Scribd
Upload
14 views7 pages

Air Standard Cycle Simulator Using Python

Air standard cycle

Uploaded by

i.goswamiatul25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
14 views7 pages

Air Standard Cycle Simulator Using Python

Air standard cycle

Uploaded by

i.goswamiatul25
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

Air Standard cycle Simulator using Python

Aim: Plotting P-V diagram and efficiency calculation of the Otto Cycle.

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT


The main objective of the project is to calculate all unknowns of each state by help of governing equations
and given values. After that plotting P-V diagram and calculating efficiency of the cycle.

GOVERNING EQUATIONS:
Otto cycle is a gas power cycle that is used in a spark-ignition Internal combustion engine (modern petrol
engines). It is an air standard cycle which approximates the processes in petrol or diesel engines.

An Otto cycle consists of four processes:

1. Two isentropic (reversible adiabatic) processes


2. Two isochoric (constant volume) processes

These processes can be easily understood if we understand p-V (Pressure-Volume) and T-s (Temperature-
Entropy) diagrams of the Otto cycle.

In the above diagrams,

• P = Pressure
• V= volume
• T = Temperature
• S = Entropy
• Vc= Clearance volume
• V = Stroke volume
Processes in Otto Cycle:
Process 1-2: Isentropic compression

In this process, the piston moves from the bottom dead centre (BDC) to top dead centre (TDC) position. Air
undergoes reversible adiabatic (isentropic) compression. We know that compression is a process in which
volume decreases and pressure increases. Hence, in this process, the volume of air decreases from V1 to V2
and pressure increases from p1 to p2. Temperature increases from T1 to T2. As this an isentropic process,
entropy remains constant (i.e., s1=s2).

Process 2-3: Constant Volume Heat Addition

Process 2-3 is isochoric (constant volume) heat addition process. Here, piston remains at the top dead
centre for a moment. Heat is added at constant volume (V 2 = V3) from an external heat source. Temperature
increases from T2 to T3, pressure increases from p2 to p3 and entropy increases from s₂ to s3.

In this process, Heat Supplied = mCv(T3-T2)

where, m → Mass, Cv→ Specific heat at constant volume

Process 3-4: Isentropic expansion


In this process, air undergoes isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expansion. The piston is pushed from the
top dead centre (TDC) to bottom dead centre (BDC) position. Here, pressure decreases from p3 to p4,
volume rises from V3 to V4, the temperature falls from T3 to T4 and entropy remains constant (s3
to s4).

Process 4-1: Constant Volume Heat Rejection


The piston rests at BDC for a moment and heat is rejected at constant volume (V4 to V1). In this process,
the pressure falls from p4 to p1, temperature decreases from T4 to T1 and entropy falls from s4 to s1.

In process 4-1

Heat Rejected = mCv(T4-T1)

Thermal efficiency (air-standard efficiency) of otto cycle,

1 to 2 and from 3 to 4 are isentropic, therefore


Volume swept by the piston, Vs = (π*(bore)2*stroke)/4

Clearance volume, Vc = Vs/(cr-1)

Volume swept as a function of theta:

A = (0.5)*(cr-1)

B = R+1-cosd(theta)

C = ((R^2)-((sind(theta))^2))^0.5

V=(1+(A*(B-C)))*Vc

GIVEN:
bore=0.8 meters

stroke=0.2 meters

connecting rod length = 0.15 meters

compression ratio (cr) = 10

p1=101325

Ɣ=1.4

T1=450

T3=3050

Simulation Code
# Otto cycle simulator
import math
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#Engine geometrical parameters
bore=0.8
stroke=0.2
con_rod=0.15
cr=10
def engine_kinematics(bore,stroke,con_rod,cr,theta1,theta2):
v_stroke=(math.pi*pow(bore,2)*stroke)/4
v_clear=v_stroke/(cr-1)
a=stroke/2;
R=con_rod/a
theta=np.linspace(theta1,theta2,180)
V=[]
for t in theta:
A=(0.5)*(cr-1)
B=R+1-math.cos(math.radians(t))
C=pow((R**2)-(math.sin(math.radians(t))**2),0.5)
V.append((1+(A*(B-C)))*v_clear)
return V
#known state variables
p1=101325
#gamma
Ɣ=1.4
t1=450
t3=3050
#calculation of volumes
v_stroke=(math.pi*pow(bore,2)*stroke)/4
v_clear=v_stroke/(cr-1)

#state 1
v1=v_stroke+v_clear

#state 2
v2=v_clear
p2=pow(v1/v2,y)*p1
t2=pow(v1/v2,y-1)*t1

#state 3
v3=v2
p3=p2*(t3/t2)

#state 4
v4=v1
p4=pow(v3/v4,y)*p3
t4=pow(v3/v4,y-1)*t3

#During Compression stroke


v_comp=engine_kinematics(bore,stroke,con_rod,cr,180,0)
c1=p1*pow(v1,y)
p_comp=[]

for v in v_comp:
p_comp.append(c1/(pow(v,y)))

#During Expansion stroke


v_exp=engine_kinematics(bore,stroke,con_rod,cr,0,180)
c2=p3*pow(v3,y)
p_exp=[]

for ve in v_exp:
p_exp.append(c2/(pow(ve,y)))

#Calculation efficiency
n=1-((t4-t1)/(t3-t2))
print('Efficiency of engine = ', n);

#plotting state point


plt.plot(v1,p1,'*')
plt.plot(v2,p2,'*')
plt.plot(v3,p3,'*')
plt.plot(v4,p4,'*')
plt.plot(v_comp,p_comp, "-b",linewidth=3,label="Compression Stroke")
plt.plot([v2,v3],[p2,p3], "-r",linewidth=3,label="Heat Addition")
plt.plot(v_exp,p_exp, "-g",linewidth=3,label="Expansion Stroke")
plt.plot([v1,v4],[p1,p4], "-y",linewidth=3,label="Heat Rejection")

plt.xlabel('Volume (m^3)')
plt.ylabel('Pressure (pa)')
plt.legend()
plt.title('OTTO CYCLE')
plt.grid()
plt.show()

STEPS:
1. All known engine geometry parameters and state variable were defined.

2. The formula for volume swept and volume clearance was given.

3. With the help of Isentropic formulate for process 1-2 and 3-4, all state variable was calculated.

4. By this, we got all four-point of the p-v diagram but for tracing isentropic volume we need to define how
the volume changes in the engine piston.

5. For this, we define a function, engine_kinematics which calculates the volume swept for isentropic
processes for each value of angle covered by the connecting rod.

6. For this function, bore, stroke, length of connecting rod (cr), and swept angle were given as arguments.

7. After this P-V diagram plot was completed by the help of plotting command.

8. The efficiency formula was also defined to get the efficiency of the cycle.

OUTPUT:

The program outputs the efficiency of the Otto cycle and plots P-V diagram. In the P-V diagram
we can see that for heat addition and heat removal process, the volume is constant and for the
isentropic processes, the graph is following an isentropic path.

Efficiency of Engine = 0.6018928294465027


CONCLUSION:
Using PYTHON programming, the efficiency of the Otto cycle was calculated and the P-V diagram is plotted.
This is very helpful in the case where there is any change in engine geometry, we can easily update that in
the code and quickly see the changes in the P-V diagram.

You might also like