/dispersion forces/induced dipole
forces. 
- Molecules of compound B/propan-1-ol have one site for hydrogen bonding. 
- Molecules of compound C/ethanoic acid have two/more sites for hydrogen bonding. 
- Strength of intermolecular forces increases from compound A/butane to compound B/propan-1-ol to
compound C/ethanoic acid. 
- More energy is needed to overcome/break intermolecular forces in compound C than in the other
two compounds.  (5)
14.4 Butan-1-ol 
Longer chain length./Larger molecule./Larger molecular mass./ Larger molecular size./Stronger
intermolecular forces./Larger surface area. (2)
[12]
QUESTION 15 (November 2019)
15.1 The temperature  at which the vapour pressure of a substance equals atmospheric/external
pressure.  (2)
15.2 Q, R and S have same molecular mass/same molecular formulae/number of carbon and hydrogen
atoms.  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 16 FS / January 2023

15.3 55 (°C) 
Compare compound R with compounds Q and S:
• Compound R is less branched/less compact/less spherical/has a larger surface area than
compound Q and more branched/more compact/more spherical/has a smaller surface area than
compound S. OR
Q is the most branched/compact /spherical/has the smallest surface area and S is least
branched/compact/spherical/has the largest surface area.
• Intermolecular forces in compound R are stronger than in compound Q and weaker than in
compound S. 
• More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in compound R than in compound Q
and less energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in compound R than in
compound S.  (4)
15.4.1 P  (2)
15.4.2 In P/ pentanal/aldehydes: dipole-dipole forces (in addition to London forces/dispersion forces/
induced dipole forces). 
In T/pentan-1-ol: Hydrogen bonding (in addition to London forces/dispersion forces/induced dipole
forces). 
Intermolecular forces in P/pentanal are weaker  than in T/pentan-1-ol OR dipole-dipole forces are
weaker than hydrogen bonds OR intermolecular forces in T/pentan-1-ol are stronger than in P/
pentanal. OR More energy needed to overcome intermolecular forces in T. (3)
[12]
QUESTION 16 (November 2020)
16.1 The temperature at which the vapour pressure equals atmospheric (external) pressure.  (2)
16.2 O

C H (1)
16.3 Increase in the number of C-atoms increases molecular mass/size/chain length/surface area. 
Strength of the intermolecular forces increases/More sites for London forces. 
More energy is needed to overcome/break intermolecular forces.  (3)
16.4.1 C  (1)
16.4.2 B 
- Aldehydes/B have (in addition to London forces) dipole-dipole forces which are stronger than
London forces, but weaker than hydrogen bonds. 
- Therefore aldehydes/B have lower boiling points/require less energy to overcome intermolecular
forces than alcohols/A,  but higher boiling points / require more energy to overcome
intermolecular forces than alkanes/C. 
OR
- Aldehydes/B have stronger intermolecular forces than alkanes, but weaker intermolecular forces
than alcohols/A. 
- Therefore aldehydes/B have higher boiling points/ more energy required to overcome
intermolecular forces than alkanes/C,  but lower boiling points/ less energy to overcome
intermolecular forces than alcohols/A.  (4)
16.5 Butanal  (2)
16.6 Pentan-1-ol  (2)
[15]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 17 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 17 (June 2021)

17.1 The pressure exerted by a vapour at equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system.  (2)
17.2 Functional group/Type of intermolecular forces/Homologous series  (1)
17.3 B (1)
17.4 Marking criteria
• State hydrogen bonding in A. 
• State dipole-dipole forces in B. 
• Compare strengths of IMFs. 
• Compare energies required. 

• Compound A/butan-1-ol has hydrogen bonding (dipole-dipole and London forces) between
molecules. 
• Compound B/butan-2-one has dipole-dipole forces (and London forces) between molecules. 
• Intermolecular forces in compound A/butan-1-ol are stronger than intermolecular forces in
compound B/butan-2-one. 
OR Intermolecular forces in compound B/butan-2-one are weaker than intermolecular forces in
compound A/butan-1-ol. 
• More energy is needed to overcome/break intermolecular forces in compound A/butan-ol
than in compound B/butan-2-one.  (4)
17.5
17.5.1 Boiling point (of compound A/butan-1-ol)  (1)
17.5.2 Gas  (1)
17.5.3
A
Vapour pressure (kPa)

C
Marking criteria:
 • Curve C starts below curve A. 
101,3 • Curve C remains below curve A. 

Temperature (°C) (2)

[12]
QUESTION 18 (September 2021)
18.1 No  (1)
18.2 There is more than one independent variable. 
OR Positions of functional groups and branching/chain length differ.
OR Compounds A and B/C are positional isomers and compounds B and C are chain isomers. (1)
18.3
• B/butan-2-ol is less branched / less compact / less spherical/ has a longer chain length / has a
larger surface area (over which intermolecular forces act). 
• B/butan-2-ol has stronger / more intermolecular forces / Van der Waals forces / London forces /
dispersion forces. 
• More energy needed to overcome or break intermolecular forces / Van der Waals forces in B/
butan-2-ol. 
OR
• C/2-methylpropan-2-ol is more branched / more compact / more spherical / has a smaller
surface area (over which intermolecular forces act). 
• C/2-methylpropan-2-ol has weaker / less intermolecular forces / Van der Waals forces /
London forces / dispersion forces. 
• Less energy needed to overcome or break intermolecular forces / Van der Waals forces in
C/2-methylpropan-2-ol.  (3)
18.4 Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different positions of the side chain/substituents/
functional groups on parent chain. (2)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 18 FS / January 2023

18.5
18.5.1 A & B  (1)
18.5.2 C 
The C-atom bonded to the functional group/OH-group/hydroxyl (group) is bonded to three other
C-atoms. 
OR
The functional group/OH-group/hydroxyl (group) is bonded to a tertiary C atom. (2)
18.6
18.6.1 101,3 (kPa) / 1,013 x 105 Pa / 1 atm / 760 mmHg  (1)

Marking criteria:
• Curve C is above A.
• Value 82 °C on curve C where
vapour pressure is X/ 101,3 kPa.

(2)
[13]
QUESTION 19 (November 2021)
19.1 The temperature at which solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium.  (2)
19.2 As the chain length  increases, the melting points increases.  (2)
19.3 London forces/dispersion forces  (1)
19.4
19.4.1 Liquid  (1)
19.4.2 Solid  (1)
19.5
19.5.1 Equal to 
Same molecular formula/Isomers  (2)
19.5.2 Lower than  (1)
19.5.3 Marking criteria:
• Compare structures. 
• Compare the strength of intermolecular forces. 
• Compare the energy required to overcome intermolecular forces. 
Hexane
• Structure:
Longer chain length/less branched/less compact/less spherical/larger surface area (over which
intermolecular forces act). 
• Intermolecular forces:
Stronger/more intermolecular forces/Van der Waals forces/London forces/dispersion forces. 
• Energy:
More energy needed to overcome or break intermolecular forces/Van der Waals forces. 
OR
2,2-dimethylbutane:
• Structure:
More branched/more compact more spherical/smaller surface area (over which intermolecular
forces act). 
• Intermolecular forces:
Weaker / less intermolecular forces/Van der Waals forces/London forces / dispersion forces. 
• Energy:
Lesser energy needed to overcome or break intermolecular forces/Van der Waals forces.  (3)
[13]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 19 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 20 (June 2022)

20.1 The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a substance equals atmospheric/external
pressure. (2)
20.2.1 Increases  (1)
20.2.2 • Increase in molecular mass/size/chain length/surface area. 
• Strength of the intermolecular forces increases/More sites for London forces. 
• More energy is needed to overcome/break intermolecular forces. 
OR
From C to A:
• Decrease in molecular mass/size/chain length/surface area. 
• Strength of the intermolecular forces decreases/Less sites for London forces. 
• Less energy is needed to overcome/break intermolecular forces.  (3)
20.3 No 
More than one independent variable./Molar mass and chain length are changing.  (2)
20.4.1 Functional group/homologous series  (1)
20.4.2 Dipole-dipole forces  (1)
20.5 D
Lower boiling point/Weaker intermolecular forces  (2)
[12]
QUESTION 21 (November 2022)
21.1.1 Ketone  (1)
21.1.2 Functional group/homologous series  (1)
21.1.3
Marking criteria:
• Compare structures. 
• Compare the strength of intermolecular forces. 
• Compare the energy required to overcome intermolecular forces. 
• State the difference in melting point. 

Pentan-2-one/C
Structure:
Longer chain length/less branched/less compact/less spherical/larger surface area (over which
intermolecular forces act). 
Intermolecular forces:
Stronger/more intermolecular forces/Van der Waals forces/London forces/ dipole-dipole forces. 
Energy:
More energy needed to overcome or break intermolecular forces/Van der Waals forces/dipole-dipole
forces. 
Higher melting point. 
OR
3-methylbutanone/D
Structure:
Shorter chain length/more branched/more compact more spherical/smaller surface area (over which
intermolecular forces act). 
Intermolecular forces:
Weaker/less intermolecular forces/Van der Waals forces/London forces/ dipole-dipole forces. 
Energy: Less energy needed to overcome or break intermolecular forces/Van der Waals force/dipole-
dipole forces. 
Lower melting point.  (4)
21.2.1 The pressure exerted by a vapour at equilibrium with its liquid in a closed system.  (2)
21.2.2
Marking criteria:
• Dependent and independent variables correctly identified. 
• Correct relationship between dependent and independent variables stated. 
Vapour pressure decreases with increase in number of C atoms/chain length. 
OR
Vapour pressure increases with decrease in number of C atoms/chain length. (2)
21.2.3 Hexan-1-ol/1-Hexanol 
Marking criteria
Correct chain length i.e. hex 
Whole name correct. (3)
21.2.4 Increases  (1)
[14]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 20 FS / January 2023

ORGANIC MOLECULES: ORGANIC REACTIONS

QUESTION 1 (November 2014)
1.1.1 Substitution / chlorination / halogenation  (1)
1.1.2 Substitution / hydrolysis  (1)
1.2.1 Hydrogenation  (1)
1.2.2 H H H H
 H 

H C C C + H H H C C C H

H H H H H H
(3)
1.3 Cℓ H H

H C C C H

H H H (2)
1.4.1 Esterification  (1)
1.4.2 Concentrated H2SO4 / sulphuric acid  (1)
1.4.3 H H H O H 

H C C C O C C H

H H H H
(2)
1.4.4 Propyl  ethanoate  (2)
1.5 Sulphuric acid / H2SO4  (1)
[15]
QUESTION 2 (March 2015)
2.1 Unsaturated 
Contains a double bond / multiple bond between C atoms.  (2)
2.2.1
H H H H

H C C C C H

H H O H

H (2)
2.2.2 Addition / hydration  (1)
2.3.1 2-chlorobutane  (2)
2.3.2 H H H H

H C C C C H

Cl H H H
(2)
2.4.1 H2O OR dilute NaOH / KOH  AND mild heat  (2)
2.4.2 Substitution / hydrolysis  (1)
2.4.3 C4H9Cℓ + NaOH  → C4H10O + NaCℓ  bal. 
OR C4H9Cℓ + H2O  → C4H10O + HCℓ  bal.  (3)
[15]
QUESTION 3 (June 2015)
3.1.1 Hydrolysis  (1)
3.1.2 Mild heat  AND dilute strong base  (2)
3.1.3 Ethanol  (1)
3.2.1 Esterification/Condensation (1)
3.2.2 O


H C O H
(2)
3.2.3 Ethyl methanoate  (2)
[9]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 21 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 4 (November 2015)

4.1.1 Esterification / Condensation  (1)
4.1.2 O

C O C 
(1)
4.1.3 Propanoic acid  (1)
4.1.4 Dehydration / elimination  (1)
4.1.5 Concentrated H2SO4 / sulphuric acid  (1)
4.1.6 H H

C C 

H H (2)
[7]
QUESTION 5 (March 2016)
5.1.1 Chloroethane  (2)
5.1.2 Hydrohalogenation/hydrochlorination  (1)
5.2.1
H O
 
H C C O H

H (2)
5.2.2 HCℓ / hydrogen chloride  (1)
5.3.1 Saturated  There are no double / multiple bonds between C atoms.  (2)
5.3.2 H2 / hydrogen gas  (1)
5.3.3 2C2H6 + 7O2  → 4CO2 + 6H2O  Bal.  (3)
[12]
QUESTION 6 (June 2016)
6.1.1 Addition / Hydrogenation  (1)
6.1.2 Elimination / Dehydrohalogenation / Dehydrobromination  (1)
6.1.3 Substitution / Halogenation / Bromination  (1)
6.2.1 Pt / platinum  (1)
6.2.2 H2SO4 / sulphuric acid  (1)
6.2.3 Hydration  (1)
6.2.4 2-bromopropane  (2)
6.3
H H H H H H

H C C C H H C C C H  + H2O 

H O H H

H
(5)
6.4 Higher temperature 
Concentrated base  (2)
[15]
QUESTION 7 (November 2016)
7.1.1 High temperature / heat / high energy / high pressure  (1)
7.1.2 C6H12  (1)
7.1.3 Alkenes  (1)
7.2 X / C6H12 / Alkene 
OPTION 1
• X has a double bond. / X is unsaturated.
• X can undergo addition. 
• X will react without light / heat. 
OPTION 2
• Butane is an alkane OR butane is saturated. 
• Butane can only undergo substitution. 
• Butane will only react in the presence of light or heat.  (4)
7.3.1 2-chlorobutane  (2)
7.3.2 Substitution / Hydrolysis  (1)
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 22 FS / January 2023

7.3.3 H H H H

H C C C C H

H H
(2)
7.3.4 Hydration  (1)
[13]
QUESTION 8 (March 2017)
8.1.1 Addition/hydrogenation  (1)
8.1.2 Substitution/halogenation/chlorination  (1)
8.1.3 Elimination/dehydration  (1)
8.2 2-bromopropane  (2)
8.3.1 Dehydrohalogenation/Dehydrobromination  (1)
8.3.2 ANY TWO:
Strong base  / Concentrated base  / Strongly heated or hot base (2)
8.4.1 H2O/NaOH/KOH  (1)
8.4.2
H H H  H H H 
 
H C C C H + H−Cℓ H C C C H + H O
H O H H Cℓ H H
H
(4)
[13]
QUESTION 9 (June 2017)
9.1 Substitution / hydrolysis  (1)
9.2 H2O/water  OR Dilute sodium hydroxide /NaOH(aq) / Dilute potassium hydroxide/KOH(aq)  (1)
9.3 Tertiary  (1)
9.4 Elimination / dehydrohalogenation / dehydrobromination  (1)
9.5 2-methylprop-1-ene / methylpropene / 2-methylpropene (2)
9.6 Halogenation / bromination  (1)
9.7 H H H Br Br


H C C C H + Br-Br H C C C H

H H H
H C H H C H

H H (4)
[11]
QUESTION 10 (November 2017)
10.1 Secondary 
The C atom bonded to the (–)OH (group) is bonded to TWO other C atoms. 
OR One H atom is bonded to the C atom that the –OH group is bonded to. (2)
10.2.1 Dehydration  (1)
10.2.2 Hydration  (1)
10.2.3 Dehydrohalogenation/dehydrobromination  (1)
10.3.1 Substitution/Hydrolysis  (1)
10.3.2 Dilute strong base/ dilute sodium hydroxide/ dilute NaOH  OR Add water.
Moderate temperature/mild heat  (2)
10.3.3 2-bromo butane  (2)
10.4 NaOH/KOH  (1)
10.5
H H H H  H H H H 

H C C C C H + H−H H C C C C H
H H H H H H (3)
10.6 Butane  (1)
[15]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 23 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 11 (June 2018)

11.1.1 Substitution/halogenation/bromination  (1)
11.1.2 Elimination/dehydration  (1)
11.1.3 Esterification/condensation  (1)
11.1.4 Addition/hydrohalogenation/hydrobromination  (1)
11.2.1 Catalyst/dehydrating agent/speeds up reaction  (1)
11.2.2 Propyl  ethanoate  (2)
11.2.3 H O

H C C O H 

H (2)
11.3 H H H H H H
 
H C C C H + HBr  H C C C H + H2O 

H H O H H Br

H (5)
[14]
QUESTION 12 (November 2018)
12.1 Alcohol/ethanol is flammable/catches fire easily./To heat it evenly.  (1)
12.2.1 Esterification/condensation  (1)
12.2.2 H2SO4  (1)
12.2.3 Esters  (1)
12.3 M(ester ) 144 = 2
=
M(C 4H8 O) 72 

2xC H O=C H 4 8 8 16O2  (2)

12.4 Ethyl  hexanoate  (2)
12.5 H H H H H O

H C C C C C C O H 

H H H H H (2)
[10]
QUESTION 13 (November 2018)
13.1.1 (A series of organic) compounds that can be described by the same general formula/functional
group. 
OR (A series of organic) compounds in which one member differs from the next by a CH 2 group (2)
13.1.2 Substitution/halogenation/bromination  (1)
13.1.3 HBr  (1)
13.1.4 Br H H H

H C C C C H

H H H H
(2)
13.1.5 C5H12 + 8O2   5CO2 + 6H2O  Bal  (3)
13.1.6 The (chemical) process in which longer chain hydrocarbons/longer chain alkanes are broken down
to shorter/more useful hydrocarbons/molecules/ chains/alkanes and alkenes.  (2)
13.1.7 H H H H

H C C C C H

H H H H (2)
13.2.1 Butan-2-ol / 2-butanol  (2)
13.2.2
H H H


H C C C C H
(2)
H H H [17]
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 24 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 14 (June 2019)

14.1 Dehydration/elimination  (1)
14.2 Catalyst/dehydrating agent/causes dehydration/removes water molecules  (1)
14.3 Prop-1-ene/propene/1-propene  (2)
14.4 H H H

H C C C Cℓ 

H H H
(2)
14.5 Addition/Hydration  (1)
14.6 Propan-2-ol/2-propanol  (2)
[9]
QUESTION 15 (November 2019)
15.1 Haloalkane/alkyl halide  (1)
15.2.1 Elimination/dehydrohalogenation  (1)
15.2.2 Substitution/hydrolysis  (1)
15.2.3 Esterification/condensation  (1)
15.3.1 Mild heat 
Dilute strong base/(NaOH/KOH/LiOH) OR Add water/H2O  (2)
15.3.2 Propan-1-ol/1-propanol  (2)
15.4
H H H

H C C C H 
H O H

H
(2)
15.5.1 H H H O H

H C C C O C C H 

H H H H
(2)
15.5.2 (Concentrated) sulphuric acid/H2SO4  (1)
[13]
QUESTION 16 (November 2020)
16.1 The addition of a hydrogen halide/HX  to an alkene. (2)
16.2 H  H

H C C C H

H H (2)

16.3.1 Cracking  (1)

16.3.2 C8H18  (1)
16.4 1,2–dibromo  propane  (2)
16.5.1 H H H H H H
  

H C C C H + NaOH/H2O H C C C H + NaCℓ/HCℓ
/KOH /KCℓ
H Cℓ H H O H

H (5)
16.5.2 (Mild) heat 
Dilute strong base/NaOH/LiOH/KOH OR water/H2O  (2)
[15]
QUESTION 17 (June 2021)
17.1

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 25 FS / January 2023

17.1.1 Heat/sunlight  (1)

17.1.2 HBr/hydrogen bromide  (1)
17.1.3 Hydrolysis  (1)
17.1.4 H2O/water 
OR
NaOH/KOH/LiOH/sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide/lithium hydroxide (1)
17.1.5 2-bromopropane  (2)
17.2 Marking criteria
• React chloroethane with conc. NaOH. 
• Indicate heat/Δ and ethanol on the arrow./Dui hitte/Δ en etanol op die pyl aan. 
• Correct condensed formula for ethene as product. 
• Product NaCℓ 
• Product H2O 
• React ethene with H2. 
• Indicate Pt on the arrow. 
• Correct condensed formula of ethane as product. 


