www.gradeup.

co

IMPORTANT FORMULA
BASIC CONCEPTS OF DC CIRCUIT
1. RESISTANCE

l
•R=
A
Where
ρ = specific resistance or resistivity of the material
l = length of the conductors
A = cross-sectional area of conductor
• Conductance (G)
1
G= .
R
• Temperature coefficient of resistance
R t − R0
 =
R0 .t
where R0 is resistance at 0o C, RT is resistance at to C, and t is temperature rise in o C.

• Series & Parallel Combination of Resistors:

(i) Series Combination:

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 …. Rn
(ii) Parallel Combination:

1 1 1 1 1
= + + ...
R eq R1 R2 R3 Rn
2. INDUCTANCE
v
•L=−
di
dt
Or we can say
di
v = −L
dt
Where minus sign indicates the opposing nature of the emf induced in the circuit due to Lenz
law.

2
www.gradeup.co

• Series & Parallel Combination of Inductors:

(i) Series Combination:

L eq = L1 + L2 + ....... + LR
(ii) Parallel Combination:

1 1 1 1 1
= + + ....
L eq L1 L2 L3 LR

3. CAPACITANCE

• the formula for the capacitance is given as:

Q
C=
V
For Parallel plate capacitor,
A
C=
d
Where  is the permittivity of free space
A is the cross-sectional area of the plates
d is the distance between the plates
• Series & Parallel Combination of Capacitors:
(i) Capacitance in series

1 1 1 1 1
= + + ......
Ceq C1 C2 C3 Cn
(ii) Capacitance in parallel

3
www.gradeup.co

Ceq = C1 + C2 + .....Cn
4. ELECTRIC CHARGE

Q=ne
Where, Q= charge
e = 1.6 * 10-9 C
n= 1,2,3…………..

5. ELECTRIC CURRENT

coulomb
I ( Ampere ) =
second
q
= .
t

One coulomb is equivalent to the charge of 6.28 × 10 18 electrons.

6. ELECTRICAL POWER
Electrical power is expressed in terms of watts (W) and is given by
W = EI
= I2 R
E2
=
R
Power is also expressed in terms of kW (kilowatt) (= 1000 W) or MW (megawatt) which is 1000
kW or 1000,000 W.
7. ELECTRICAL ENERGY
E=P*T
Electrical Energy is expressed in terms of kilowatt hours(kWh). Thus
1 kWh = 1 kW × 1 hour
= 1000 watt – hours
= 1000 × 60 × 60 watt- Sec
8. STAR – DELTA/ DELTA – STAR TRANSFORMATION

• Star to Delta Conversion:

4
www.gradeup.co

R AR B
R1 = R A + RB +
RC

R AR C
R2 = R A + R C +
RB

RBR C
R 3 = RB + R C +
RA

• Delta to Star Conversion:

R AR B
R1 =
RA + RB + R C

R AR C
R2 =
R A + RB + R C

RBR C
R3 =
RA + RB + R C

NETWORK LAWS & THEOREMS

9. OHM’S LAW

Applied voltage V
Current = =
Resistance of the circuit R

V = IR = Current  Resistance

10. CURRENT DIVISION RULE

R2
I1 = I
R1 + R2 S

R1
I2 = I
R1 + R2 S

5
www.gradeup.co

11. V0LTAGE DIVISION RULE

IR2 V1R2
Vout = V1 =
I (R1 + R2 ) (R1 + R 2 )

12. KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS

• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):

According to the Kirchhoff’s voltage law:

Vg – V1 – V 2 – V 3 – V 4 – V5 = 0

Mathematically KVL can be written as

∑V = 0

• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

According to KCL at node O, we have

i1 + i2 − (i3 + i4 ) = 0

Or i1 + i2 = i3 + i4

Mathematically KCL can be written as

∑i = 0

6
www.gradeup.co

13. RELATION OF CURRENT AND VOLTAGE THROUGH DIFFERENT PASSIVE ELEMENT

VR ( t ) = R iR ( t )
diL ( t )
VL ( t ) = L
dt
t
1
VC ( t ) =  ic ( t ) dt
C −

14. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION

(i) Voltage Source transformed into Current Source:

(ii) Current Source transformed into Voltage source:

7
www.gradeup.co

15. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

The Super position theorem is a way to determine the currents and voltages present in a circuit
that has multiple sources (considering one source at a time)

16. THEVENIN’S THEOREM

17. NORTON’S THEOREM

18. MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

• As per the maximum power transfer theorem, RTH is the load resistance of the network, i.e.,
RL = RTH that allows maximum power transfer.

• Maximum Power Transfer is calculated by the equation shown below

2
Vth
Pmax =
4R th

8
www.gradeup.co

19. TELLEGAN’S THEOREM

n
 Pk = Vk  Ik = 0
k =1
20. MILLMAN’S THEOREM

21. RECIPROCITY THEOREM

The theorem states that in a linear passive bilateral network, the excitation source and its
corresponding response can be interchanged

AC CIRCUIT

22. REACTANCE
Component Reactance
Resistor XR = R
Capacitor XC = 1/ωC
Inductor XL = ωL

23. IMPEDENCE FOR RLC SERIES CIRCUIT

ZRL − series = R2 + XL2

ZRC − series = R2 + X2C

ZLC − series = ( XL – XC )2
2
ZRLC − series = R2 + ( XL – XC )
XL = 2fL
1
XC =
2fC
24. IMPEDENCE FOR PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
2 2
1 1  1 
= R  +  X 
ZRL −parallel    L
2 2
1 1  1 
=   + 
ZRC −parallel R   XC 
2
1  1 1 
=  – 
ZLC −parallel  XL XC 
2 2
1 1  1 1 
= R  +  X – X 
ZRLC −parallel    L C

9
www.gradeup.co

25. OHM’S LAW FOR AC

E E
E = IZ I= Z=
Z I

Where,
E = Voltage in volt
I = Current in amperes (amps)
Z = Impedance in ohms

26. SERIES AND PARALLEL IMPEDANCES

27. RESONANCE

NOTE: This equation applies to a non-resistive LC circuit. In circuits containing resistance as

well as inductance and capacitance, this equation applies only to series configurations and
to parallel configurations where R is very small.

28. AC POWER

10
www.gradeup.co

29. TIME CONSTANT

FOR RC CIRCUIT = RC
FOR RL CIRCUIT = L/R
TWO PORT NETWORK

30. Z OR IMPEDENCE MODEL:

31. Y OR ADMITTANCE MODEL:

32. A OR TRANSMISSION MODEL:

33. H OR HYBRID MODEL:

11
www.gradeup.co

34. Z-MODEL AND Y-MODEL ABOVE CAN BE WRITTEN IN MATRIX FORM:

V = ZI, I = YV, Y = Z–1

35. COMBINATIONS OF TWO-PORT MODELS

• Series connection of two 2-port networks: Z = Z1 + Z2

• Parallel connection of two 2-port networks: Y = Y1 + Y2

• Cascade connection of two 2-port networks: A = A1.A2

12