MATHEMATICAL PRELTmINARIES

physical Quqnti
described by a sihgle eal number .
>Scalar tcompletely oY mas.
density
eg Temperatue
element To space used to mod e/
>vector Direction line bave both direchion
Physica quantity which
and magnitude accleraticn
Velcoci tyand fof Foit
erg. Force,

Space’ This is qny collectioo V vector of objet

Vector mutiplied
which can be cdled together, or
witt scalaxs
motrx is an mxn aray of scalars from
b Matix space > A
2 given field F.

J2x3
I2
1
0w
farthe value fom 2ero.
> Absolute vcue Lts mean how
t-5| = S
ox
X>0
foma'g,
X =0
X X<O

" laxb| = lalx|b)

u=ta
is a ineqr vector space
space
A Hilbert addiind Propertes
Hilb ert Space with some
(H) tion ie (Y)
product opea
OH haLs an inner
H Is separable.
is complete.
0 An iones pnduct is aAeneralizatioo of a dot produt.
In a vector space , tt t is a way to _multiply vector
togethers with the result of this multiplicatin being
a scalqr.

any
(9s9) ’ Scalar (prodvc of tuovcto)

vectors
() The inner prodvct is Conjugate sy mmetric,.
Q+1b
q-ib
(i) The fanes prodvcf of q vector r with itself is a
pasitive definite
(9, ) Zo tero /s wher =o.
(iii) The inner prnduef is anti-lin egr in îts first argument.
(aitb2 ) = qa*(V¢)+ 6(V)
(iv) Distance between two vectors, n Hilbet space
|W-¢l= (,-)+ (2-) ’scalar.

2) separable Space A matrix spae (Xd) is sald to be

separable iee has q countuble dense
Subset of X

e. the set of real no. R has a countable dense

subset Q.

(Xrd) is sad to be complete

As pace
(3) Complete gpace :
Iff every Cauchy Sequence in X Converge
to a poiot în X.
Kenl number consist rationa and imafiona! no.
i-e there s no gap befween no.

Rationa numbes ’ Thee iyahion al no. beween tu

ratina no. 1.e there s A4p.
 Nom of a vector Let v be înner product space, For
lengt any veV the nom (or length) of v is
defined as Vu,v & is denoted by llvl .
V<Vvs Yead as i.e vil J<y
"squan oot
of v Inner
Product with V llv||= <V,V>
i> length is non-negative l|vll zo

scálar
fi> Tiang le înequaliy

o| /og/202)|
n-dimensiona vector space
max. nunber of linearly independest vecio rs .inthat
Space.
also known as Bas ts of n-dimensio nal space
For E ’ set f (ia0), (ol o) ,(o,0.1)} is bosis
- For B(E) ’ setlxx, x2.. is basis
- In Fourier series
+ (@n cos ht + bn sin st)

(O sint, sin2t, singt -. sinkt ,i Basis

L, Casit, cas2t, Cos3t... Cos>t
B Poperties of vector ’

(+F)+ 9 = U+(T+)

(ab)k a(bk)
Ca+b)k= Qu+ bu
a(k+v) = ak +a

b(k.G)
u (Qu+ bus) = a(k.) +
For ail T#0
U.ko
U. u z 0

Z0
O6/09 /2021|

D Cartesian Basis ’ Th ree basis vector (E3)

Catesian basis.
2 4 like Î, f,

3 Chc-nomal basts vector

where
F F2 F3’artestan component.
represent the vector
If an orthonoma basis i3 used to
the camponent Projection of vector on he basis directi
in index notatfion

F2 F. F=Rei /l|2/3

S0, index i ’ss mmed over Is called dummy index (summation)

index t ’ not sUmed over is called Free index CIfve)
t Contra vqaient and Covariant Tensors a (Focus on ve

This is ESystem wtb two

Orthonomal basis

Fos ES System basis,

e
e&.(axè)
Reciprocal set Preperties,
Dual
vectorS

othonomna
b csis

" On Transfoming the co-ordinate system

+ vector compornent change -OContravarient
Basis vecfor change Covarient
Vector tseif not change non-othono mno
besis
 4F2
-Fsine
F Fsin O2

=FCose
Sin(e,+2)
orthogona! Non -orthgonal sin(G+0)
Com ponents Components
System System

(A) Contqvariant ’

muitipy both stde &' in ea,

()
Paralle! 2
Projection) Similarly ,

Basis vecior qnd Contravqiqrt epresentahn

CmponeT transomivn basis ae &ee
in opposite manner
B) Co-vaiant ’
(b
multiply both stde y e in eq

similarly F.=
In matnx vepresentation,
perpendicular Fê
Projections F2

Affer solving and putting valus of F F iaq

F=(Fè)e +(Fe) ,+(r&).Covajet rxpesenta
basis of ê, , e
Besis recius
* Sec¡nd order TensorS lo4o9/2o21|
A second order Tensar A, though as q lineat
fincti that maps a direct line segmet to anothe
directed line sgment.
i.e b= A u
A is linear function thet asign a vector to each
vector U.