Ethanol
∆
CH3CH2Cℓ + conc./gekons. NaOH  CH2CH2  + NaCℓ  + H2O 
Pt 
CH2CH2 + H2  CH3CH3  (8)
[14]
QUESTION 18 (September 2021)
18.1
18.1.1 Substitution/halogenation/bromination  (1)
18.1.2 Substitution/hydrolysis  (1)
18.1.3 1-bromopropane  (2)
18.1.4 H2SO4/(concentrated) sulphuric acid  (1)
18.1.5 Ethanoic acid  (2)
18.1.6

(2)
18.2

(6)
[15]
QUESTION 19 (November 2021)
19.1
19.1.1 Substitution/Hydrolysis  (1)
19.1.2 Primary (alcohol) 
The C-atom bonded to the hydroxyl/OH /functional group is bonded to only one other C-atom. 
OR
The hydroxyl/OH /functional group is bonded to a C-atom which is bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
OR
The hydroxyl/OH /functional group is bonded to a primary C atom. (2)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 26 FS / January 2023

19.1.3 H

Marking criteria:
H C H • Four C atoms in longest chain. 
• One methyl substituent on C2. 
H H H • Bromo substituent on C1. 

H C C C C H 

H H H Br  (3)

19.1.4 Elimination/dehydrohalogenation/dehydrobromination  (1)

19.1.5 Alkenes  (1)
19.1.6 Addition  (1)
19.1.7 2-bromo-2-methylbutane  (2)
19.2
19.2.1 Marking criteria:
• Correct condensed structure for but-2-ene. 
• React but-2-ene with H2. 
• Indicate the catalyst Pt/Ni/Pd on arrow. 
• Correct condensed formula for butane as product. 
CH3CHCHCH3 + H2 CH3CH2CH2CH3 (4)
19.2.2 Elimination/Cracking  (1)
19.2.3 Propene/Propeen  (2)
19.2.4 Marking criteria:
• Correct condensed formula for propene as reactant. 
• React propene with Br2. 
• Correct condensed formula for 1,2-dibromopropane as product. 
CH3CHCH2 + Br2 CH3CHBrCH2Br (3)
[21]
QUESTION 20 (June 2022)
20.1
20.1.1 Dehydrohalogenation/elimination/dehydrobromination  (1)
20.1.2 2-methyl  but-2-ene /2-methyl-2-butene (2)
20.1.3 Water/H2O  (1)
20.1.4 Heat/Hitte 
Concentrated sulphuric acid/catalyst  (2)
20.1.5 H

O H H H

H C C C C H
H
H H H H (2)
20.2 H H H
20.2.1 Catalyst/Lowers the activation energy./Increases the rate of the reaction.  (1)
20.2.2 The bromine water/Br2 decolourises.  (1)
20.2.3 Addition/halogenation/bromination  (1)
20.2.4 C2H6  OR C4H10 OR C6H14 (3 or 0) (3)
20.2.5
Marking criteria
Correct functional group i.e. double bond. 
Correct number of C atoms in relation to answer in Q20.2.4. 
Whole structure correct. 

IF C2H6 in QUESTION 20.2.4

H H H H H
OR
H C C C C H H C C C C H

H H H H
H H H
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 27 FS / January 2023

IF C4H10 in QUESTION 20.2.4 IF C6H14 in QUESTION 20.2.4:

H H H H

H C C C H H C C H
(3)
H H [17]
QUESTION 21 (November 2022)
21.1 Tertiary 
The halogen/bromine/functional group (-X) is bonded to a C atom that is bonded to three other
C atoms/ a tertiary C atom. 
OR: The functional group ( C ) is bonded to three other C atoms.

X/Br (2)
21.2.1 Concentrated strong base 
OR: Concentrated NaOH/KOH/LiOH/sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide/ lithium hydroxide
OR
Strong base/NaOH/KOH/LiOH/sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide/lithium hydroxide in ethanol. (1)
21.2.2 Elimination/dehydrohalogenation/dehydrobromination  (1)
21.2.3 H
Marking criteria:
• Whole structural formula correct for
H C H compound A. 
H H H • React (2-bromo-2-methylbutane)
 with NaOH/KOH/LiOH. 

H C C C C H + NaOH/ KOH/LiOH • Functional group of alkene correct.
✓
H • Whole structural formula of alkene
H Br H H correct. ✓
• NaBr/KBr/LiBr + H2O 
H C H 
H H H


H C C C C H + NaBr/ KBr/LiBr + H2O

(5)
H H
21.3.1 H

H C H
H H H 

H C C C C H

H O H H

H (2)

21.3.2 Water/H2O  (1)

21.3.3 Hydration  (1)
21.4.1 Substitution/Hydrolysis  (1)
21.4.2 Dilute strong base 
OR: Dilute NaOH/KOH/LiOH/sodium hydroxide/potassium hydroxide/lithium hydroxide
OR: NaOH(aq)/KOH(aq)/LiOH(aq)
OR: (Add) water/H2O (1)
[15]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 28 FS / January 2023

REACTION RATE AND ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

QUESTION 1 (November 2014)
1.1 Change in concentration of products / reactants  per unit time.  (2)
1.2.1 Temperature  (1)
1.2.2 Rate of reaction / Volume of gas formed per unit time  (1)
1.3 Larger mass / amount / surface area. 
More effective collisions per unit time. / More particles collide with sufficient kinetic energy &
correct orientation per unit time.  (3)
1.4
Marking criteria
Compare Exp.1 Reaction in exp. 1 is faster than in exp. 2 due to higher acid concentration. 
with Exp. 2: Therefore the gradient of the graph representing exp. 1 is greater /

steeper than that of exp. 2.
Compare Exp. The reaction in exp. 3 is faster than that in exp. 1 due to the higher

1 with Exp 3 & temperature.
4: The reaction in exp. 4 is faster than that in exp. 1 due to the higher
temperature / larger surface area.

OR Graph A represents exp. 4 due to the greater mass of CaCO 3 - greater
yield of CO2 at a faster rate.
Therefore the gradient of the graphs of exp. 3 & 4 are greater/steeper than

that of exp. 1.
Final answer C 
(6)
V 4,5
1.5 n(CO2) = =  = 0,18 mol
Vm 25,7
n(CaCO3) = n(CO2) = 0,18 mol 
m m
n(CaCO3) =  0,18 =  m(CaCO3) = 18 g
M 100 
m(CaCO3) not reacted: 25 – 18  = 7,00 g  (5)
[18]
QUESTION 2 (March 2015)
2.1 Exothermic  Temperature increases during reaction. / Ti ˂ Tf  (2)
2.2 Larger surface area in experiment 2.  (1)
2.3 More than one independent variable.  OR Different concentrations and state of division. (1)
2.4 Faster than 
A catalyst is used in experiment 5. 
• A catalyst provides an alternative pathway of lower activation energy. 
• More molecules have sufficient kinetic energy. 
• More effective collisions per unit time.  (5)
m 1,2
2.5 (Zn) = =  = 0,018 mol
M 65
n(HCℓ)reacted = 2n(Zn) = 2(0,018) = 0,037 mol 
n 0,037 
Rate = = = 4,63 x 10-3 mol∙s-1  (6)
t 8
[15]
QUESTION 3 (June 2015)
3.1 Exothermic  ∆H < 0 / Energy is released.  (2)
3.2.1
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(HCℓ) = cV n 0 − 1,5 
= (1,5)  (30 x 10-3)  = 0,045 mol Ave rate = − = −
t 60 − 1

n 0 − 45  = 0,025 mol∙dm-3∙s-1
Ave rate = − = −
t 60 − 1   average rate = (0,025)(30 x 10-3) 
= 7,5 x 10-4 mol∙s-1  = 7,5 x 10-4 (mol∙s-1) 
(5)
3.2.2(a) Increases 
• The reaction is exothermic, resulting in an increase in temperature. 
• More molecules have sufficient kinetic energy. 
• More effective collisions per unit time.  (4)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 29 FS / January 2023

3.2.2(b) Decreases 
Concentration of acid decreases.  OR The surface area of magnesium decreases. (2)
3.3 ANY TWO
• Higher temperature 
• Larger surface area/state of division/contact area of Mg. / Use Mg powder. 
• Addition of a catalyst. (2)
[15]
QUESTION 4 (November 2015)
4.1 Time: Stop watch  Volume: Gas syringe / burette  (2)
4.2.1 t1  (1)
4.2.2 t3  (1)
4.3 Between t1 and t2  (1)
4.4
Marking criteria
Exp. 2
Volume (cm3)

 Exp. 1 Exp.2 Initial gradient higher than that of Exp.1. 

 Curve reaches same constant volume as

for Exp. 1 (but earlier).
 Exp. 3 Initial gradient lower than that of Exp.1. 
 Exp.3
Curve reaches a smaller constant volume

as for Exp. 1 (later stage).
Time (s)
(4)
4.5.1
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(HCℓ) = cV = (0,1)(100 x 10-3)  n(HCℓ) = cV = (0,1)(100 x 10-3)  = 0,01 mol
= 0,01 mol n(Zn reacted) = ½n(HCℓ) = ½(0,01) 
n(Zn reacted) = ½n(HCℓ) = ½(0,01)  = 5 x 10-3 mol
= 5 x 10-3 mol m 0,8
m(Zn reacted) = (5 x 10-3)(65)  = 0,325 g n(Zn)i = =  = 1,23 x 10-2 mol
M 65
m(Znf) = 0,8 – 0,325 
= 0,48 g  (0,475 g) n(Zn)f = 1,23 x 10-2 – 5 x 10-3  = 7,3 x 10-3 mol
m(Zn) = nM = (7,3 x 10-3)(65) = 0,47 g 
(5)
4.5.2 Smaller than  (1)
[15]
QUESTION 5 (March 2016)
5.1 ANY TWO:
Increase temperature.  ; Increase concentration of acid.  ; Add a catalyst. (2)
5.2 Change in concentration of products / reactants  per unit time.  (2)
∆c
5.3.1 Ave rate = ‒
∆t
(1,45 - 1,90) 
=‒
(15 - 0 ) 
= 0,03 (mol·dm-3)·min-1  (3)

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 30 FS / January 2023

5.3.2

(3)
5.3.3 1,15 to 1,25 mol∙dm-3  (1)
5.3.4 Concentration of reactants decreases. 
Less particles per unit volume. 
Less effective collisions per unit time.  (3)
5.3.5

(5)
[19]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 31 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 6 (June 2016)

6.1 ANY TWO:
Temperature of reaction mixture ; Addition of a catalyst  ; Concentration of reactants (2)
6.2 Sulphur / S  (1)
6.3 Water is used to dilute/change the concentration of the Na2S2O3(aq)  (1)
6.4 Criteria for investigative question:
• The dependent and independent variables are stated correctly. 
• Asks a question about the relationship between dependent and independent variables. 
Dependent variable: reaction rate
Independent variable: concentration
Examples: What is the relationship between concentration and reaction rate?
How does the reaction rate change with change in concentration? (2)
6.5 A (1)
6.6 Experiment B:
• The concentration of Na2S2O3(aq) is higher. / More Na2S2O3 particles per unit volume. 
• More particles with correct orientation. 
• More effective collisions per unit time.  (3)
6.7
OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
m m 250 cm3 ..... 62,5 g
c=  n=  10
MV M
62,5 62,5 10 cm3 ..... .  x 62,5
= = 250
 (158)(0,25)  158  m(Na2S2O3in D) = 2,5 g
= 0,396 mol m
= 1,58 mol·dm -3
n(Na2S2O3 in D) =
n M
c=  2,5 
V = 
0,396 158
= = 0,0158 mol
0,25 
= 1,58 mol·dm-3

n(S) = (Na2S2O3)  = 0,0158

n(Na2S2O3 in D) = cV = (1,58)(0,01)  m m
= 0,0158 mol n= ∴ 0,0158 = ∴m = 0,51 g
M 32
(7)
[17]
QUESTION 7 (November 2016)
7.1.1 The minimum energy needed for a reaction to take place.  (2)

75 Marking criteria
Potential energy (kJ)

Shape of curve for exothermic


0 reaction as shown.
Energy of activated complex shown

as 75 kJ in line with the peak.
Energy of products shown as −

196 kJ below the zero.
-196 0
IF: Wrong shape, e.g. straight line. 3
Course of reaction
(3)
7.1.3 Marking criteria
• Dotted line (---) on graph in Q7.1.2 showing lower energy for activated complex. 
• Dotted curve starts at/above energy of reactants and ends at/above energy of products on the
inside of the original curve.  (2)
7.1.4 A catalyst provides an alternative pathway of lower activation energy. 
More molecules have sufficient kinetic energy. 
More effective collisions per unit time.  (3)
∆V 52 − 16
7.2.1 Ave rate = = = 1,2 (dm3∙s-1)  (3)
∆t 40 − 10

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 32 FS / January 2023

7.2.2
OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
V 60 24 dm3 : 1 mol V 60
n(O2) = = 60 dm3 : 2,5 mol  n(O2) = = = 2,5 mol
Vm 24  Vm 24 
n(H2O2) = 2n(O2)
= 2,5 mol m
n(H2O2) = 2n(O2) = 2(2,5) 
= 2(2,5) 
= 5 mol n(O2) =  2,5 = m
M 32
= 5 mol
m
34 g : 1 mol
x : 5 mol   m = 80 g
n(H2O2) = 5 = m  x = 170 g 
2(34) g  H2O2 .......32 g O2
M 34 x g H2O2 ................ 80 g O2
 m = 170 g  m(H2O2) = 170 g 
(4)
7.2.3 Equal to  (1)
7.3.1 Q (1)
7.3.2 P (1)
[20]
QUESTION 8 (June 2017)
8.1.1 To measure volume of gas/oxygen produced.  (1)
8.1.2 Catalyst/Speeds up the reaction./Increases reaction rate.  (1)
8.2 No more gas/bubbles produced. (1)
8.3 CuO/Copper(II) oxide/catalyst  (1)
8.4 A catalyst provides an alternative pathway of lower activation energy. 
More molecules have sufficient/enough kinetic energy. 
OR More molecules have kinetic energy equal to or greater than the activation energy.
More effective collisions per unit time./Frequency of effective collisions increases.  (3)
8.5.1 Released  Products at lower energy than reactant./Reaction is exothermic/∆H < 0  (2)
8.5.2 B  (1)
8.6 n(O2)produced =
V
=
0,4
= 0,016 mol 
n(H2O2)used = 2(0,016)  = 0,032 mol
Vm 25 
n 0 − 0,64
[H2O2] = =
0,032
= 0,64 mol∙dm-3 Rate = − c
= − = 0,11 (mol∙dm-3∙min-1)  (6)
V 0,05 t 5,8 − 0
[16]
QUESTION 9 (March 2017)
9.1 ANY TWO
• Increase temperature of HCℓ. 
• Add a catalyst. 
• Increase the concentration of HCℓ.
• Increase the state of division of CuCO3. (2)
9.2 Accepted range: 42 s to 50 s  (1)
m (169,76 − 170,00) 
9.3.1 average = − = − = 0,012 (g·s-1) 
t (20 − 0) 
If answer is negative (minus 1 mark) (3)
9.3.2 Pure sample: m(CO2)formed = 170,00 – 169,73  = 0,27 g
Impure sample: m(CO2)formed = 170,00 - 169,78  = 0,22 g
0,22
%Purity =  100  = 81,48%  (4)
0,27
m 0,27
9.3.3 n(CO 2 ) formed = = = 6,13 x 10-3 mol
M 44 
n(CO 2 ) =
V
 6,13  10 −3 =
V
  V = 0,137 dm3  (3)
Vm 22,4
9.4
Marking criteria for sketch graph:
Graph drawn from origin with decreasing gradient. 

Volume

Constant volume after (42 -50) s.or graph stops at


(42 -50) s.
 If no labels on axes: minus 1.

(2)
42 - 50 Time (s) [15]
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 33 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 10 (November 2017)

10.1 Change in concentration of products/reactants per (unit) time.  (2)
10.2 Marking criteria
Independent (concentration) and dependent (reaction rate) variables correctly identified. 
Ask a question about the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. 

Examples:
• What is the relationship between concentration and reaction rate?
• How does the reaction rate change when the concentration changes/increases/ decreases?
IF the answer to the question is ''YES'' or ''NO'': Max. 1 mark
Examples: Does reaction rate increase with increase in concentration?
Is there a relationship between reaction rate and concentration? (2)
10.3 Q
• Reaction I has the lower (HCℓ) concentration. 
• Smaller/less steep gradient. 
OR Take longer to complete./Slower reaction rate./Produce less product per unit time./
Take longer for the maximum volume of gas to form. (3)
10.4
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
∆V V ∆V V
Ave rate = ∴ 15 =  Ave rate = ∴ 15 x 10-3 = 
∆t 30 ( −0) ∆t 30 ( −0)
V(H2)produced = 450 cm3 V(H2)produced = 0,45 dm3
V 450 V 0,45
n(H2)produced = = n(H2)produced = =
Vm 24 000  Vm 24 
= 0,0188 mol
= 0,0188 mol
n(Zn) = n(H2) = 0,0188 mol 

n(Zn)used =
m
M
 0,0188 = 65m  m(Zn) = 1,22 g 

(5)
10.5.1 Equal to  (1)
10.5.2 Equal to  (1)
10.6 At higher temperature the (average) kinetic energy of particles is higher. 
More molecules have sufficient/enough kinetic energy. 
OR More molecules have kinetic energy equal to or greater than the activation energy.
More effective collisions per unit time. ✓ (3)
[17]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 34 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 11 (March 2018)

11.1 Change in concentration  of a reactant/product per unit time.  (2)
11.2 Greater than  (1)
11.3 Graph of average reaction rate versus volume of Na2S2O3(aq)
5
Average reaction rate /Gemiddelde reaksietempo (x10-2 s-1 )

4.5

3.5

Marking criteria
2.5 Any 3 points correctly plotted.
All (5) points correctly plotted.
2 Straight line drawn.

1.5

0.5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Volume of/van Na2 S2 O3(aq) (cm3)

(3)
11.4.1
Marking criteria
y axis/y-as: 2,5 x 10-2 s-1 
Dotted line drawn from the y-axis to the x-axis as shown. 
V = 28 to 30 cm3 
(3)
11.4.2
Criteria for conclusion
Dependent and independent variables correctly identified. 
Relationship between the independent and dependent variables correctly
stated. 
Examples:
• Reaction rate of reaction increases with an increase in concentration/volume of sodium
thiosulphate.
• Reaction rate decreases with a decrease in concentration/volume of sodium thiosulphate.
• Reaction rate is (directly) proportional to concentration/volume of sodium thiosulphate.
(2)
11.5 More Na2S2O3 particles per unit volume. 
More effective collisions per unit time./Higher frequency of effective collisions. 
Increase in reaction rate.  (3)
m 1,62
11.6 n(S)produced = = = 0,05 mol
M 32
n(Na2S2O3) = n(S) = 0,05 mol 

n(Na2S2O3) =
m
M
 0,05 = 158
m

 m(Na S O ) = 7,90 g  2 2 3 (4)
[18]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 35 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 12 (June 2018)

12.1 Change in concentration of products/reactants per (unit) time.  (2)
12.2.1 Surface area/State of division  (1)
12.2.2 ANY ONE:
• Amount/mass of magnesium 
• Concentration of HCℓ/acid
• (Initial) temperature (1)
12.3.1
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
△m(Mg) = 2,6 - 0,2  = 2,4 g m 2,6
m 2,4
n(Mg)t = 2 s = = = 0,1083 mol
M 24 
n(Mgused) = = = 0,1 mol 0,2
M 24  n(Mg)t = 10 s = = 0,0083 mol
24
n(H2) = n(Mg) = 0,1 mol  △n(Mg) = 0,1083 - 0,0083  = 0,1 mol
V(H2) = nVm = (0,1)(25)  = 2,5 dm3  n(H2) = n(Mg) = 0,1 mol 
V(H2) = nVm = (0,1)(25)  = 2,5 dm3 
(5)
∆n
12.3.2 Average rate = ∴ 2,08 x 10-4  = n  ∴ △n = 0,125 mol
∆t
(10  60) − 0
n(Mg) = n(H2) = 0,125 mol  and m(Mg) = nM = 0,125 x 24  = 3 g  (2,995 g) (5)
12.4 Larger surface area/state of division. 
More particles (per volume) with correct orientation. 
More effective collisions per (unit) time./Frequency of effective collisions increases.  (3)
[17]
QUESTION 13 (November 2018)
13.1 Temperature  (1)
13.2 Change in concentration of products/reactants per (unit) time.  (2)
13.3 14 min  (2)
13.4.1 Graph B 
(Experiment 3) has the highest (acid) concentration/more particles/higher number of moles.  (2)
13.4.2 Graph C 
(Experiment 5) is at highest temperature/more particles with sufficient kinetic energy.  (2)
13.5.1 Speeds up the reaction./Increases the reaction rate.  (1)
13.5.2 Equal to  (1)
m 1,5
13.6 n(Zn) = = = 0,023 mol
M 65 
n
rate = − = - ( 0 - 0,023 ) = 1,65 x 10-3 (mol·min-1)  (4)
t 14 - 0

[15]
QUESTION 14 (June 2019)
14.1 Change in concentration  of products/reactants per (unit) time.  (2)
14.2.1 Rate of the reaction  (1)
14.2.2
Marking criteria
Dependent (reaction rate) and independent (concentration ) variables correctly
identified. 
Relationship between the independent and dependent variables correctly stated. 
Example:
Reaction rate increases with increase in concentration.
IF: DIRECTLY proportional: Max. ½ (2)
14.3.1 Activation energy/(The boundary line for the) molecules with (adequate) kinetic energy to make
effective collisions.  (1)
14.3.2 B  (1)
14.3.3 At a higher temperature particles move faster/have a higher kinetic energy. 
More molecules have enough/sufficient (kinetic) energy. 
OR: More molecules have (kinetic) energy equal to or greater than activation energy.
More effective collisions per unit time/second./Increased frequency of effective collisions. 
Reaction rate increases.  (4)
14.4 Curve Y was obtained for the reaction where a catalyst was added.  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 36 FS / January 2023

14.5
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(HCℓ)used = cV  = 0,2 x 0,1  = 0,02 mol n(HCℓ)used = cV  = 0,2 x 0,1  = 0,02 mol
n(S)expected = ½n(HCℓ)used = ½(0,02)  n(S)expected = ½n(HCℓ)used = ½(0,02) 
= 0,01 mol = 0,01 mol
m 0,18 m(S)expected = nM = (0,01)(32)  = 0,32 g
n(S)produced = = = 0,0056 mol
M 32  m(S) prod/berei
%yield = n(S)prod / berei  100
%yield =  100
m(S) exp/verwag
n(S)exp/ verwag
0,0056 = 0,18 x 100 
= x 100  = 56,25%  0,32
0,01
= 56,25% 

(6)
[18]
QUESTION 15 (November 2019)
15.1 Exothermic 
H < 0/Energy is released  (2)
∆m ∆m
15.2 rate = ‒ OR rate = ‒
∆t ∆t
0,25 - 2  ‒1,75 
=‒ =‒
30  30 
= 0,06 (g·s-1)  (0,0583 g·s-1) = 0,06 (g·s-1)  (0,0583 g·s-1) (3)
15.3
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
40 For 2 g antacid:
m(CaCO3) = x2 100 g CaCO3 ......22,4 dm3  CO2
100
= 0,8 g 2 g CaCO3 .....0,448 dm3 
m
n(CaCO3)reacted = 100% CO2 .......... 0,448 dm3 
M 40% CO2 ............. 0,18 dm3 
0,8
=  OPTION 3
100 100% CaCO3 .........2 g
= 8 x 10-3 mol
40% .......................0,8 g 
n(CO2) = n(CaCO3) 
= 8 x 10-3 mol 100 g ……. 1 mol
V(CO2) = 8 x 10-3 x 22,4  0,8 g .......... 8 x 10-3 mol 
= 0,18 dm3  1 mol ...............22,4 dm3 
8 x 10-3 mol ......0,18 dm3 
15.4 ANY ONE:
• Concentration (of acid) 
• Size/mass of tablet/Identical tablet /Type of tablet.
• State of division / Surface area. (1)
15.5
Criteria for conclusion:
Dependent [reaction rate/time] and independent (temperature) variables correctly identified. 
Relationship between the independent and dependent variables correctly stated. 
Examples:
1
• Reaction rate ( ) increases with increase in temperature.
time
• Time taken for reaction decreases when temperature increases.
IF: Reaction rate is DIRECTLY proportional to temperature: Max. 1 (2)
2
15.6 Increase in temperature increases the average kinetic energy/molecules move faster. 
More molecules have enough/sufficient kinetic energy/More molecules have E k > Ea. 
More effective collisions per unit time/second. /Frequency of effective collisions increases.  (3)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 37 FS / January 2023

15.7
1 Y
(s-1)
time

Marking guidelines Temperature (°C)

• For each value of temperature, the CURVE Y must be above the given CURVE. 
• CURVE Y must have an increasing rate with an increase in temperature.  (2)
[18]
QUESTION 16 (November 2020)
16.1.1 Reaction rate  (1)
16.1.2 Surface area/state of division /particle size  (1)
16.2.1 (Decreasing gradient indicates) rate of reaction is decreasing.  (1)
16.2.2 (Gradient is zero, indicates) reaction rate is zero 
OR: Reaction stopped/is completed. / Reactants/CaCO3 are used up. (1)
ΔV
16.3 Ave rate =
Δt
500 - 0 
=‒
60 - 0 
= 8,33 (cm3·s-1)  (3)
16.4 Equal to  (1)
16.5 Greater than/Groter as 
Experiment C:
• Surface area of CaCO3 powder is greater than that of CaCO3 granules./ More particles are
exposed /More particles with correct orientation 
• More effective collisions per unit time/Higher frequency of effective collisions. 
• Increase in reaction rate.
OR
Experiment A
• Surface area of CaCO3 granules is smaller/Fewer particles are exposed (than that of
powdered CaCO3). Less particles with correct orientation 
• Less effective collisions per unit time./Lower frequency of effective collisions. 
• Decrease in reaction rate.  (4)
16.6
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
V 0,5 25,7 dm3 .........1 mol
n(CO2 )= = ✓ = 0,0195 mol 0,5 dm3 ..........0,0195 mol 
Vm 25,7

n(CaCO3) = n(CO2) = 0,0195 mol  100 g ...........1 mol

x ....................0,0195 mol 
m(CaCO3) = nM
= 0,0195(100) ✓ = 1,95 g  x = m(CaCO3) = 1,95 g 
OPTION 3
V 0,5
𝑛(CO2 )= = ✓ =0,0195 mol
Vm 25,7

0,0195 mol CO2 ≡ 0,856 g CO2 

m(CO2) produced : m(CaCO3)
44 g : 100 g 
0,856 :x
x = 1,95 g CaCO3
(4)
[16]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 38 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 17 (June 2021)

17.1 ANY ONE
• Change in concentration  of products/reactants per (unit) time. 
• Change in amount/number of moles/volume/mass of products or reactants per (unit) time.
• Amount/number of moles/volume/mass of products formed/reactants used per (unit) time.
• Rate of change in concentration/amount/number of moles/volume/mass.  (2 or 0) (2)
17.2 Time 
Volume of gas/CO2/carbon dioxide 
OR
Time taken for Aℓ2(CO3)3 to be used up.  (2)
17.3 Experiment II:
• More (HCℓ) particles per unit volume./More particles with correct orientation. 
• More effective collisions per unit time./Higher frequency of effective collisions. 
• Higher reaction rate. 
OR
Experiment I:
• Less (HCℓ) particles per unit volume. 
• Less effective collisions per unit time./Lower frequency of effective collisions. 
• Lower reaction rate.  (3)
17.4
ave rate = - n Marking cirteria
t • Substitute average rate and ∆t. 
4,4 x 10 = - f
-3 n − 0,016  • Substitute ∆n. 
2,5 ( −0) • Final answer:
 0,005 (mol) 
n[Aℓ2(CO3)3] = 0,005 (mol) 
(3)
17.5
Marking criteria:
• Use mol ratio: n(CO2) : n(Aℓ2(CO3)3) = 3 : 1 
• Substitute 24 000 cm3∙mol-1/24 dm3∙mol-1 in n = V or in ratio. 
VM
• Final answer: 1 152 cm3 / 1,152 dm3 
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(CO2) = 3n[Aℓ2(CO3)3] n(CO2) = 3n[Aℓ2(CO3)3]
= 3(0,016)  = 3(0,016) 
= 0,048 mol = 0,048 mol
n(CO2) = V
VM 1 mol ……………….24 000 cm3
V
0,048 mol ………….V
 0,048 =  V(CO2) = 0,048  24000 
24 000
1
V(CO2) = 1 152 cm3 (1,152 dm3) 
= 1 152 cm3 (1,152 dm3) 
(3)
[13]
QUESTION 18 (September 2021)
18.1
18.1.1 Kinetic energy  (1)
18.1.2 Number of particles/molecules  (1)
18.2
18.2.1 Activation energy  (1)
18.2.2 Increase  (1)
18.3 - A catalyst provides an alternative pathway of lower activation energy. 
- More molecules have sufficient kinetic energy. 
- More effective collisions per unit time./Frequency of effective collisions increases.
- Increase reaction rate.  (4)
18.4
18.4.1 Temperature / Surface area / Amount or mass of CaCO3  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 39 FS / January 2023

18.4.2 Criteria for conclusion:

• Dependent (reaction rate) and independent (concentration) variables correctly identified. 
• Relationship between the independent and dependent variables correctly stated. 
Example:
Reaction rate is directly proportional to concentration. (2)
18.4.3

(6)
[17]
QUESTION 19 (November 2021)
19.1 ANY ONE
• Change in concentration  of products/reactants per (unit) time. 
• Change in amount/number of moles/volume/mass of products or reactants per (unit) time.
• Amount/number of moles/volume/mass of products formed/reactants used per (unit) time.
• Rate of change in concentration/amount/number of moles/volume/mass.  (2 or 0) (2)
19.2 Reaction rate decreases./Concentration of HCℓ decreases./Reactants are used up.  (1)
19.3
19.3.1 Exothermic  (1)
19.3.2 • Gradient increases. 
• Reaction rate increases. 
• Temperature increases./Energy is released.  (3)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 40 FS / January 2023

19.4
Marking criteria
• m(pure CaCO3) = 82,5 x 15  / V(CO2) = 82,5 x V(CO2) from/uit 15 g CaCO3
100 100
• Divide by 100 g∙mol-1. 
• Use mol ratio: n(CO2) = n(CaCO3). 
• Multiply n(CO2) by 24 000 cm3. 
• Final answer: 2 976 cm3 

OPTION 1/OPSIE 1 OPTION 2/OPSIE 2

82,5 IF 15 g CaCO3 reacts:
m(pure CaCO3) = x 15 
100 m
n(CaCO3) =
= 12,375 g M
15
=
m 100 
n(pure CaCO3) =
M = 0,15 mol
12,375
=
100  n(CO2) = n(CaCO3) 
= 0,124 mol
= 0,015 mol
n(CO2) = n(CaCO3) 
= 0,124 mol n(CO2) = V
VM
 0,015 =
V
V(CO2) = 0,124 x 24 000 24 000 
= 2 976 cm3 
V(CO2) = 3,6 dm3

Actual CO2 formed:

82,5
V(CO2) = x 3,6 
100
= 2 976 cm3 
(5)
19.5 Increases  (1)
19.6 • More particles with correct orientation. 
• More effective collisions per unit time/Higher frequency of effective collisions.  (2)
[15]
QUESTION 20 (June 2022)
20.1 ANY ONE:
• Change in concentration  of products/reactants per (unit) time. 
• Change in amount/number of moles/volume/mass of products or reactants per (unit) time.
• Amount/number of moles/volume/mass of products formed/reactants used per (unit) time.
• Rate of change in concentration/amount/number of moles/volume/ mass.  (2 or 0) (2)
20.2 Surface area / state of division / particle size (of MgCO 3) 
Concentration (of HCℓ)  (2)
20.3 • At higher temperature particles move faster/have a higher kinetic energy. 
• More molecules have enough/sufficient kinetic energy for an effective collision. 
OR More molecules have kinetic energy/Ek equal to or greater than the activation energy.
• More effective collisions per unit time/second. 
OR Frequency of effective collisions increases.
• Reaction rate increases.  (4)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 41 FS / January 2023

20.4.1
Marking criteria
m
• Formula: n = 
M
m
• Substitution of 84 g∙mol-1 in n = 
M
• Use mole ratio: n(MgCO3)used = n(CO2)produced 
m
• Substitution of 44 g∙mol-1 in n = or to calculate rate in mol·min-1. 
M
• Correct substitution of 0,5 in rate equation. 
• Final answer: 5,238 to 5,28 min 
m
n(MgCO3) = 
M
5
=
84
= 0,06 mol  (0,0595 mol)
n(CO2)produced/gevorm = n(MgCO3)  = 0,06 mol

m Ave rate/gem tempo in mol·min-1:

n(CO2) = 0,5 
M = 0,0114 mol·min-1
0,06 = m 44 
44  n(CO 2 )
m(CO2) = 2,64 g Ave rate/gem tempo =
t
m(CO2 )
Ave rate/gem tempo = 0,0114 = 0,06
t t
0,5  = 2,64 ∆t = 5, 28 min 
t
∆t = 5,28 min 
(6)
20.4.2
Marking criteria
• Substitution of n(CO2) AND 1,5 dm3 in n = V . 
Vm
• Final answer: 25 to 25,21 dm3·mol-1 
n= V
Vm
1,5 
0,06 =
Vm
Vm = 25 dm3·mol-1  (25,21 dm3·mol-1)
(2)
20.5
Marking criteria
1 Curve B has a higher peak to the left of curve A. 
Number of CO2 molecules

B
2 Curve B is below curve A beyond the peak of curve A. 
If BOTH graphs not labelled (A and B): no marks

(2)
Kinetic energy [18]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 42 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 21 (November 2022)

21.1 B
• The catalyst provides an alternative route of lower activation energy. 
• More molecules have enough/sufficient (kinetic) energy./More molecules have (kinetic) energy
equal to or higher than the activation energy. 
• •More effective collisions per unit time./Higher frequency of effective collisions.  (4)
21.2 Y  (2)
21.3
21.3.1 560 cm3 / 0,56 dm3  (2)
21.3.2
Marking criteria:
V
(a) Substitute 24 000 and 560/24 and 0,56 in n = 
Vm
(b) USE mol ratio:
n(H2O) : n(O2) = 2 : 1 
(c) Substitute 18 and n(H2O) in
m = nM 
(d) Final answer: 0,83 g  Range: 0,72 to 0,9 g
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
V 1 mol …….24 000 cm3
n(O2) =
Vm x mol …….560 cm3 (a)
560
= x = 0,023 mol (0,0233)
24 000 (a)
= 0,023 mol (0,0233)
n(H2O) = 2n(O2)
n(H2O) = 2n(O2) n(H2O) = 2(0,023) (b)
n(H2O) = 2(0,023) = 0,046 mol (0,0467)
(b)
= 0,046 mol (0,0467)
m = nM
= 0,0466 x 18
(c)
m = nM
(c) = 0,83 g
= 0,046 x 18 (d)
= 0,83 g
(d)
(4)
21.4
21.4.1 0 (g∙s-1) / zero  (1)
21.4.2 Greater than  (1)
21.4.3
Marking criteria
m
a) Substitute 0,9 g in 
M
m
b) Substitute 32 in 
M
c) USE mol /rate ratio:
n(H2O2) : n(O2) = 2 : 1 
d) Substitute 2,1 x 10-3 and n(H2O2) in rate formula 
OR: Substitute rate O2 (1,05 x 10-3) and n(O2) in rate formula
OR: Substitute rate O2 (0,0336 g·s-1) in rate formula
e) Final correct answer: 26,67 (s)  Range: 26,67 to 28,57 (s)

OPTION 1 OPTION 2
m
n(O2) = 1 mol ……………….32 g (b)
M
0,9 (a) x mol ……………….0,9 g (a)
= (b) x = 0,0275 mol
32
= 0,028 mol (0,0281) n(H2O2) = 2n(O2)
= 2(0,0275) (c)
n(H2O2) = 2n(O2) = 0,056 mol
= 2(0,028) (c) rate/tempo =
Δn
= 0,056 Δt
(d)
0,056 - 0
rate/tempo =
Δn 2,1 x 10-3 =
Δt
Δt
∆t = 26,67 (s) (e)
(d)
0,056 - 0
2,1 x 10-3 =
Δt
∆t = 26,67 (s)  (e)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 43 FS / January 2023

OPTION 3 OPTION 4
m
n(O2) = rate H2O2 = 2,1 x 10-3 mol·s-1
M
0,9 (a)
= (b) Rate(O2) = ½rate(H2O2)
32
= 0,028 mol (0,0281) = ½(2,1 x 10-3) (c)
= 1,05 x 10-3
In one second:
m
Rate(O2) = ½ rate(H2O2) n(O2 ) =
= ½ (2,1 x 10-3) (c) M
-3 m
= 1,05 x 10-3 1,05 x 10 =
32 (b)
m(O2 ) = 0,0336 g
Δn
rate/tempo =
Δt
1,05 x 10-3 =
0,028 rate = 0,0336 g∙s-1
(d) Δt ∆m
rate =
∆t (a)
∆t = 26,67 (s) (e) (d) 0,9 - 0
0,0336 =
∆t
∆t = 26,79 (s) (e)
(5)
[19]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 44 FS / January 2023