Qrthogona Tensor ’
4 X2
X, Cose
sind =

X1

'= |ê cose &, + l¿lcos(90-e). &.

é Cos e.e + sine & (i)
similary,

Matix epresentation,
r Cos sine
-sine Case

Q22.
For E3 basis, 04|09l 202)

Qu 13
22 23
Q32 Q33

j ’ dummy index
J ’ ree index
also,
* Index Notation (ETnstein Notation)

a12
Q32 ag3

’ vector

t Q3ib + Q32b3) + 3bg3 ’ Scalar

’ vector matix (ixk

bi bj = C ’ matÂx
bi by bib bi b
bb1 bab b2bg
Lbbi bab b3 ba
 bj bi byby + bb + b3b3 ’ scalar
O8/o9/204

SCalar
Prduct>

Kronecker Detta

Properties of konecker Delta

Cross Product

V2 V3

-,
+
Rules of crass prod u cts

&x@ =
and

Permutation tve)
I23 |23 |23

Pemutation (ve) ve

’ Pemtahion symbol
AlHemative Tensor e
-ve

+| -- - - yk 1s an even Pemutation
-)--- -. ijk is qn odd pemutati¡)
othewise

+19gb1 +E3293b t 3343 b3

+

Q2b3agb2
 unit vector
ith Componet
Of (axb)

Proof_ &
b= bê + bê tb3
y Direct axb =
method - (oab,-gb)
bË -+(a1b- Q3bi)e
+ (aidy-Q2bi)
1) Tndedng Method,

+E292b)+ Er2292b+Ei23Q2 b:
+ Sr33by +t323b+339g b
= SsQb3 + Er3 93b

(Szjs O;b)e
Cax b))-tyE
+S02b +s Q2b + Es 92b

= - (aiby -43bi) e
 B/os/a02
=b , + bi29r t bra3Ss
+b2.4, fr)+ b292 + b2 +E23

b2Q3 - b 42

(Exa)= - (+x b)

qx(b+a)= (axb)+ (ax)

" Box poduct/ Triple scalar Product
Lu,vw represent the volume V of the paralleleptped
tiad.
Spanned by u,v, u foming a right handed

vector tiple product ’

(axDx@ =(k.w)-(k.0)a3
u.(9xw) = (OxUb = w-(kKv)
= (k-0)(ag) - (k) ($.u)
üxk).(BK?)
(kx(kK@xg)))
= (k- (®N))- (k-)(0)
"
 Transfommation ule,(othopnaliy)
Let
F Fe +Fae+ Fei

ue knou
and = i e '
.'.

Also,

we know,

From eg
From properties of kronecker detta

Fom e4)
AlsO,
properres of kronecker del ta
prom

Q.Qki = oik
Fom u ’ Qi is follou rth¡gonaity Transfomotion,,
lQ.sT=r
 Tenso Product ’ also called yad of a vector ofuby
lenotcd by @
Jives 2nd
Crder tenscr (uv). w=(v.u).u
Iinearity
(uo)(aus +py) = «(uou).+ p(u9)

arbitatory 20cloreler ensY

No
Commutative
ua).(w0) (e®y)- (u0u)
"Let

(uo = (er-u)-(es- )
= e(u@)
 Secend odes fon sos

also

Product of second onder Tensor,

e A (B)

(er Ae) Br

" Transpase of and order Tensor

s/o9l202

A Aj ei®
The =Ai;e;

(uov) = vQu
V. Au = u AV Unique Transpose Tdantity

(uO)-(w®y) (u-u)-(vy)
u@(v+ w) (uov) +(uow)
DiffHate
TeNsor Matrix Indiceg
A=u.T
Vi= At

(i) V=u.A
 Transfomatioo Law> with
Considey two basis tensor o Co-ordinate ij k and par.,
For e
TensorS
Tj e0e = T efo
for othogonal tenser.

Or in maix notatian

sinilary Three
For tensor equotion

and For 4th order tensor equation

Matix Au A2 Ag
Symmetic Fenser,
A=A’[AJ=Ae Az Az3
|As A23 A3y
mmemc
Skewense; Matix,
A=-AT -A12 Az3
 Symmetic tensor and skew-symmetic Tensoor sum

T-()+( )
Symmetic Skew -symmenc
.e Transiona) i.e rotational

> Contraction perator

A:B Ai BiLi
= Au B + Az B2 +
’ {scala
A 1 = At o = Ai A + Azt Aag
M tr(A)

Eigen value and Eigen vector

Af characterize eigen value (Pincipal valuus)
D; ’ eign vectors (Pincipal directions /axes)

have a soluhn, nj #o
To

det | Tij -A ou|=o

where ’chaactisties egn
change with
whu ,& Ig ae invqriants of A and don'+
hespect to co-odinate transfomation.

d2-2
I= det () = jk AtiAjz. Akg