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
QUESTION 1 (November 2014)
1.1.1 The stage in a chemical reaction when the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of reverse
reaction. 
OR The stage in a chemical reaction when the concentrations of reactants and products remain
constant. (2)
1.2
OPTION 1
Kc =
[N 2 O 4 ]
  171  = [N 2 O 4 ]
  [N O ] = 171 x (0,2)
2 4
2 = 6,84 mol∙dm-3
[NO 2 ] 2 (0,2) 2
NO2 N2O4
Initial quantity (mol) 1,11  0
Change (mol) subtract  1,094 0,55  ratio 
Quantity at equilibrium (mol)/ 0,016 0,55
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,2 6,84 x 0,08 
OPTION 2
Kc =
[N 2 O 4 ]
2
  171  = [N 2 O 4 ]
  [N O ] = 171 x (0,2)
2 4
2 = 6,84 mol∙dm-3
[NO 2 ] (0,2) 2
Equilibrium moles:
n(N2O4) = (6,84)(0,080) = 0,55 mol
 x 0,08 dm3
n(NO2) = (0,2)(0,080) = 0,016 mol
n(N2O4 formed) = 0,55 – 0 = 0,55 mol 
Ratio: n(NO2 reacted) = 2n(N2O4 formed) = 2(0,55) = 1,094 mol 
Initial n(NO2) = 0,016 + 1,094  = 1,11 (mol) 
(8)
1.3.1 Concentration (of the gases) increases. / Molecules become more condensed or move closer to
each other.  (1)
1.3.2 Increase in pressure favours the reaction that leads to smaller number of moles of gas. 
Forward reaction is favoured. 
Number of moles/amount of N2O4 / colourless gas increases.
OR Number of moles/amount of NO2 / brown gas decreases.  (3)
1.4.1 Darker  (1)
1.4. 2 Decreases  (1)
[16]
QUESTION 2 (March 2015)
2.1 A reaction is reversible when products can be converted back to reactants.  (1)
2.2 No change  (1)
2.3.1 Temperature decreases  (1)
2.3.2 Decrease in temperature decreases the rate of both forward and reverse reactions. 
Decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction. 
The rate of the reverse (exothermic) reaction is faster or the reverse reaction is favoured.  (3)
2.4

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 45 FS / January 2023

(6)
1
2.5 Kc = = 50  (1)
0,02
2.6 Increases  (1)
[14]
QUESTION 3 (June 2015)
3.1 When the equilibrium (in a closed system) is disturbed, the system will re-instate a new equilibrium 
by favouring the reaction that will cancel the disturbance.  (2)
3.2.1 Remains the same  (1)
3.2.2 Increases  (1)
3.3
OPTION 1
Kc = [NH3][H2S] 
 1,2 x 10-4  = [NH3][H2S]
 [NH3] = [H2S] = 0,011 mol∙dm-3
n(NH3) = cV = (0,011)(5)  = 0,06 mol (0,06 mol)
n(NH4HS) = n(NH3) = 0,06 mol 
m(NH4HS) = nM = (0,06)(51)  = 2,81 g 
OPTION 2
NH4HS NH3 H2S
Initial quantity (mol) 0 0
Change (mol) x x x
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) - x x
x x Divide by
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) - 5
5 5
Kc = [NH3][H2S] 
x x
 1,2 x 10-4 = ( )( )  x = 0,0547 mol
5 5
m(NH4HS) = nM = (0,0547)  (51)  = 2,79 g 
(6)
3.4 Decreases 
• Increase in pressure favours the reaction that leads to the smaller number of moles of gas. 
• The reverse reaction is favoured.  (3)
[13]
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 46 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 4 (November 2015)

4.1 Equal to  (1)
2 2
[X3 ] (0,226)
4.2 Kc = 3 = = 236,46  (4)
[X2 ] (0,06) 3 
4.3.1 Increases  (1)
4.3.2 The increase in [X3] is opposed. / Change is opposed. 
The reverse reaction is favoured. / X3 is used. / [X3] decreases.  (2)
4.4 Higher than  (1)
4.5 Exothermic 
• The concentration of the product / X3(g) is lower. / The concentration of the reactant / X2(g) is
higher. 
• The increase in temperature favoured the reverse reaction. 
• According to Le Chatelier's principle an increase in temperature favours the endothermic
reaction. 
OR
• [X3] decreases and [X2] increases. 
• Kc decreases if temperature increases. 
• Decrease in temperature favoured the forward reaction.  (4)
4.6
Marking criteria
Number of particles

Peak of curve at 400 °C lower than at 300 °C

300 °C 
and shifted to the right.
Curve at 400 °C has larger area at the higher Ek. 

400 °C

Kinetic energy (2)

[15]
QUESTION 5 (March 2016)
5.1
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
m 2,2 m 2,2
c= =  = 0,01 mol∙dm-3  n= = = 0,05 mol
MV 44  5 M 44
n
c =  = 0,05  = 0,01 mol∙dm-3 
V 5
(4)
5.2 For equilibrium, a forward and a reverse reaction are needed. 
OR Without CaO(s), the reverse reaction is not possible. (1)
5.3 CO2 is a gas and will escape if the container is not sealed.  (1)
5.4 OPTION 1

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 47 FS / January 2023

OPTION 2

(7)
5.5.1 Remains the same  (1)
5.5.2 Decreases  (1)
5.6 Endothermic 
• Kc decreases with decrease in temperature. 
• Therefore the product of the concentration of products decreases./The reverse reaction is
favoured. 
• A decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction.  (4)
[19]
QUESTION 6 (June 2016)
6.1 Reversible reaction  (1)
6.2 Endothermic  ΔH is positive. / ΔH > 0  (2)
6.3 Larger than  Kc > 1  (2)
6.4 OPTION 1
m 168
n= =  = 6 mol
M 28
CO2 CO
Initial quantity (mol) x 0
Change (mol) 3 6 ratio ✓
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) x–3 6
x−3
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 3 Divide by 2 
2

Kc =
[CO] 2
  14  = (3 ) 2
x−3
  x = 4,29 mol 
[CO 2 ]
2
OPTION 2
m 168 n 6
n= =  = 6 mol and c= =  = 3 mol∙dm-3
M 28 V 2
CO2 CO
Initial concentration (mol∙dm-3) x 0
Change (mol∙dm-3) 1,5 3 ratio ✓
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) x – 1,5 3

Kc =
[CO] 2
  14  = (3 ) 2
  x = 2,14 mol∙dm -3
[CO 2 ] x − 1,5
n(CO2) = cV = (2,14)(2) = 4,29 mol  (9)
6.5.1 Remains the same  (1)
6.5.2 Decreases  (1)
6.5.3 Increases  (1)
[17]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 48 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 7 (November 2016)

7.1 The stage in a chemical reaction when the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of reverse
reaction. 
OR The stage in a chemical reaction when the concentrations / quantities of reactants and products
remain constant. (2)
7.2.1 Remains the same  (1)
7.2.2 Decreases 
• When the temperature is increased the reaction that will oppose this increase / decrease the
temperature will be favoured.  OR The forward reaction is exothermic.
• An increase in temperature favours the endothermic reaction. 
• The reverse reaction is favoured.  (4)
7.3
Reaction rate (mol∙s-1)

Marking criteria
 • Vertical parallel lines show a sudden increase in
rate of both forward and reverse reactions. 
 • Horisontal parallel lines showing a constant
higher rate for both forward and reverse
catalysed reactions after time t1. 

Time (s)
t1 (2)
7.4 OPTION 1
m 2,39
n(PbS) = =  = 0,01 mol
M 239
n(H2S)equilibrium = n(PbS)  = 0,01 mol

H2 H2S
Initial quantity (mol) 0,16 0
Change (mol) 0,01 0,01  ratio 
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) 0,15  0,01
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,075 0,005 divide by 2 
[H 2 S] 0,005
Kc = =  = 0,067  0,07 
[H 2 ] 0,075
OPTION 2
m 2,39
n(PbS) = =  = 0,01 mol
M 239
n(H2S)reacted = n(PbS)  = 0,01 mol = n(H2S)equilibrium
n(H2S)formed = n(H2S)equilibrium – n(H2S)initial = 0,01 – 0  = 0,01 mol
n(H2)reacted = n(H2S)formed  = 0,01 mol
n(H2)equilibrium = n(H2)initial - n(H2)reacted = 0,16 - 0,01  = 0,15 mol
n 0,15
c(H2) = = = 0,075 mol∙dm- Divide by 2
V 2
n 0,01
(H2S) = = = 0,005 mol∙dm-3
V 2
[H 2 S] 0,005
Kc = =  = 0,067  (9)
[H 2 ] 0,075
[18]
QUESTION 8 (March 2017)
8.1.1 Products can be converted back to reactants. 
OR Both forward and reverse reactions can take place. (1)
8.1.2 Endothermic  (1)
8.1.3 Kc increases with increase in temperature. 
Forward reaction is favoured./Concentration of products increases./ Concentration of reactants
decreases. 
Increase in temperature favours an endothermic reaction.  (3)
8.1.4 Increases  (1
8.1.5 Remains the same  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 49 FS / January 2023

8.2.1
OPTION 1
Cℓ2 Ti
Initial quantity (mol) 6 7
Change (mol) 2 1 Use mole ratio
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) 4 6
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 2 Divide by 2
1 1
Kc = =  = 0,25 
2
[Cl 2 ] (2) 2
OPTION 2
m 48
n(Ti)reacted = = = 1 mol and n(Cℓ2)reacted = 2n(Ti) = 2(1)  = 2 mol
M 48
m 426
n(Cℓ2)initial = =  = 6 mol
M 71
n(Cℓ2)equilibrium = 6 – 2  = 4 mol
n 4
c= = = 2 mol·dm-3
V 2
1 1
Kc = =  = 0,25 
[Cl 2 ] 2
(2) 2
(8)
8.2.2 Remains the same  (1)
[16]
QUESTION 9 (June 2017)
9.1 Amount / number of moles / volume of (gas) reactants equals amount/number of moles/volume of
(gas) products. 
OR A change in pressure will change the concentration of the reactants and products equally. (1)
9.2
OPTION 1

Kc =
[HI] 2
  55,3  = [HI] 2
  [HI] = 0,08112 mol∙dm -3
[H 2 ][I 2 ] (0,014 )(0,0085 )
H2 I2 HI
Initial mass (g) (0,09812)(254) 
= 24,92 g 
Initial quantity (mol) 0,1091 0,09812 0
Using
Change (mol) 0,08112 0,08112 0,1622 
ratio 
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) 0,028 0,017 0,1622
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,014 0,0085 0,08112 x2
OPTION 2 Divide by 2 

Kc =
[HI] 2
  55,3  = x2
  x = 0,08112 mol∙dm -3
[H 2 ][I2 ] (0,014 )(0,0085 )
H2 I2 HI
Initial mass (g)
Initial quantity (mol) x+0,028 x + 0,017 0
Change (mol) x x 2x Using
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) 0,028  0,017 2x ratio 
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,014 0,0085 x x2
Divide by 2 
Initial quantity I2(mol) = 0,08112 + 0,017 = 0,09812 mol
m(I2) = nM = (0,09812)(254)  = 24,92 g 
(9)
9.3 Chemical/dynamic equilibrium  (1)
9.4 Addition of a catalyst.  AND Increase in pressure.  (2)
9.5.1 Endothermic 
• Rate of the forward reaction decreases more. / Rate of the reverse reaction decreases less. 
• A decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction.  (3)
9.5.2 Decreases  (1)
9.6 Reactants / H2 / I2 removed  (1)
[18]
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 50 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 10 (November 2017)

10.1 The stage in a chemical reaction when the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of reverse
reaction. 
OR The stage in a chemical reaction when the concentrations/amount of reactants and products
remain constant. (2)
10.2
OPTION 1
m 1,12
n= =  = 0,04 mol
M 28
COBr2 CO Br2
Initial quantity (mol) 0 0
Change (mol) 0,04 0,04 0,04
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) 0,04 0,04 
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,02 0,02
[CO][Br2 ] 2
Kc =  0,19  = (0,02)  c(COBr2)eq = 2,11 x 10-3 mol∙dm-3 
[COBr2 ] [COBr2 ]
OPTION 2
m 1,12
n= = = 0,04 mol
M 28
COBr2 CO Br2
Initial quantity (mol) x 0 0
Change (mol) 0,04 0,04 0,04
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) x – 0,04 0,04 0,04 
Equilibrium concentration x − 0,04
0,02 0,02 Divide by 2 ✓
2

Kc =
[CO][Br2 ]
  0,19  = (0,02) 2
  x = 0,0442 mol
[COBr2 ] x − 0,04
2
 c(COBr2)eq = 2,11 x 10 mol∙dm 
-3 -3

(7)
10.3
OPTION 1 OPTION 2: From Q10.2 Option 2
n(COBr2)eq = cV = 2,11  10-3 2 n(COBr2)initial = x = 0,0442 mol 

= 4,22 10 mol
-3 n(COBr2)react = 0,04 mol

n(COBr2)initial = 0,04 + 4,22 10-3 

= 0,044 mol
0,04
% decomposed =  x 100 = 90,46%  (90,3 – 90,9%)
0,044
(4)
10.4 Kc < 0,19  (1)
10.5 Decreases 
A decreases in pressure favours the reaction that produces the larger number of moles/
volume (units) of gas. 
The forward reaction will be favoured.  (3)
[17]
QUESTION 11 (March 2018)
11.1.1 When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the system will re-instate a new equilibrium by
favouring the reaction that will oppose the disturbance.  (2)
11.1.2 Percentage yield increases with an increase in temperature. 
Forward reaction is favoured. 
Increase in temperature favours an endothermic reaction. . (3)
11.1.3 When the pressure increases, the reaction that leads to a decrease in the number of moles will be
favoured.  (2)
11.1.4 I  (2)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 51 FS / January 2023

11.2
OPTION 1
HCℓ O2 Cℓ2 H2O
Initial quantity (mol) 0,2 0,11 0 0
Change (mol) 0,15  0,0375 0,075 0,075 ratio 
Quantity at 1,825 = 0,05  0,075
0,0725 0,075
equilibrium (mol) 36,5 
Equilibrium concen- 0,25 0,3625 0,375 0,375 Divide
tration (mol∙dm-3)
by 0,2
2 2

[Cl2 ] [H2 O]
( 0,375 ) 2
(0,375 )2 = 13,97 
Kc = 4 =
[HCl] [O2 ] (0,25 )4 (0,3625 ) 
OPTION 2
m 1,825
n(HCℓ)equilibrium = = = 0,05 mol
M 36,5
n(HCℓ)reacted = 0,2 – 0,05 = 0,15 mol 
n(O2)reacted = ¼n(HCℓ)reacted = ¼ x 0,15 = 0,0375 mol
n(Cℓ2)formed = ½n(HCℓ)reacted = ½ x 0,15 = 0,075 mol Using ratio 
n(H2O)formed = ½n(HCℓ)reacted = ½ x 0,15 = 0,075 mol
n(O2)equilibrium = 0,11 – 0,0375 = 0,0725 mol

n(Cℓ2)equilibrium = n(H2O)equilibrium = 0,075 mol
c(O2)equilibrium = n =
0,0375 = 0,3625 mol∙dm-3
V 0,2 Divide by 0,2
c(Cℓ2)equilibrium = c(H2O)equilibrium = n = 0,075 = 0,375 mol∙dm-3
V 0,2
2 2
[Cl2 ] [H2 O] 2 2
Kc = 4  = (0,375 ) (0,375 ) = 13,97 
[HCl] [O2 ] (0,25 )4 (0,3625 ) 
(9)
[18]
QUESTION 12 (June 2018)
12.1 The stage in a chemical reaction when the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of reverse
reaction. 
OR The stage in a chemical reaction when the concentrations of reactants and products remain
constant.  (2)
12.2.1 2  (1)
12.2.2 1  (1)
12.2.3 3  (1)
12.3
OPTION 1
[A] = 8 = 2,67 mol∙dm-3
3
[B] = 4 = 1,33 mol∙dm-3 Divide by 3 dm3 
3
[C] = 12 = 4 mol∙dm-3
3
[C]3  ( 4 )3  = 6,75 ✓
Kc = 2 =
[ A ] [B] (2,67 )2 (1,33 )
OPTION 2
A B C
Initial quantity (mol) 16 8 0
Change (mol) 8 4 12
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) 8✓ 4✓ 12 ✓
8 4 12 Divide by
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 3 dm3 ✓
3 3 3
[C]3  ( 4)3  = 6,75 ✓
Kc = =
2
[ A ] [B] (2,67 )2 (1,33 )
(7)
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 52 FS / January 2023

12.4 Endothermic 
• (An increase in temperature) favours the reverse reaction. 
• An increase in temperature favours an endothermic reaction.  (3)
[15]
QUESTION 13 (November 2018)
13.1 When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the system will re-instate a (new) equilibrium 
by favouring the reaction that will cancel/oppose the disturbance.  (2)
13.2 Endothermic 
• Decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction. 
• The reverse reaction is favoured. 
OR Number of moles/amount/concentration of N2O4/colourless gas increases.
OR Number of moles/amount of NO2/brown gas decreases. (3)
13.3.1 Increases  (1)
13.3.2 Remains the same  (1)
13.3.3 Increases  (1)
13.4
OPTION 1
N2O4 NO2
Initial amount (moles) x 0
Change in amount (moles) 0,2x ✓ 0,4x ratio ✓
Equilibrium amount (moles) 0,8x 0,4x 
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,4x 0,2x Divide by
2 dm3 ✓
Kc =
[NO 2 ] 2



0,16 =
(0,2x ) 2



x = 1,6 mol ✓
[N2 O 4 ] (0,4x )
OPTION 2
∆n(N2O4) = 20 x  = 0,2x AND ∆n(NO2) = 2∆n(N2O4) = 0,4 x 
100
n(N2O4)eq = x – 0,2x = 0,8x AND n(NO2)eq = 0 + 0,4x 
0,8x
c(N2O4)eq = = 0,4x
2 
c(NO2)eq = 0,4x = 0,2x
2

Kc =
[NO 2 ]2

  0,16 =
(0,2x ) 2
  x = 1,6 mol ✓
[N2 O 4 ] (0,4x )
(8)
[16]
QUESTION 14 (June 2019)
14.1 Reversible reaction/Both forward and reverse reactions can take place.  (1)
14.2 To favour the forward reaction/production of ammonia./To increase the yield of ammonia.  (1)
14.3 20%  (1)
14.4.1 At 500 °C lower yield of ammonia: 
• The (forward) reaction is exothermic./Reverse reaction is endothermic. 
• An increase in temperature favours the endothermic reaction. 
• The reverse reaction is favoured. 
OR
At 350 °C higher yield of ammonia:
• The (forward) reaction is exothermic./Reverse reaction is endothermic. 
• A decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction. 
• The forward reaction is favoured.  (3)
14.4.2 At 350 atm higher yield of ammonia:
• An increase in pressure favours the reaction that produces the lower number of moles/number
of molecules/volume of gas. 
• The forward reaction is favoured.  (2)
OR
At 150 atm lower yield of ammonia:
• A decrease in pressure favours the reaction that produces the higher number of moles/number
of molecules/volume of gas. 
• Reverse reaction is favoured.  (2)
14.5.1 1 mol N2 reacts with 3 mol H2 to produce 2 mol NH3
2 mol N2 reacts with 6 mol H2 to produce 4 (mol) NH3  (2)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 53 FS / January 2023

14.5.2
n(NH3) = 35  4  = 1,4 mol
100

N2 H2 NH3
Initial amount (moles) 6 6 0
Change in amount (moles) 0,7 2,1 1,4 ratio 
Equilibrium amount (moles) 5,3  3,9 1,4
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 10,6 7,8 2,8 Divide by
2
(2,8) 2 0,5 dm3 
Kc = [NH3 ]  =  = 0,002 
3
[H2 ] [N2 ] (7,8)3 (10,6)
(7)
[17]
QUESTION 15 (November 2019)
15.1 The stage in a chemical reaction when the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of reverse
reaction. 
OR The stage in a chemical reaction when the concentrations of reactants and products remain
constant.  (2)
15.2.1
m 60,8
n(CO 2 ) = =  = 1,382 mol
M 44

CO2 CO
Initial quantity (mol) 1,382 0 ratio 
Change (mol) 1,22  2,44
Quantity at equilibrium (mol)/ 0,162 2,44 Divide by
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,054 0,813 3 dm3 
2
[CO] 2  = (0,813 )  = 12,24 
Kc =
[CO 2 ] 0,054
(7)
15.2.2 n(C)reacted = n(CO2)reacted = 1,22 mol 
m(C) = nM = 1,22(12)  = 14,64 g  (2)
15.3.1 Remains the same  (1)
15.3.2 Decreases 
• (When pressure is increased) the reaction that leads to the smaller amount/number of
moles/volume of gas is favoured. 
• The reverse reaction is favoured. / More CO2 is formed.  (3)
15.4.1 Endothermic 
• When the temperature increases the mol/percentage CO(g)/product increases/forward reaction
is favoured. 
• An increase in temperature favours the endothermic reaction.  (3)
15.4.2
ntotal eq = 0,162 + 2,44  = 2,606 mol
% CO2 =
0,162 x 100  OR % CO =
2,44 x 100 
2,606 2,606
= 6,225 % = 93,63 %
 T = 827 °C 
(3)
[22]
QUESTION 16 (November 2020)
16.1 Products can be converted back to reactants. 
OR
Both forward and reverse reactions can take place.
OR
A reaction which can take place in both directions. (1)
16.2.1 Remains the same  (1)
16.2.2 Increases  (1)
16.3 (When pressure is increased) the reaction that leads to the smaller amount of gas / side with less
molecules/number of moles is favoured. 
The reverse reaction is favoured.  (2)
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 54 FS / January 2023

16.4 Endothermic ✓
• Kc decreases with decrease in temperature. 
• Reverse reaction is favoured. / Concentration of reactants increases. /
Concentration of products decreases./Yield decreases 
• Decrease in temperature favours an exothermic reaction. 
OR
• Kc increases with increase in temperature. 
• Forward reaction is favoured. / Concentration of reactants decreases. /
Concentration of products increases./Yield increases 
• Increase in temperature favours an endothermic reaction.  (4)
16.5
Mark allocation
• Correct Kc expression (formulae in square brackets). 
• Substitution of equilibrium concentrations into Kc expression. 
• Substitution of Kc value. 
• Multiply equilibrium concentrations of I2 and I by 12,3 dm3.  (OPTION 1) / Multiply
equilibrium concentrations of I by 12,3 dm3 and divide equilibrium mol of I2 by 12,3 dm3.
(OPTION 2)
• Change in n(I) = n(I at equilibrium). 
• USING ratio: I2 : I = 1 : 2 
• Initial n(I2) = equilibrium n(I2) + change in n(I2). 
• Substitute 254 g·mol-1 as molar mass for I2.
• Final answer: (26 g - 27,94 g). 
OPTION 1

[I]2
Kc = [I2 ]

2
(4,79 x 10-3 )
-3
3,76 x 10  = 
[I2 ]
[I2] = 6,102 x 10-3 mol·dm-3
I2 I
Initial mass (g) (0,1045)(254) 
= 26,543 g 
Initial quantity (mol) 0,1045 0
Change (mol)  0,0295 0,0589  Using ratio 
Quantity at equilibrium (mol) 0,0751 0,0589
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 6,102 x 10-3 4,79 x 10-3 x12,3 

OPTION 2
I2 I
Initial amount (moles) x 0
Change in amount (moles) 0,0295 0,0589 Using ratio 

Equilibrium amount (moles) x - 0,0295 0,0589

x - 0,0295
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 4,79 x 10-3 x & divide by 13,3 
12,3
[I]2
Kc = 
[I2 ]
2
(4,79 x 10-3 )
-3
3,76 x 10  = x - 0,0295 
[ ]
12,3

x = 0,1045 mol
 m = nM
= (0,1045)(254) 
= 26,543 g 
(9)
[18]
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 55 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 17 (June 2021)

17.1 (The stage in a chemical reaction when the) rate of forward reaction equals the rate of reverse
reaction.  (2 or 0)
OR
(The stage in a chemical reaction when the) concentrations of reactants and products remain
constant. (2 or 0) (2)
17.2
17.2.1 X 
ANY ONE
• The concentration of products increases (from 0 – 6 min.). 
• The concentration of reactants decreases (from 0 – 6 min.).
• No products were present initially. (2)
17.2.2 Higher than  (1)
17.3
CALCULATIONS USING NUMBER OF MOLES
Marking criteria
• Calculate mol HI: n(HI)ini = 1(0,5). 
• Use mol ratio: 1:2 / n(HI) = 2n(H2) = 2n(I2). 
• n(H2)formed = n(H2)equilibrium
n(I2)formed = n(I2)equilibrium 
• n((HI)equilibrium = n(HI)initial - n(HI)change. 
• Divide n(HI)equil & n(H2)equil & n(H2)equil by 0,5 dm3. .
• Correct Kc expression (formulae in square brackets). 
• Substitute 0,04 into Kc expression. 
• Substitute equilibrium concentrations in Kc expression. 
• Final answer: 0,071 mol 
Range: 0,071 – 0,072 mol
OPTION 1

n(HI) = 1(0,5) = 0,5 mol

HI H2 I2
Initial quantity (mol) 0,5  0 0
Change (mol) 2x x x ratio ✓

Quantity at equilibrium (mol) 0,5-2x  x x

Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,5 - 2x x x

divide by 0,5 
0,5 0,5 0,5

Kc = [H2 ][I2 ]  No KC expression, correct substitution: Max.

[HI] 2
x x
 ( )( )
0,04 = 0,5 0,5  Wrong KC expression: Max..
0,5 - 2x 2
( )
0,5
x = 0,071 mol 

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 56 FS / January 2023

CALCULATIONS USING CONCENTRATION

Marking criteria:
• Use initial c(HI) = 1 mol∙dm-3. 
• Use mol ratio: 1 : 2 / n(HI) = 2n(H2) = 2n(I2). 
• c(H2)formed = c(H2)equilibrium
c(I2)formed = c(I2)equilibrium 
• c(HI)equilibrium = c(HI)initial - c(HI)change. 
• Correct Kc expression (formulae in square brackets). 
• Substitution of 0,04 into Kc expression. 
• Substitution of equilibrium concentrations into Kc expression. 
• Multiply concentration by 0,5 dm3.  .
• Final answer: 0,071 mol 
Range: 0,071 to 0,072 mol
OPTION 2/

HI H2 I2
Initial concentration (mol∙dm-3) 1 0 0

Change (mol∙dm-3) 2x x x ratio ✓


Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 1-2x  x x

Kc = [H2 ][I2 ] 
[HI] 2
No KC expression, correct substitution: Max.
 = ( x )( x )
0,04
(1 − 2x )2

x = 0,143 mol∙dm-3
Wrong KC expression: Max.
n(I2) = cV
= 0,143 x 0,5 
= 0,072 mol 
(9)
17.4
17.4.1 Both forward and reverse  (1)
17.4.2 Positive 
• The forward reaction is favoured. 
• An increase in temperature favours the endothermic reaction. 
• The forward reaction is endothermic.  (4)
[19]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 57 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 18 (September 2021)

18.1 The stage in a chemical reaction when the rate of forward reaction equals the rate of reverse
reaction. (2 or 0)
OR
The stage in a chemical reaction when the concentrations of reactants and products remain
constant. (2 or 0) (2)
18.2

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 58 FS / January 2023

(8)
18.3
18.3.1 Steam is used up./Amount of steam decreases./Concentration of steam decreases./
Reactants are used up. (1)
18.3.2 Catalyst was added. (1)
18.3.3 Endothermic (1)
18.3.4 The forward reaction is favoured.
Increase in temperature favours the endothermic reaction. (2)
[15]
QUESTION 19 (November 2021)
19.1 (The stage in a chemical reaction when the) rate of forward reaction equals the rate of reverse
reaction.  (2 or 0)
OR
(The stage in a chemical reaction when the) concentrations of reactants and products remain
constant. (2 or 0) (2)
19.2
19.2.1 Negative  (1)
19.2.2 • Increase in temperature favours an endothermic reaction. 
• Reverse reaction is favoured./Concentration of reactants increases./ Concentration of
products decreases. 
• Forward reaction is exothermic.  (3)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 59 FS / January 2023

19.2.3 CALCULATIONS USING NUMBER OF MOLES

Marking criteria:
a) Initial n(P) and n(Q2) and n(PQ) from table. 
b) Change in n(P) = equilibrium n(P) – initial n(P). 
c) USING ratio: P : Q2 : PQ = 2 : 1 : 2 
d) Equilibrium n(Q2) = initial n(Q2) + change in n(Q2)
Equilibrium n(PQ) = initial n(PQ) - change in n(PQ) 
e) Divide equilibrium amounts of P and Q2 and PQ by 2 dm3. 
f) Correct Kc expression (formulae in square brackets). 
g) Substitution of equilibrium concentrations into Kc expression. 
h) Final answer: 10,889 
OPTION 1

P Q2 PQ
Initial quantity (mol) 0,8 0,8 3,2 (a)
Change (mol) 0,4 (b) 0,2 0,4 (c)
Quantity at equilibrium (mol)/ 1,2 1,0 2,8 (d)
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,6 0,5 1,4 (e)

[PQ] 2 (f)
Kc =
[Q 2 ][P] 2 No Kc expression, correct substitution: Max.

= 1,4 2  (g)
(0,5)(0,6) 2 Wrong Kc expression: Max.
= 10,889  (h)
CALCULATIONS USING CONCENTRATION
Marking criteria:
a) Initial c(P) and c(Q2) and c(PQ) from table. 
b) Change in c(P) = equilibrium c(P) – initial c(P). 
c) USING ratio: P : Q2 : PQ = 2 : 1 : 2 
d) Equilibrium c(Q2) = initial c(Q2) + change in c(Q2) 
Equilibrium c(PQ) = initial c(PQ) - change in c(PQ)
e) Divide initial amounts of P and Q2 and PQ by 2 dm3. 
f) Correct Kc expression (formulae in square brackets). 
g) Substitution of equilibrium concentrations into Kc expression. 
h) Final answer: 10,889 
OPTION 2/OPSIE 2

P Q2 PQ
 (a)
Initial concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,4 0,4 1,6 (e)
Change in concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,2 (b) 0,1 0,2 (c)
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3 0,6 0,5 1,4  (d)

[PQ] 2
Kc =  (f) No Kc expression, correct substitution: Max.
[Q 2 ][P] 2
= 1,4 2  (g) Wrong Kc expression: Max.
(0,5)(0,6) 2
= 10,889  (h)
19.2.4 Remains the same 
Only temperature can change Kc.  (2)
19.3
19.3.1 Increases  (1)
19.3.2 Decreases (1)
[18]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 60 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 20 (June 2022)

20.1.1 2 (mol·dm-3)  (1)
20.1.2 When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the system will re-instate a (new) equilibrium 
by favouring the reaction that will cancel/oppose the disturbance.  (2)
20.1.3 Cooled  (1)
20.1.4 A decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction./An increase in temperature favours the
endothermic reaction. 
The forward reaction is favoured./HI concentration increases./Equilibrium (position) shifts to
the right. 
The forward reaction is exothermic./Reverse reaction is endothermic.  (3)
20.2.1 Products can be converted back to reactants. 
OR: Both forward and reverse reactions can take place.
OR: A reaction which can take place in both directions. (1)
20.2.2
Marking criteria
a) Δn(N2O4) = n(N2O4)eq – n(N2O4)ini. 
b) USING ratio:
n(NO2) : n(N2O4) = 2 : 1 
c) n(NO2)eq = n(NO2)ini - ∆n(NO2) 
d) Divide BOTH by 1 dm3 
e) Correct Kc expression (formulae in square brackets). 

NO2 N2O4
Initial amount (moles) x 0
Change in amount (moles) 1,62 0,81  (a) ratio  (b)
Equilibrium amount (moles) (c)
x – 1,62  0,81
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) x – 1,62 0,81 ÷ dm3  (d)

[N2 O 4 ]  (e)
Kc = Wrong or no Kc expression: Max.. 4⁄5
[NO 2 ] 2
= (0,81)
( x − 1,62) 2
(5)
20.2.3
Marking criteria
a) Add 0,79 mol to n(N2O4)ini. 
b) USING ratio: n(NO2) : n(N2O4) = 2 : 1
to calculate ∆n(N2O4) as 0,6 mol. 
c) n(NO2)eq = n(NO2)ini + ∆n(NO2)
n(N2O4)eq = n(N2O4)ini - ∆n(N2O4)

d) Substitution of concentrations into correct Kc expression. 
e) Equating Kc expresssion from Q20.1.3 and Q20.2.3. 
f) Final answer: 12,42 
(Range: 11,27 – 12,42)

NO2 N2O4 (a)

0,81 + 0,79  =
Initial amount (moles) x – 1,62
1,6
Change in amount (moles) 1,2 0,6  (b)
Equilibrium amount (moles) x – 1,62 +1,2 1  (c)
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) x – 0,42 1

[N2 O 4 ]
Kc =
[NO 2 ] 2
Wrong Kc expression: Max. 4⁄6
(0,81) (e) 1 (d)
= No Kc expression: 6⁄6
( x − 1,62) 2 ( x − 0,42)2
x = 12,42 (mol)  (f)
(6)
[19]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 61 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 21 (November 2022)

21.1 When the equilibrium in a closed system is disturbed, the system will re-instate a new equilibrium by
favouring the reaction that will cancel/oppose the disturbance.  (2)
[CS2 ]
21.2 Kc = 2 
[S]

 0,5
9,4 = 
[S]2
[S] = 0,23 mol∙dm-3  (4)
21.3 Increases  (1)
21.4
• Increasing/doubling the volume will decrease the pressure. 
• The reaction that produces a greater number of moles/amount of gas
• (1 mole gas to 2 moles gas) is favoured. 
• Reverse reaction is favoured.  . (3)
21.5
OPTION 1

S CS2
Initial concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,23 x ½ 0,5 x ½ (a)
= 0,115 = 0,25
Change in concentration (mol∙dm-3) 2x x (b)
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,115 + 2x 0,25 - x
(c) (d)
[CS2 ]
Kc = CALCULATIONS USING CONCENTRATION
[S]2
0,25 - x Marking criteria:
9,4 = 2 (e) (a) Initial concentration is halved. 
(0,115 + 2x)
(b) Change in [CS2] and [S] USING ratio: S : CS2 = 2 : 1 
(c) Equilibrium [S] = initial [S] + change in [S] 
(d) Equilibrium [CS2] = initial [CS2] - change in [CS2] 
(e) CORRECT final answer. 
OPTION 2
S CS2
Initial quantity (mol) 0,46 1 (a)
Change (mol) 8x 4x (b)
Quantity at equilibrium (mol)/ (c) 0,46 + 8x 1 – 4x (d)
Equilibrium concentration (mol∙dm-3) 0,46 + 8x 1 - 4x
4 4
[CS2 ]
Kc = CALCULATIONS USING NUMBER OF MOLES
[S]2
Marking criteria:
1 - 4x (a) n(initial) = c(initial) x 2. 
4 (b) Change in n(S) and n(CS2) USING ratio: S : CS2
9,4 = (e)
0,46 + 8x 2 =2:1
( ) (c) Equilibrium n(S) = initial n(S) + change in n(S) 
4 (d) Equilibrium n(CS2) = initial n(CS2) - change in
n(CS2) 
(e) CORRECT final answer.  (5)
21.6
21.6.1 (Chemical) equilibrium / Rate of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. /
Concentrations of reactants and products are constant.  (1)
21.6.2 Increase in the amount/concentration of S/reactant OR S was added.  (1)
21.6.3 Decrease in temperature  (1)
21.6.4 - The rates of the forward and reverse reactions decrease. 
- The reverse reaction is favoured / faster than the forward reaction.
OR
- The forward reaction decreases more. 
- A decrease in temperature favours the exothermic reaction.  (3)
[21]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 62 FS / January 2023

ACIDS AND BASES

QUESTION 1 (November 2014)
1.1.1 Ionises / dissociates completely in water.  (1)
1.1.2 NO 3−/ Nitrate ion  (1)
1.1.3 pH = - log[H3O+] / - log[H+]  = -log(0,3)  = 0,52  (1)
n n
1.2.1 c=  ∴2=  ∴ n(HCℓ) = 0,2 mol  (3)
V 0,1
1.2.2 Burette  (1)
1.2.3 B Titration of strong acid and strong base.  (3)
1.2.4 The number of moles of acid in the flask remains constant.  (1)
n
  0,2 =  n = 4,2 x 10-3 mol 
n
1.2.5 c=  n(HCℓ)excess = n(NaOH) = 4,2 x 10-3 mol (3)
V 0,021
1.2.6
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(HCℓ reacted): n(HCℓ reacted) = 0,2 – 4,2 x 10-3  = 0,196 mol
0,2 – 4,2 x 10-3  = 0,196 mol m m
n(MgO reacted): n(HCℓ reacted) =  0,196 =
M 36,5
½n(HCℓ) = ½(0,196) = 9,8 x 10-2 mol 
m m  m(HCℓ reacted) = 7,154 g
n(MgO reacted) =  0,098 = 
M 40 40 g MgO  .............. 73 g HCℓ 
 m = 3,92 g x g MgO ................... 7,154 g  x = 3,92 g
3,92 3,92
% purity =  = 87,11%  % purity =  = 87,11% 
4,5  100 4,5  100
(5)
[21]
QUESTION 2 (March 2015)
2.1.1 An acid is a proton (H+ ion) donor.  (1)
2.1.2 It ionises to form 2 protons for each H2SO4 molecule. / It ionises to form 2 moles of H+ ions. 
OR It donates 2 H+ ions per H2SO4 molecule. (1)
2.2.1 Amphiprotic substance / Ampholyte  (1)
2.2.2 H2CO3  (1)
2.3.1

(6)
2.3.2

(2)
2.3.3 Shows end point of titration. / Shows when neutralisation occurs.  (1)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 63 FS / January 2023

2.3.4

(8)
[22]
QUESTION 3 (June 2015)
3.1.1 Diprotic  (1)
2−
3.1.2 H2O  and (COO) 2  (2)
− −
3.1.3 H(COO) 2 / HC2O 4  It acts as base (in reaction I) and as acid (in reaction II).  (2)
3.2 Ionises / dissociates incompletely / partially.  (1)
3.3
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
m n
c=   0,2 = m c=   0,2 =
n
  n = 0,05 mol
MV  0,25  90 V 0,25
 m = 4,5 g  n=
m
 0,05 = m   m = 4,5 g 
M 90
(4)
3.4.1
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
c a Va na n((COOH)2) = cV  = (0,2)(0,025) 
=  = 0,005 mol
c b Vb nb
n(NaOH) = 2(0,005)  = 0,01 mol
0,2 25 1
=   cb = 0,28 mol∙dm-3  n 0,01
c b  36  2 c= = = 0,28 mol∙dm-3 
V 0,0036 
(5)
2−
3.4.2 (COO) 2 (aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)  ⇌ (COOH)2(aq) + 2OH─(aq)  Bal.  (3)
[18]

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Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 64 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 4 (November 2015)

4.1.1 Hydrolysis  (1)
4.1.2 Acidic  Forms H3O+ ions during hydrolysis.  OR Salt of strong acid and weak base. (2)
4.2.1 n = cV  = (0,1)(0,1)  = 0,01 mol  (3)
4.2.2
n(HCℓ) = caVa = (0,11)(14,55 x 10-3)  = 1,6 x 10-3 mol
n(NaOH) = n(HCℓ) = 1,6 x 10-3 mol 
n(NaOH excess) in 100 cm3 = 1,6 x 10-3 x 4  = 6,4 x 10-3 mol
n(NaOH reacted) = 0,01 - 6,4 x 10-3  = 3,6 x 10-3 mol
n(NH4Cℓ) = n(NaOH) = 3,6 x 10-3 mol  (0,003598 mol)

m(NH4Cℓ) = nM x m
= (3,6 x 10-3)(53,5) n(NH4Cℓ) = 0,92  n(NH4Cℓ) =
53,5 53,5
= 0,193 g
92% : 0,193 g x  3,6 x 10-3 = m
∴3,6 x 10 = 0,92
-3
100% : x 53,5 
53,5 
n(NH4Cℓ) = 0,192 g
0,193  100 ∴x = 0,21 g 
x =  = 0,21 g  m = 0,192  100 = 0,21 g 
92 92
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
[OH-] = [NaOH] = 0,5 mol∙dm-3 pOH = -log[OH-] 
Kw = [H3O+][OH-] = -log(0,5) 
1 x 10-14 = [H3O+]0,5  = 0,301
 [H3O+] = 2 x 10-14 mol∙dm-3
pH = -log[H+]  pH + pOH = 14
= -log(2 x 10-14)  = 13,7  pH = 14 – 0,301  = 13,7  (13,699)
(8)
[14]
QUESTION 5 (March 2016)
5.1 It is a proton donor.  (2)
2−
5.2.1 CO 3 (aq)  (1)
5.2.2 H2CO3 + H2O  ⇌ HCO-3 (aq) + H3O+(aq)  Bal.  (3)
5.2.3

(5)
5.3.1 An acid that donates ONE proton / H+ ion / H3O+ ion. 
OR An acid of which ONE mol ionises to form ONE mol of protons / H + ions / H3O+ ions. (1)
5.3.2

(5)
5.3.3 Weak 
The [H+] OR [H3O+] is lower than the concentration of acid X. 
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 65 FS / January 2023

Therefore, the acid is incompletely ionised.  (3)

[20]
QUESTION 6 (June 2016)
6.1.1 An acid is a proton/ H+ donor.  NOTE: NOT H3O+ (2)
6.1.2 H2O  and H2CO3  (2)
−
6.1.3 H2O  OR HCO 3 (1)
6.2.1 n(HCℓ) = cV  = (0,1)(0,5)  = 0,05 mol
n(NaHCO3) = cV = (0,25) (0,8)  = 0,2 mol
n(NaHCO3)reacted = n(HCℓ) = 0,05 mol 
n(NaHCO3)excess = 0,2 – 0,05  = 0,15 mol
n(OH-) = n(NaHCO3)  = 0,15 mol
0,15
(OH-) = n =  = 0,12 mol∙dm-3  (8)
V 1,3
6.2.2
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Kw = [H3O+][OH─] = 1 x 10-14 pOH = -log[OH─] = -log(0,12) 
1 x 10-14 = [H3O+](0,12)  = 0,92
[H3O+] = 8,33 x 10-14 mol∙dm-3 pH + pOH = 14
pH = - log [H3O+] = - log(8,33 x 10-14)  pH + 0,92 = 14 
= 13,08  pH = 13,08 
(4)
[17]
QUESTION 7 (November 2016)
7.1.1 Hydrolysis is the reaction of a salt with water.  (2)
7.1.2 Smaller than 7 
+
NH 4 + H2O  → NH3 + H3O+  (3)
7.2.1
OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
m 7,35 98 g : 1 mol m 7,35
n= = = 0,08 mol  7,35 :0,08 mol  c= = = 0,15 mol∙dm-3
M 98 MV 98  0,5
n = cV = 0,15 x 0,5 = 0,08 mol 
(2)
7.2.2
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
pH = −log[H3O+]  n 0,075
[H2SO4]in = =
1,3  = −log[H3O+] V 0,5 
[H3O+] = 0,05 mol∙dm-3 = 0,15 mol∙dm-3
[H2SO4] = ½[H3O+] = ½ x 0,05  [H3O+]initially
= 2[H2SO4] = 2 x 0,15 
= 0,025 mol∙dm-3 = 0,3 mol∙dm-3
n(H2SO4)excess = cV  = 0,025 x 0,5  pH = −log[H3O+]  
1,3  = -log[H3O+]
= 0,0125 mol [H3O ] = 0,05 mol∙dm
+ -3

n(H2SO4)react = 0,075 – 0,0125  [H3O+]react = 0,3 – 0,05  = 0,25 mol∙dm-3

= 0,0625 mol [H2SO4]react = ½[H3O+]
= ½ x 0,25
n(NaOH) = 2n(H2SO4) = 2 x 0,0625  = 0,125 mol∙dm-3 (0,14)
= 0,125 mol
OR n(H2SO4)react = cV
= (0,125)(0,5) = 0,0625 mol
m n(NaOH) = 2n(H2SO4) = 2 x 0,0625 
n(NaOH) = 1 mol : 40 g  = 0,125 mol
M 
 0,125 = m 0,125 mol : 5 g  n(NaOH) =
m
 0,125 = m  m=5g
40 M 40
 m=5g
(9)
[16]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 66 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 8 (March 2017)

8.1.1 Weak acid  (1)

8.1.2 pH = -log[H3O+]   4  = -log[H3O+]  [H3O+] = 1 x 10-4 mol∙dm-3  (3)

8.2.1 A substance that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in water.  (2)
8.2.2
OPTION 1 OPTION 2 OPTION 3
c a  Va n c a  Va n n(acid)used = cV 
= a = a = (0,16)(0,025) 
c a  Vb nb c a  Vb nb
 = 4 x 10-3 mol
0,16  25 1 0,16 
 25 1 n(KOH) = 4 x 10-3 mol 
=  =  ∴cb = 0,32 mol·dm-3
c b  12,5  1 c b  12,5  1 In 12,5 cm3:
cb = 0,32 mol·dm-3 n n n(KOH) = 4 x 10-3 mol
m c= ∴ 0,32 =  In 250 cm3
c= V 0,25
MV 250
∴ n = 0,08 mol n(KOH) =  4  10 − 3 
m 12,5
0,32 = m
56 0,25  n= ∴ m  ∴ m = 4,48 g  = 0,08 mol
0,08 =
m = 4,48 g  M 56 m(KOH) = nM = 0,08 x 56 
= 4,48 g 
(7)
8.2.3 Greater than 7  (1)
8.2.4 CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(ℓ)  ⇌ CH3COOH(aq) + OH─(aq)  Bal.  (3)
[17]
QUESTION 9 (June 2017)
9.1 A substance that ionises incompletely/to a small extent.  (2)
9.2 Oxalic acid  Higher Ka value  OR Carbonic acid has a lower Ka value. (2)
2−
9.3 H2O  and (COO) 2  (2)

9.4
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Kw = [OH─][H3O+]  1 x 10-14 = (0,1)[H3O+]  pOH = -log[OH─]  = -log(0,1)  = 1
[H3O+] = 1 x 10-13 mol∙dm-3 14 = pOH + pH ∴ 14 = 1 + pH 
pH = -log[H3O+]  = -log(1 x 10-13)  = 13  pH = 13 
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
c a  Va na  n(NaOH) = cV  = (0,1)(0,0251) = 0,00251 mol
=
c a  Vb nb n(COOH)2 = 1 (0,00251) = 0,00126 mol
2
 ca × 14,2 1
=   ca = 0,09 mol·dm-3 n 0,00126
0,1 × 25,1 2 ca = =  = 0,09 mol∙dm-3 
 V 0,0142
(4)
9.5.2 C/ phenolphthalein 
Titration of weak acid and strong base. 
OR The endpoint will be at pH > 7 which is in the range of the indicator. (2)
[17]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 67 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 10 (November 2017)

10.1.1 Weak 
Dissociates/Ionises incompletely/partially (in water to form a low concentration of OH─ ions.)  (2)
10.1.2 NH+4 /ammonium ion  (1)
10.1.3 H2O/water/NH3/ammonia  (1)
10.2.1 Acidic pH < 7/pH = 4  (2)
10.2.2
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
pH = -log[H3O+]  pH + pOH = 14
 6  = -log[H3O+] 6  + pOH = 14
 Any one

 [H3O+] = 1 x 10-6 mol∙dm-3

pOH = -log[OH─] 
[H3O+][OH─] = 10-14
(1 x 10-6) [OH─] = 10-14
 Any one  8 = -log[OH─]
[OH-] = 1 x 10-8 mol∙dm-3   [OH-] = 1 x 10-8 mol∙dm-3 
(4)
10.3
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
m 0,29 m 0,29
n(Na2CO3 ) =  =  n(Na2CO3 ) =  = 
M 106 M 106
n b = 2,74  10 -3 mol / 0,003 mol = 2,74  10-3 mol / 0,003 mol
n(HCℓ) = 2n(Na2CO3) 
n(HCℓ) = 2n(Na2CO3)  = 5,47  10-3 mol  0,005 mol
= 5,47 
10-3 mol / 0,005 mol 5,47  10 → 50 cm3
-3

n(HCℓ) → 500 cm3:

n 5,47 x10 −3 500  5,47  10 −3 
c(HCℓ)dilute =
V
=
0,05 
= 0,1094 mol∙dm-3  n(HCℓ) =
50
cV(HCℓ)dilute = cV(HCℓ)conc = 0,0547 mol
0,1094 x 500  = (HCℓ)conc x 5  n 0,0547
 c(HCℓ)conc = 10,94 mol∙dm-3  c(HCℓ)conc =
V
=
5  10 − 3 
= 10,94 mol∙dm-3 
(7)
[17]
QUESTION 11 (March 2018)
−
11.1.1 H2O  & HSO 4  (2)
11.1.2 Strong  Completely ionised (in water).  (2)
11.2.1
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
c a  Va na  n(H2SO4) = cV  = (0,15)(0,024)  = 3,6 x 10-3 mol
= n(NaOH) =2(3,6 x 10-3) 
c a  Vb nb
= 7,2 x 10-3 mol
0,15  24 1
= 
c b  26 2
n 7,2 × 10-3
c= = = 0,28 mol∙dm-3 
V 0,026
c(NaOH) = 0,28 mol∙dm-3 
(5)
11.2.2
n(NaOH) = cV = 0,02 x 0,28  = 0,0056 mol n 0,0017
n(H2SO4) = 0,03 x 0,15  = 0,0045 mol [H2SO4] = = = 0,034mol∙dm-3
V 0,05
n(H2SO4)used = ½n(NaOH) = 0,0028
n(H2SO4)excess = 0,0045–0,0028  [H3O+] = 2[H2SO4] = 2 x 0,034 
= 0,0017 mol = 0,068mol∙dm-3
pH = -log[H3O ] OR -log(0,068)  = 1,17 
+

(8)
[17]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 68 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 12 (June 2018)

12.1 Titration/Volumetric analysis  (1)
12.2 To measure the (exact) volume of acid needed to reach endpoint/to neutralise the base.  (1)
12.3 Acids produce hydrogen ions (H+)/hydronium ions (H3O+) in solution/water.  (2)
12.4 H2SO4 ionises completely.  (1)
12.5 Blue to yellow  (1)
12.6
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
  0,1 =
c a  Va na 
= cb =
n n   n = 2,5 x 10-3 mol
b
c a  Vb nb V 0,025
(0,1 )Va 1 
= V a = 12,5 cm3  na = 1 nb = 1 (2,5 x 10-3)  = 1,25 x 10-3 mol
2 2
(0,1)(25 )  2
ca =
n  0,1 = 1,25  10  V
−3
a = 0,0125 dm3/12,5 cm3
V V

(4)
12.7
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
na(excess = cV  na(final) = cV 
= (0,1)(0,005)  = 5 x 10-4 mol = (0,1)(0,0175)  = 1,75 x 10-3 mol
n −4 na(exs) = na(final) - na(react)
ca = = 5  10 = 1,75 x 10-3 – 1,25 x 10-3 = 5 x 10-4 mol
V 4,25  10 −2 
n −4
= 1,18 x 10-2 mol·dm-3 ca = = 5  10 = 1,18 x 10-2 mol·dm-3
c(H ) = 2ca = 2(1,18 x 10-2) 
+ V 4,25  10 −2 
= 2,36 x 10-2 mol·dm-3 c(H+) = 2ca = 2(1,18 x 10-2) 
pH = -log[H3O+] = -log(2,36 x 10-2) = 2,36 x 10-2 mol·dm-3
= 1,63  pH = -log[H3O+] = -log (2,36 x 10-2) = 1,63 
(7)
[17]
QUESTION 13 (November 2018)
13.1.1 An acid is a proton donor.  (2)
13.1.2 H2O  (1)
−
13.1.3 HSO 4  (2)
13.2.1 Reaction of a salt with water/H2O.  (2)
13.2.2 CO32− (aq) + 2H2O(ℓ)  ⇌ H2CO3(aq) + 2OH─(aq) 
OR CO32− (aq) + H2O(ℓ) ⇌ HCO-3 (aq) + OH─(aq)
The formation of OH- (aq) neutralises the excess acid.  (3)
13.3.1 pH = -log[H3O+]   5  = -log[H3O+] 
[H3O+] = 1 x 10-5 mol·dm-3 
(3)
13.3.2
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
c(H3O )ini. =
+ n  1 x 10 =
-5 n c(H3O+)fin = n = 1,26  10 3
V 4  10 
9 V 4  10 9 
na = 4 x 104 mol
= 3,15 x 10-7 mol∙dm-3
c(H3O+)rea = 1 x 10-5 – 3,15 x 10-7 
n(H3O+)react = 4 x 104 – 1,26 x 103 
= 9,69 x 10-6 mol∙dm-3
= 3,87 x 104 mol
n(H3O+)rea = cV = (9,65 x 10-6)(4 x 109)
n(CaO) = ½n(H3O+) = ½ x 3,87 x 104 
= 3,87 x 104 mol
= 1,94 x 104 mol
n(CaO) = ½n(H3O+) = ½ x 3,87 x 104 
= 1,94 x 104 mol
n(CaO) = m  1,94 x 10 4 = m OR
1 mol : 56 g 
M 56

 m = 1,09 x 10 6 g 1,94 x 104 mol : m
 m = 1,09 x 106 g 
(7)
[20]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 69 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 14 (June 2019)

14.1 A base forms hydroxide ions (OH‒) in water/aqueous solution.  (2)
14.2 A strong base ionises/dissociates completely  and a weak base ionises/dissociates incompletely.  (2)
14.3 HCO-3 (aq) + H2O(ℓ)  ⇌ H2CO3(aq) + OH─(aq)  Bal.  (3)
14.4.1 pH = -log[H3O+]  = -log (0,2)  = 0,70  (0,699) (3)
14.4.2 Titration of a weak base and a strong acid.  OR The endpoint will be at pH < 7. (1)
14.4.3
OPTION 1/ OPTION 2
n n c a  Va n a 
c(HCℓ) =   0,2 =   n(HCℓ) = 4 x 10-3 mol =
V 20  10 −3 c b  Vb n b
n(XHCO3) = n(HCℓ)  0,2  20 1 
= 4 x 10-3 mol =
c b  100 1
m
n= cb = 0,04 mol∙dm-3
M 1 mol → M(XHCO3) m
0,4 4 x 10-3 mol → 0,4 g  c( XHCO3 ) =
−3
 4  10 =  M(XHCO3) = 100 g∙mol-1
MV
M 0,4 
 0,04 =
M = 100 g∙mol-1 M(0,1)
M(XHCO3) = M(X) + 61
M(XHCO3) = M(X) + 61 = 100
= 100 M(XHCO3) = 100 g∙mol-1
 M(X) = 39 g∙mol-1 
 M(X) = 39 g∙mol-1  M(XHCO3) = M(X) + 61 =
X = K /potassium 
X = K/potassium  100
 M(X) = 39 g∙mol-1 
X = K / potassium 
(6)
[17]
QUESTION 15 (November 2019)
15.1 Strong (acid) 
Large Ka value/ Ka > 1 / (HBr) ionises completely  (2)
15.2 H2O  & Br-  (2)
15.3.1
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(NaOH)reacted = cV  c a Va na 
= 0,5(0,0165)  =
c b Vb nb
= 0,00825 mol
n(HBr)excess = n(NaOH) = 0,00825 mol  c a (90 ) 1
= 
n 0,00825 (0,5)(16,5)  1
c(H3O+) = = = 0,092 mol·dm-3 ca = 0,092 mol·dm-3
V 0,09 
pH = -log[H3O+] 
pH = -log[H3O+]  = -log(0,092)  = 1,04  = -log(0,092)  = 1,04 
(7)
15.3.2
OPTION 1
n(HBr)initial= cV = (0,45)(0,09)  = 0,0405 mol
n(HBr reacted with Zn(OH)2) = 0,0405 – 0,00825  = 0,03224 mol
n(Zn(OH)2) = ½n(HBr) = ½(0,03224) = 0,016125 mol
m(Zn(OH)2) = nM = (0,016125)(99)  = 1,596 g 
OPTION 2
c(HBr) = 0,45 – 0,092  = 0,358 mol∙dm-3
n(HBr reacted) = cV = 0,358 x 0,09  = 0,0322 mol
n(Zn(OH)2) = ½n(HBr) = ½(0,0322)  = 0,01611 mol
m(Zn(OH)2) = nM = 0,01611 x 99  = 1,595 g  (1,60 g)
(6)
[17]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 70 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 16 (November 2020)

16.1.1 Weak ✓
Ionises/Dissociates incompletely/partially (in water) ✓ (2)
16.1.2 OPTION 1 OPTION 2
pH = -log[H3O+] ✓ [H3O+] = 10-pH 
3,85  = -log[H3O ]+ = 10-3,85 ✓
[H3O ] = 1,41 x 10 mol∙dm ✓
+ -4 -3 = 1,41 x 10-4 mol∙dm-3 ✓ (3)
16.1.3 Greater than  (1)
16.1.4 CH3COO-(aq) + H2O(ℓ)  ⇌ CH3COOH(aq) + OH─(aq) 
OR CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(ℓ)  ⇌ CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) 
Due to formation of hydroxide/OH─/ the solution is basic/alkaline /pH > 7. ✓ (3)
16.2.1
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(NaOH)reacted = cV ca x Va na
= 1(0,0145)  =
cb x Vb nb
= 0,0145 mol 25 x ca 1
✓= ✓
1 x 14,5 1
n(CH3COOH)diluted = n(NaOH)  ca(unreacted) = 0,58 mol∙dm-3
= 0,0145 mol  na(unreacted) = cV = (0,58)(0,025)
= 0,0145 mol 
(3)
16.2.2
4,52
m(CH3COOH) = x 25  = 1,13 g
100
m 1,13
n(CH3COOH)ini/aanv. =  =  = 0,01883 mol
M 60
n(CH3COOH)rea = 0,01883 – 0,0145 ✓ = 0,0043 mol
1
n(CaCO3) = n(CH3COOH)
2
= 0,5(0,0043) 
= 0,00217 mol
m(CaCO3) = nM = 0,00217(100) ✓ = 0,217 g
0,217
% CaCO3 = x 100  = 18,08 % 
1,2
(8)
QUESTION 17 (June 2021)
17.1 Standard solution (1)
17.2
17.2.1
Marking criteria:
m m n
• Any formula: c = / n= /c = . 
MV M V
• Substitution of 40 g∙mol-1 into correct formula. 
• Substitution of 0,25 dm3 into correct formula. 
• Final answer: 0,2 mol∙dm-3 
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
m m
c= n=
MV  M
2 2
= =
 40  0,25  40  Any one formula 
= 0,20 mol∙dm-3  = 0,05 mol
n
c=
V
0,05
=
0,25 
= 0,20 mol∙dm-3 
(4)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 71 FS / January 2023

17.2.2
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
[H3O+][OH─] = 1 x 10-14 pOH = -log[OH─] 
[H3O+](0,2) = 1 x 10-14  = -log(0,2) 
[H3O+] = 5 x 10-14 mol∙dm-3 = 0,6989
pH = -log[H3O+]  pH + pOH = 14
= -log(5 x 10-14)  pH = 14 – 0,6989  = 13,30 
= 13,30 
(4)
17.3
Marking criteria:
• Substitution to calculate n(NaOH). 
• Substitute 100 g·mol-1 in n =
m
M
• Use mol ratio: n(HCℓ)reacted/ : n(CaCO3) = 2 : 1. 
• Use mol ratio: n(HCℓ)excess : n(NaOH) = 1 : 1. 
• n(HCℓ)initial = n(HCℓ) excess + n(HCℓ)reacted 
• Substitute n(HCℓ)initial and 0,05 dm3 to calculate c(HCℓ)initial.
• Final answer: 0,7 mol∙dm-3 
Range: 0,70 to/tot 0,90 mol∙dm-3
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n(NaOH)used = cbVb 1 2
= 0,2 x 0,025  n(NaOH)used =  
= 5 x 10-3 mol 10 40
= 5 x 10-3 mol

n(CaCO3) =
m
M
= 1,5 
100
= 0,015 mol (0,02 mol)

n(HCℓ)reacted = 2(CaCO3) = 0,03 mol  (0,04 mol)

n(HCℓ)excess = n(NaOH) = 5 x 10-3 mol 

n(HCℓ)ini = 5 x 10-3 + 0,03 

= 0,035 mol (0,045 mol)
c(HCℓ)ini =
n
V
= 0,035 
0,05
= 0,70 mol∙dm-3  (0,90 mol∙dm-3)
(8)
[17]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 72 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 18 (September 2021)

18.1 A base forms hydroxide ions (OH─) in water/aqueous solution/OH─(aq).  (2)
18.2 n(KOH) = cV = 0,1 x 0,4  = 0,04 mol
n(OH─) = n(KOH) = 0,04 mol  (2)
18.3

18.3.2 Weak (acid) 

Ionises/dissociates incompletely/partially.  (2)
18.3.3

(4)
[18]
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 73 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 19 (November 2021)

19.1
19.1.1 (It is a) proton/H3 O+ ion/H+ ion donor.  (2)
19.1.2 HSO-4 /hydrogen sulphate ion 
It acts as base in reaction I and as acid in reaction II.  (2)
19.1.3 HSO-4 
Smaller Ka value/weaker acid 
Lower ion concentration/Incompletely ionised.  (3)
19.2
19.2.1 pH = -log[H3O+] 
1,02 = -log[H3O+]
[H3O+] = 0,0955 mol∙dm-3  (0,096/0,1 mol∙dm-3 ) (3)
19.2.2
Marking citeria:
• Calculate n(Na2CO3): 0,075 x 0,025 
• Calculate n(HCℓ): 0,095 x 0,05 
• Use ratios: n(HCℓ) = 2n(Na2CO3) 
• n(HCℓ)excess = n(HCℓ)initial – n(HCℓ)used = 0,00475 – 0,0038 
• Formula: c =
n 
V
• Substitute0,075 dm3 in c = n 
V
• Final answer: 0,013 mol∙dm-3  (1,3 x 10-2 mol∙dm-3)
n(Na2CO3) = 0,075 x 0,025 
= 0,001875 mol (1,875 x 10-3/0,002 mol)
n(HCℓ)initial/aanvanklik = cV 
= 0,095 x 0,05 
= 0,00475 mol (4,75 x 10-3/0,005 mol)
n(HCℓ)used/gebruik = 2n(Na2CO3) 
= 2(0,001875)
= 0,0038 mol (3,75 x 10-3/0,004 mol)

n(HCℓ)excess/oormaat = 0,00475 – 0,0038 

= 0,00095mol (9,5 x 10-4/1 x 10-3 mol)
c(HCℓ) =
n
V
= 0,00095
0,075

= 0,013 mol∙dm-3 
(8)
[18]
QUESTION 20 (June 2022)
20.1
20.1.1 An acid is a proton (H+ ion) donor.  (2)
20.1.2 HY 
For the same acid concentration,
the acid with the lower pH has the higher H+/H3O+ concentration/is more ionised.  (2)
20.1.3 Lower than. 
HX ionises incompletely./HX has a small Ka value./HX is a weak acid.  (2)
20.2
20.2.1 pH = -log[H3O+]/[H3O+] = 10-pH 
2  = -log[H3O+]
[H3O+] = 0,01 mol∙dm-3  (3)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 74 FS / January 2023

20.2.2
Marking criteria:
• Substitute c(HCℓ)excess and 0,35 dm3 to calculate n(HCℓ)excess.
• Substitute to calculate n(HCℓ)initial 
• n(HCℓ)react = n(HCℓ)ini – n(HCℓ)excess.
• Use ratio: n(NaOH) = n(HCℓ) 
• Substitute 0,15 dm3. 
• Final answer: 0,02 mol∙dm-3  or 0,0167 mol∙dm-3 or 0,017 mol∙dm-3
n(HCℓ)excess = cV
= 0,01 x 0,35 
= 3,5 x 10-3 mol
n(HCℓ)initial = cV
= 0,03 x 0,2 
= 0,006 mol

n(HCℓ)reacted = 0,006 – 3,5 x 10-3 

= 0,0025 mol
n(NaOH)reacted = n(HCℓ)reacted = 0,0025 mol 

c=
n
V
= 0,0025
0,15 
= 0,02 mol∙dm-3  (0,0167 mol∙dm-3 or 0,017 mol∙dm-3)
(7)
[16]
QUESTION 21 (November 2022)
21.1.1 An acid is a) proton donor/H+ (ion) donor.  (2 or 0) (2)
21.1.2 (Weak acids) ionise/dissociate incompletely/partially (in water)/have a low K a value.  (1)
21.1.3 H2O  and CH3COO─  (2)
21.2.1 n(NaOH) = cV 
n = (0,167)(0,300) 
 n(NaOH) = 0,05 mol  (5 x 10-2 mol) (3)
21.2.2
Marking criteria:
a) Any formula: pH = -log[H3O+] /
pH = -log[H+] / pOH = -log[OH─] /
[H3O+][OH─] = 10-14 / pH + pOH = 14 
b) Substitute 11,4 in pH = -log[H3O+]/
pH + pOH = 14 
c) Substitute calculated [H3O+] in [H3O+][OH─] / 2,6 in pOH = -log[OH─] 
Final answer: 2,51 x 10-3 mol∙dm-3  (0,003 mol∙dm-3)

OPTION 1
pH = - log[H3O+] Any one (a)
11,4 (b) = - log[H3O+] OR/OF [H3O+] = 10-11,4
[H3O+] = 3,98 x 10-12

[H3O+][OH─] = 10-14
(c)
(3,98 x 10-12)[OH─] = 1 x 10-14
[OH-] = 2,51 x 10-3 mol∙dm-3 (d) (0,003)
OPTION 2
pH + pOH = 14
11,4 + pOH = 14 (b) Any one (a)
pOH = 2,6

pOH = -log[OH─] 
2,6 (c) = -log[OH─]
[OH-] = 2,51 x 10-3 mol∙dm-3 (d) (0,003) (4)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 75 FS / January 2023

21.2.3
Marking criteria:
n
a) Substitute [NaOH] = 0,00251 mol∙dm-3 (answer from Q7.2.2) and 0,8 in c = 
V
b) Subtract: n(NaOH)initial (from Q7.2.1) – n(NaOH)mixture 
c) Use of ratio: n(OH─) = n(CH3COOH) 
n
d) Substitute 0,5 and ∆n(CH3COOH)[calculated by subtraction] into c = 
V
e) Final correct answer: 0,096 mol∙dm-3 
Range: 0,095 to 0,1 mol∙dm-3
n(NaOH)mixture = cV
= 0,00251 x 0,8 (a)
= 0,002 mol (0,0024)

n(NaOH)reacted = 0,05 – 0,002 (b)

= 0,048 mol (0,0476)

n(NaOH)reacted = n(CH3COOH)used
= 0,048 mol (c)
n
[CH3COOH] =
V
0,048
=
0,5 (d)
= 0,096 mol∙dm-3 (e)
(0,0952)
(6)
[18]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 76 FS / January 2023

GALVANIC CELLS
QUESTION 1 (November 2014)
1.1 Pressure: 1 atmosphere (atm) / 101,3 kPa / 1,013 x 105 Pa 
Temperature: 25 °C / 298 K  (2)
1.2 Platinum is inert / does not react with the H+ ions OR acid. 
Platinum is a conductor (of electricity).  (2)
1.3.1 Salt bridge  (1)
1.3.2 ‒ 0,31 V  (1)
1.3.3 2H+ + 2e- → H2  (2)
1.4.1 
E cell 
= E reduction 
− E oxidation   2,05  = - 0,31 – EM

/ M2 +
 EM / M2+ = -2,36 (V) 
 M is magnesium/ Mg.  (5)
1.4.2 Exothermic  (1)
1.5 The cell reaction reaches equilibrium.  (1)
[15]
QUESTION 2 (March 2015)
2.1 A substance that is being reduced / that gains electrons / whose oxidation number decreases.  (2)
2.2 Ag+ is a stronger oxidising agent  than Cu2+  and will oxidise Cu  to (blue) Cu2+ ions. 
OR Cu2+ is a weaker oxidising agent  than Ag+  and Cu will be oxidised  to Cu2+ ions.  (4)
2.3 Chemical energy to electrical energy  (1)
2.4 A (1)
  
2.5 E cell = E reduction − E oxidation  = -0,8  – 0,34  = 0,46 V  (4)
2.6 Cu + 2Ag+(aq) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2Ag(s)  Balancing  (3)
2.7 Remains the same  (1)
[16]
QUESTION 3 (June 2015)
3.1 Redox reaction  (1)
3.2 P  Negative electrode. / Mg is a stronger reducing agent/is oxidized/release electrons.  (2)
3.3.1 (Temperature): 25 °C/298 K 
(Concentration): 1 mol∙dm-3  (2)
3.3.2 Mg(s) | Mg2+(aq) ||  Pb2+(aq) | Pb(s)  OR Mg | Mg2+|| Pb2+| Pb (3)
3.3.3 Pb2+ / Pb(NO3)2 / lead(II) ions  (1)
  
3.4 E cell = E reduction − E oxidation  = -0,13  – (-2,36)  = 2,23 V  (4)
3.5.1 Remains the same  (1)
3.5.2 Increases  (1)
[15]
QUESTION 4 (November 2015)
4.1 Temperature: 25 °C / 298 K 
Pressure: 101,3 kPa / 1,013 x 105 Pa / 1 atm / 100 kPa 
Concentration: 1 mol∙dm-3  (3)
4.2.1 Cd(s) / Cadmium / Cd∣Cd2+ / Cd2+∣Cd  (1)
4.2.2 
E cell 
= E reduction 
− E oxidation   0,13 = E cathode

– (-0,40) 

= - 0,27 V   Q is Ni / nickel 

E cathode (3)
4.3.1 Cd(s) → Cd2+(aq) + 2e-  (2)
4.3.2 Pt / Platinum  (1)
4.4
Compare Q2+ & Q2+ is reduced / Cd is oxidised and therefore Q2+ is a stronger

Cd2+ oxidising agent than Cd2+.
Compare R2 & R2 is reduced / Cd is oxidised and therefore R2 is a stronger oxidising

Cd2+ agent than Cd2+. 
Compare R2 & Q2+ The cell potential of combination II is higher than that of combination

I, therefore R2 is a stronger oxidising agent than Q2+.
Final answer Cd2+; Q2+;R2 OR Cd2+ ; Ni2+ ; Cℓ2 
(4)
[16]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 77 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 5 (March 2016)

5.1 B (1)
5.2.1 Cℓ2(g) + 2e- → 2Cℓ‒(aq)  (1)
5.2.2 Cℓ2 / chlorine  (1)
  
5.3 E cell = E reduction − E oxidation  = 6  – (-2,36)  = 3,72 V  (4)
5.4 The Mg electrode becomes smaller. / The mass of the Mg electrode decreases. / The Mg electrode
being corroded. 
Magnesium is oxidised. / Mg → Mg2+ + 2e-  (2)
[10]
QUESTION 6 (June 2016)
6.1 Electrons are transferred. 
OR The oxidation number of Mg / H changes. OR Mg is oxidised / H+ is reduced. (1)
6.2 H+ ions / HCℓ / H+(aq) / HCℓ(aq)  (1)
6.3 Ag is a weaker reducing agent  than H2 and will not be oxidised  to Ag+ 
OR H2 is a stronger reducing agent  than Ag and will be oxidised  to H+. (3)
6.4 Electrode / Conductor of electrons in hydrogen half-cell  (1)
6.5.1 Chemical energy to electrical energy  (1)
6.5.2 Provides path for movement of ions./Completes the circuit./Ensures electrical neutrality in cell.  (1)
6.5.3 2H++ 2e- → H2  (2)
6.5.4 Mg(s) | Mg2+(aq)  ||  H+(aq) | H2(g) | Pt 
OR Mg(s) | Mg2+(1 mol∙dm-3) || H+(1 mol∙dm-3) | H2(g) | Pt (3)
  
6.6 E cell = E reduction − E oxidation  = 0,00  – (-2,36)  = 2,36 V  (4)
6.7 Increases  (1)
[18]
QUESTION 7 (November 2016)
7.1.1 AgNO3 / Silver nitrate  (1)
7.1.2 Ni → Ni2+ + 2e-  (2)
7.1.3 Ni + 2Ag+  → Ni2+ + 2Ag  Bal  (3)
7.2.1 Ni 
Ni is a stronger reducing agent. / Ni is the anode. / Ni loses electrons. / Ni is oxidised.  (2)
7.2.2 Ni (s) | Ni2+ (aq) ||  Ag+(aq) | Ag(s)  OR Ni (s) | Ni2+ (1 mol∙dm-3) || Ag+(1 mol∙dm-3) | Ag(s) (3)
  
7.2.3 E cell = E reduction − E oxidation  = 0,80  – (-0,27)  = 1,07 V  (4)
7.2.4 Increases  (1)
[16]
QUESTION 8 (June 2017)
8.1.1 Emf  (1)
8.1.2 Voltmeter/Multimeter  (1)
8.1.3 Salt bridge  (1)
8.1.4 Temperature: 25 °C / 298 K  AND Concentration: 1 mol·dm-3  (2)
8.2 Marking criteria
• Dependent and independent variables correctly identified. 
• Relationship between the independent and dependent variables correctly stated. 
Examples:
Emf increases as concentration increases.
  1,11  = E X / X2+ - (- 0,76)   E
   
8.3 E cell = E reduction − E oxidation X / X2+
= 0,35 (V) 
X = Copper / Cu  (5)
8.4 Cu2+(aq) + Zn(s)  → Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)  Bal.  (3)
[15]
QUESTION 9 (March 2017)
9.1.1 Salt bridge  (1)
9.1.2 Voltaic / Galvanic cell  (1)
9.2.1 Decreases  (1)
9.2.2 Increases  (1)
9.3 Y(s) → Y2+(aq) + 2e- 
OR Mg(s) → Mg2+(aq) + 2e- (2)
9.4 Y(s) |Y2+(aq) ||Aℓ3+(aq) | Aℓ(s) OR Mg(s) |Mg2+(aq) ||Aℓ3+(aq) | Aℓ(s
OR Y(s) | Y (1 mol∙dm ) || Aℓ (1 mol∙dm-3) | Aℓ(s)
2+ -3 3+ (3)
9.5 
E cell 
= E reduction 
− E oxidation   0,7  = - 1,66  - Eθoxidation  Eθoxidation = -2,36 V
Y is Mg  (5)
[14]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 78 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 10 (November 2017)

10.1.1 Voltmeter/multimeter/galvanometer  (1)
10.1.2 Anode  (1)
10.1.3 3Ag+(aq) + Aℓ(s)   3Ag(s) + Aℓ 3+(aq)  Bal.  (3)
  
10.1.4 E cell = E reduction − E oxidation  = +0,80 - (- 1,66)  = 2,46 V (4)
10.2.1 Platinum/carbon  (1)
10.2.2 ANY TWO: Concentration: 1 mol∙dm-3 ; Temperature: 25 °C/298 K  ;
Pressure: 101,3 kPa/1,01 x 105 Pa/1 atm (2)
10.2.3 Zinc/Zn  (1)
10.2.4 PQ  (1)
[14]
QUESTION 11 (March 2018)
11.1.1 A substance that loses/donates electrons.  (2)
11.1.2 Platinum/Pt  (1)
11.1.3 Sn2+(aq)/tin(II) ions  (1)
11.1.4 Pt | Sn2+(aq) | Sn 4+(aq)  || Ag+(aq) | Ag(s) 
OR Pt| Sn2+(1 mol∙dm-3) | Sn 4+ (1 mol∙dm-3) || Ag+ (1 mol∙dm-3) | Ag(s)) (3)
  
11.1.5 E cell = E reduction − E oxidation  = +0,80  - (+0,15)  = 0,65 V  (4)
11.2.1 Magnesium becomes smaller./Brown solid forms.  (1)
11.2 2 Cu2+ is a stronger oxidising agent (than Mg2+) and will be reduced to Cu. 
OR Mg is a stronger reducing agent (than Cu) and will reduce Cu2+ to Cu. (3)
[15]
QUESTION 12 (June 2018)
12.1.1 Galvanic cell/Voltaic cell  (1)
12.1.2 Indicates phase boundary./Interphase /phase separator (1)
12.1.3 Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-  (2)

12.1.4 E cell 
= E reduction 
− E oxidation   0,03  = EX / X2+ - (0,77)   EX / X2+ = 0,80 (V) 
X = Silver / Ag  (5)
12.2.1 Pt  (1)
12.2.2 Iron(III) ions  (1)
12.2.3 2Fe3+ + Cu → 2Fe2+ + Cu2+  Bal.  (3)
[14]
QUESTION 13 (November 2018)
13.1.1 Loss of electrons.  (2)
13.1.2 Fe → Fe3+ + 3e-  (2)
13.1.3 Reducing agent  (1)
13.1.4 Fe is a stronger reducing agent  than Cu  and (Fe) will be oxidised (to Fe3+).
OR Cu is a weaker reducing agent  than Fe and (Cu) will not be oxidised.  (3)
13.1.5 Zinc/Zn  Stronger reducing agent than Fe.  (2)
13.2.1 3Cu2+ + 2Fe  → 3Cu + 2Fe3+  Bal.  (3)
  
13.2.2 E cell = E reduction − E oxidation  = 0,34  – (-0,06)  = 0,40 V  (4)
[17]
QUESTION 14 (June 2019)
14.1 It is a conductor of electricity/a solid to connect wires to./Pt is inert or unreactive.  (1)
14.2.1 Chemical (energy) to electrical (energy)  (1)
14.2.2 Cℓ2 + 2e- → 2Cℓ−  (2)
14.2.3 Cr(s) | Cr3+(aq) || Cℓ2(g) | Cℓ− (aq) | Pt(s) 
OR Cr(s) | Cr3+(1 mol∙dm-3) || Cℓ2(g) | Cℓ− (1 mol∙dm-3) | Pt(s) (3)
  
14.3 E cell = E reduction − E oxidation  = 1,36  – (-0,74)  = 2,10 V  (4)
14.4 Increases  (2)
[13]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 79 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 15 (November 2019)

15.1 Chemical (energy) to electrical (energy)  (1)
15.2 Provides path for movement of ions./ Completes the circuit./Ensures electrical neutrality in the cell.  (1)
  
15.3 E cell = E reduction − E oxidation 
∴ 1,49  = 1,36 – Eθoxidation ∴ Eθoxidation = - 0,13 V 
X = Pb  (5)
15.4 X/Pb/Lead  (1)
15.5.1 Reaction reached equilibrium.  (1)
15.5.2 Increases  (1)
15.5.3 [Cℓ-] decreases. 
Forward reaction is favoured.  (2)
[12]
QUESTION 16 (November 2020)
16.1 Provides path for movement of ions./Ensures(electrical)neutrality in the cell.  (1)
16.2 (The electrode) where oxidation takes place/electrons are lost.  (2)
16.3 Mg/Magnesium  (1)
16.4.1 2H++ 2e- → H2  (2)
16.4.2 Magnesium/Mg  (1)
θ
16.5 Ecell = Eθreduction - Eθoxidation
= 0 - (-2,36)
= 2,36 V (Only the three formulae on the data sheet are accepted.) (4)
16.6 H2 is a stronger reducing agent  than Cu  and therefore Cu2+/Cu ions are reduced/H2 is oxidised 
Electrons flow from H2 to Cu. (3)
[14]
QUESTION 17 (June 2021)
17.1
17.1.1 Gain of electrons.  (2 or 0) (2)
17.1.2 2H2O(ℓ) + 2e─  H2(g) + 2OH─(aq)  (2)
17.1.3 2Na(s) + 2H2O(ℓ)   H2(g) + 2OH─(aq) + 2Na+(aq)  Bal  (3)
17.1.4 Formation of hydroxide ions/OH─/sodium hydroxide/base/pH > 7  (1)
17.1.5 Cu is a weaker reducing agent  than H2 and OH─  and H2O will not be reduced  (to H2 and OH─). (3)
17.2
17.2.1 Phase separator  (1)
17.2.2 Chemical (energy) to electrical (energy)  (1)
θ
17.2.3 Ecell = Eθreduction - Eθoxidation 
= 0,77  - (-0,13) 
E cell = 0,90 V  (4)
[17]
QUESTION 18 (September 2021)
18.1
18.1.1 Zinc/Zn  (1)
18.1.2 Platinum/Pt /Carbon/C  (1)
18.1.3 Iron(III) ions/Fe3+(aq)/Fe3+ ions  (1)
18.2
18.2.1 Conductor (to complete circuit). /Provides surface area for the reaction to take place. (1)
18.2.2 Fe3+ + e─ → Fe2+  (1)
18.2.3 2Fe3+(aq) + Zn  → 2Fe2+(aq) + Zn2+(aq)  Bal  (3)
θ
18.4 Ecell = Eθreduction - Eθoxidation 
= 0,77  - (-0,76) 
E cell = 1,53  (4)
18.4 Decreases (1)
[14]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 80 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 19 (November 2021)

19.1 Chemical (energy) to electrical (energy)  (1)
19.2
Marking criteria:
m
• Any formula: c = m / c = n / n = 
MV V M
• Substitute 1 mol∙dm-3.
• Substitute 170 g∙mol-1 and 0,15 dm3. 
• Final answer: 25,50 g 
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
n = cV  m 
= 1  x 0,15 c=
MV
= 0,15 mol  m
1=
m = nM 170  0,15
= (0,15)(170)  m = 25,50 g 
= 25,50 g 
(4)
19.3 ANY ONE:
• A substance that loses/donates electrons. 
• A substance that is oxidised.
• A substance whose oxidation number increases. (2)
19.4
19.4.1 Copper/Cu  (1)
19.4.2 Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq)  → Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)  Bal  (3)
θ
19.5 Ecell = Eθreduction - Eθoxidation
= 0,80  – (0,34) 
= 0,46 V  (4)
19.6 Decreases (1)
[16]
QUESTION 20 (June 2022)
20.1
20.1.1 Temperature: 25 °C/298 K 
Pressure: 101,3 kPa/1 atmosphere 
Concentration: 1 mol·dm-3  (3)
θ
20.1.2 Ecell = Eθreduction - Eθoxidation 

2,89 = E reduction – (-1,66) 

E reduction = 1,23 V 
X is O2  (5)
20.1.3 Aℓ  (1)
20.1.4 O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e─ → H2O  (3)
20.1.5 Aℓ (s) | Aℓ3+(aq) || O2(g) | H+(aq) | H2O(ℓ) | Pt(s) 
OR
Aℓ (s) | Aℓ3+(aq) || O2(g) | H+(aq) | H2O(ℓ) | C(s) 
OR
Aℓ | Aℓ3+ || O2 | H+ | H2O | Pt  (3)
20.2 Copper 
Cu is a weaker reducing agent than Ni  and will not reduce Ni2+ (to Ni). 
Zn is a stronger reducing agent than Ni  and will reduce Ni2+ (to Ni).
(Any one of underlined used correctly – 1 mark) .......(4)
[18]
QUESTION 21 (November 2022)
21.1.1 Zn/zinc  (1)
21.1.2 MnO-4 is a stronger oxidising agent  than Zn2+/Zn(II) ions  and will oxidise Zn  (to Zn2+/Zn(II) ions).
OR
Zn2+/Zn(II) ion is a weaker oxidising agent  than MnO-4  and therefore MnO-4 will be reduced 
(to Mn2+/Mn(II) ions). (3)
21.2.1 Provides path for movement of ions. / Completes the circuit. / Ensures electrical neutrality in the cell. /
Restore charge balance.  (1)
21.2.2 Mn to/na Ni  (2)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 81 FS / January 2023

  
21.2.3 E cell = E reduction − E oxidation
= - 0,27– (- 1,18)
= 0,91 V  (4)
21.2.4 Ni2+ + Mn  → Mn2+ + Ni  Bal.  (3)
21.2.5 Increase  (1)
[15]
ELECTROLYTIC CELLS
QUESTION 1 (November 2014)
1.1 Electrolytic  (1)
1.2 Q& T Cu2+ + 2e‒ → Cu  (4)
1.3.1 Cℓ2 / chlorine gas  (1)
1.3.2 Cu2+ ions / copper(II) ions / CuCℓ2 / copper(II) chloride  (1)
1.4 Cu is a stronger reducing agent  than Cℓ‒ ions  and Cu will be oxidised  to Cu2+.
OR Cℓ‒ ions is a weaker reducing agent  than Cu  and Cu will be oxidised  to Cu2+. (3)
[10]
QUESTION 2 (March 2015)
2.1 A solution that conducts electricity through the movement of ions.  (2)
2.2 2H2O + 2e‒ → H2 + 2OH‒  (2)
2.3 Chlorine gas / Cℓ2  (1)
2.4 H2O is a stronger oxidising agent  than Na+ and will be reduced  to H2. (2)
[7]
QUESTION 3 (June 2015)
3.1 A solution that conducts electricity through the movement of ions.  (2)
3.2 Plastic is a non-conductor of electricity. / Graphite is a conductor.  (1)
3.3 Ni2+(aq) + 2e-  Ni(s)  (2)
3.4 Ni / nickel  Ni is oxidised. 
OR: Ni loses electrons. OR: Ni is the anode. OR: Ni is the positive electrode. (2)
3.5 Ring 
Reduction takes place at the cathode.  OR: Negative electrode. (2)
3.6 Decreases 
Ni2+ ions from the electrolyte will be reduced (to Ni).  OR Ni2+ changes to Ni. (2)
[11]
QUESTION 4 (November 2015)
4.1 The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy. 
OR: The use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change. (2)
4.2 To keep the polarity of the electrodes constant. 
OR: DC provides a one way flow of electrons ensuring that the same chemical reaction occurs all
the time at the same electrodes. (1)
4.3 Cu2+ (aq) + 2e‒ → Cu(s)  (2)
4.4 Cu2+ is a stronger oxidising agent  than Zn2+.  Cu2+ will be reduced to Cu. 
OR: Zn is a stronger reducing agent than Cu. Cu 2+ will be reduced to Cu. (3)
m m
4.5 n=  2,85 x 10-2 = 63,5   m = 1,81 g
M
1,81
%purity =  = 90,49%  (4)
2
[12]
QUESTION 5 (March 2016)
5.1 Electrolytic cell  (1)
5.2 The substance/species which loses electrons.  (2)
5.3 P (1)
5.4 Cu(s) → Cu2+(aq) + 2e-  (2)
5.5 A
Cℓ‒ ions move to the positive electrode / anode where they are oxidised to Cℓ 2 .  (3)
[9]
QUESTION 6 (June 2016)
6.1.1 Electrolyte  (1)
6.1.2 Electrolytic cell  (1)
6.2 A to B  (1)
6.3.1 B  (1)
6.3.2 A  (1)
6.4 Decreases 
Copper (Cu) is oxidised to Cu2+ / Oxidation takes place at A.  (2)

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 82 FS / January 2023

[7]
QUESTION 7 (November 2016)
7.1 Endothermic  (1)
7.2 Anode 
Connected to the positive terminal of the battery.  (2)
7.3.1 Chlorine gas / Cℓ2  (1)
7.3.2 Hydrogen gas / H2  (1)
7.3.3 2H2O(ℓ) + 2e-  H2(g) + 2OH-(aq)  (2)
7.4 Basic / alkaline 
OH− ions form / NaOH forms  (2)
[9]
QUESTION 8 (June 2017)
8.1 Electrolytic cell  (1)
8.2 P (1)
8.3.1 Au(s) → Au3+(aq) + 3e-  (2)
8.3.2 +3  (1)
8.3.3 Electrical energy (is converted) to chemical energy  (1)
8.3.4 Becomes smaller/thinner/eroded.  (1)
8.4 Increase in value.  OR Protection against rust. (1)
8.5 ANY ONE:
Replace Au3+(aq) / electrolyte with Ag+(aq) / silver(I) solution.; Replace P/anode with Ag(s). (1)
[9]
QUESTION 9 (November 2017)
9.1 DC/GS  (1)
9.2 Cathode 
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu  (3)
9.3 Cu2+ ions is a stronger oxidising agent  than Zn2+ ions  and therefore Zn2+ ions will not be reduced
(to Zn). 
OR Zn2+ ions is weaker oxidising agent than Cu2+ ions and therefore Zn2+ ions will not be reduced
(to Zn). (3)
9.4.1 (Chlorine) gas/bubbles is/are formed.  (1)
9.4.2 Decreases  (1)
[9]
QUESTION 10 (March 2018)
10.1 The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy. 
OR The use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change. (2)
10.2 B (1)
10.3 Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu  (2)
10.4 % purity = m(Cu)
 100
m(Cu)impure / onsuiwer
= 4,4 
 100 = 88%  (4)
5
[9]
QUESTION 11 (June 2018)
11.1.1 Electrolyte  (1)
11.1.2 Conduct electricity  (1)
11.2 Cu(NO3)2  (1)
11.3 Iron rod  Reduction takes place.  (2)
11.4 Cu → Cu2+ + 2e-  (2)
11.5.1 Copper(II) (ions)/Cu2+ and silver (ions)/Ag+  (2)
11.5.2 Ag+/silver(I) ions is a stronger oxidising agent  than Cu2+/Copper(II) ions and will be reduced (more
readily)  to form silver/Ag on the iron rod. (2)
[11]
QUESTION 12 (November 2018)
12.1 A cell in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy. 
OR A cell in which electrical energy/electricity is used to obtain a chemical change/reaction. (2)
12.2 Any soluble copper(II) salt e.g. CuSO4/Cu(NO3)2/CuCℓ2  (1)
12.3 B Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu  (3)
12.4 Platinum/Pt 
AND
silver/Ag  (2)
[8]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 83 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 13 (June 2019)

13.1 Electrolytic  (1)
13.2 2H2O + 2e‒ → H2 + 2OH‒  (2)
13.3.1 Chlorine (gas) / Cℓ2  (1)
13.3.2 P  & Y  (2)
13.4 Cathode 
Reduction takes place here./Gains electrons.  (2)
13.5 CuCℓ2(aq)  → Cu(s) + Cℓ2(g) Bal 
OR
Cu2+(aq) + 2Cℓ- → Cu(s) + Cℓ2(g) (3)
[11]
QUESTION 14 (November 2019)
14.1 The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy. 
OR
The use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change. (2)
14.2.1 2H2O(ℓ) + 2e-  H2(g) + 2OH-(aq)  (2)
14.2.2 Water/ H2O  (1)
14.3 H2O is a stronger oxidising agent  than Na+  and will be reduced  (to H2).
OR
Na+ is a weaker oxidizing agent than H2O and therefore H2O will be reduced  (to H2) (3)
[8]
QUESTION 15 (November 2020)
15.1 ANY ONE:
• The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy.  (2 or 0)
• The use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change. (2 or 0)
• Decomposition of an ionic compound by means of electrical energy. (2 or 0)
• The process during which and electric current passes through a solution/ionic liquid/molten ionic
compound. (2 or 0) (2)
15.2 Battery/cell/ power source  (1)
15.3 Silver nitrate/AgNO3/ Silver ethanoate/CH3COOAg / Silver fluoride /AgF/ Silver perchlorate AgCℓO4.  (1)
15.4 Remains the same 
Rate of oxidation is equal to the rate of reduction.  (2)
15.5 Ag → Ag+ + e-  (2)
[8]
QUESTION 16 (June 2021)
6.1 Electrolytic (cell) 
Cells have a battery/Electrical energy is converted to chemical energy.  (2)
16.2
16.2.1 2Cℓ─  Cℓ2 + 2e─  (2)
16.2.2 Aℓ3+ + 3e─  Aℓ  (2)
16.2.3 Cu/copper  (1)
[7]
QUESTION 17 (September 2021)
17.1 ANY ONE:
• The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy. 
• The use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change.
• Decomposition of an ionic compound by means of electrical energy.
• The process during which an electric current passes through a solution/ionic liquid/molten
ionic compound. (2)
17.2 Copper(II) ions/Cu2+ 
Zinc(II) ions/Zn2+  (2)
17.3 Cu2+ (aq) + 2e─ → Cu (s)  (2)
17.4 Zn2+ is a weaker oxidising agent  than Cu2+ and will not be reduced to Zn.  (3)
17.5 n(Cu) = ½nelectrons
= ½(0,6) 
= 0,3 mol
m = nM
= 0,3 x 63,5 
= 19,05 g  (3)
[12]

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education

Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 84 FS / January 2023

QUESTION 18 (November 2021)

18.1 ANY ONE:
• A substance whose aqueous solution contains ions. 
• Substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electricity.
• A substance that forms ions in water / when melted. (2)
18.2 Anode 
Chromium is oxidised./Oxidation takes place (at the anode).  (2)
18.3 Cr3+(aq) + 3e-  Cr(s)  (2)
18.4
Marking criteria:
m
• Substitute 52 g∙mol-1 in n = /ratio 
M
• Use mol ratio: n(electrons) : n(Cr) = 3 : 1. 
• Number of electrons = n x 6,02 x 1023/ratio. 
• Total charge = number of electrons x 1,6 x 10-19/ratio. 
• Final answer: 11 113,85 C 
Range: 11 113 to 11 558,4 C
m
n=
M
2
= 
52
= 0,038 mol

n(electrons) = 3n(Cr) 
= 3(0,038)
= 0,115 mol

Number of electrons 1 mol …………. 96 500 C 

= 0,115 x 6,02 x 1023  0,0385 mol ……11 145,74 C 
= 6,95 x 1022

Q = 6,95 x 1022 x 1,6 x 10-19 

= 11 113,85 C 
(5)
[11]
QUESTION 19 (June 2022)
19.1 ANY ONE:
• The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy. 
• The use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change.
• Decomposition of an ionic compound by means of electrical energy.
• The process during which an electric current pass through a solution/ionic liquid/molten
ionic compound. (2)
19.2
19.2.1 X  (1)
19.2.2 2H2O(ℓ) + 2e- → H2(g) + 2OH─(aq)  (2)
19.2.3 X to Y  (1)
19.2.4 2H2O(ℓ) + 2Cℓ─(aq)  → Cℓ2(g) + H2(g) + 2OH─(aq)  Bal 
OR
2H2O(ℓ) + 2NaCℓ(aq) → Cℓ2(g) + H2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) (3)
19.3 Increases  (1)
19.4 Solution becomes basic / OH─ ions form  (1)
[11]
QUESTION 20 (November 2022)
20.1 ANY ONE:
• The chemical process in which electrical energy is converted to chemical energy.  (2 or 0)
• The use of electrical energy to produce a chemical change.
• The process during which an electric current passes through a solution / molten ionic compound. (2)
20.2.1 Cr3+(aq) + 3e- → Cr  (2)
20.2.2 q = I∆t 
= (2,5)(10 x 60 x 60)  = 9 x 104 C  (90 000 C) (3)
Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education
Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 85 FS / January 2023

20.2.3 Marking criteria:

Q
a) Substitute 1,6 x 10-19 C in n = 
e
b) N(Cr) = n(electrons) divide by 3 
c) n(Cr) = N(Cr) divided by NA 
m
d) Substitution of 52 into n = 
M
e) m(Cr) + 2,2 
f) Final answer: 18,32 (g) 
Range: 18,32 to 18,40 (g)
OPTION 1 OPTION 2
Q Q 9 x 104
n= /q n(Cr) = (a & c)
e e 3 x 96 500
4
9 x 10
= (a) = 0,31 mol
1,6 x 10-19
= 5,63 x 1023 electrons (b)
m(Cr) = 0,31 x 52 (d)
5,63 x 1023
= 16,12 g
N(Cr atoms) = (b)
3
= 1,88 x 1023 m(X) = 16,12 + 2,2 (e)
= 18,32 (g) (f)
N
n(Cr) =
NA
1,88 x 1023
= 6,02 x 1023 (c)
= 0,31 mol
m
n(Cr) =
M
m(Cr) = 0,31 x 52 (d)
= 16,12 g

m(X) = 16,12 + 2,2 (e)

= 18,32 (g) (f)
(6)
[15]

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Department of Basic Education, National Senior Certificate Physical Sciences Question Papers,
2014 – 2022, Pretoria

Terms, definitions, questions & answers © Free State Department of Education