Week# 1

Basic Electricity & Electronics

EE-118
DC Analysis

By Engr, Muhammad Umair Hassan

PPD, NEDUET 1
Muhammad Umair Hassan @ Department of Polymer and Petrochemical Engineering, NEDUET
To remember:
Attendance:
Attendance is your own responsibility:
Attendance will be taken after 5 minutes of beginning of class.
Quiz:
Quiz can be taken in any regular class. If you miss a quiz, there will be no compensation.
Assignments:
Assignments have a due date; no assignment will be taken before or after the deadline.
Copied assignments will be marked zero.
Cell phones:
Using cell phones are not allowed in my class. It is advised to turn it off before entering
the class. If found used in class, it can be confiscated.
Discipline:
The only thing which is demanded from you, is discipline.
Discipline is the first consideration for an engineer.
 Marks Distribution
• Final Exam 60 Marks
• Theory Sessional 40 Marks
• Assignment 05 Marks
• Mid- Term Exam 20 Marks
• Quiz 05 Marks

• Open ended Problems 10 Marks

• Practical Lab 50 Marks

Muhammad Umair Hassan @ Department of Polymer and Petrochemical Engineering,

NEDUET
 TEXTBOOKS (Book Name, Authors, edition, Publisher, Year)
1. Thomas L. Floyd, Electronic Devices, Ninth edition, Prentice Hall, 2012.
2. Charles K. Alexander, Matthew N.O. Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits,
Fifth edition, McGraw-Hill, 2013
3. R. L. Boylestad, Introductory circuit analysis. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson,
2014.
4. R. L. Boylestad, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory. London: Pearson, 2014..
5. Theraja, B. L., Theraja, A. K., Khedkar, M. K., & Pandey, V. K. (2010). A textbook
of electrical technology. in S.I. system of units (including rationalized M.K.S.A.
system). New Delhi: S. Chand & Co.
Circuit
Close loop that carries electricity.
Current.
Flow of electrons in a circuit. Direct Current (DC)
Unit is Ampere (Amp, A). Constant current flow.
Voltage. Alternating Current (AC)
The push that causes the current to flow. Current moves back and
Unit is Volt or V. forth.
Resistance.
Oppose flow of current in a circuit.
Unit is Ohm or .
 Ohm’s law
“states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current i flowing through the resistor”
v𝛼𝑖
Ohm defined the constant of proportionality for a resistor
to be the resistance, R. (The resistance is a material
property which can change if the internal or external
conditions of the element are altered, e.g., if
there are changes in the temperature.
v = 𝑖𝑅

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which is the mathematical form of Ohm’s law.
R is measured in the unit of ohms,
designated .
The resistance R of an element denotes its
ability to resist the flow of
electric current; it is measured in ohms ( )
𝒗
𝑹=
𝒊

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Short circuit
A short circuit is a circuit element with
resistance approaching zero.
𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 = 0

Short circuit 8
Open circuit
An open circuit is a circuit element with resistance approaching
infinity.

Open Circuit 9
Conductance is the ability of an element to
conduct electric current;
it is measured in mhos or siemens (S)

Branch:
A branch represents a single element such as a
voltage source or a resistor.
Node:
A node is the point of connection between
two or more branches.

Loop:
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.
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 Kirchhoff’s Laws:

Kirchhoff’s current law or point law (KCL)

Statement:
In any electrical network, the algebraic sum of the
currents meeting at a point is zero at a junction or node

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 Assumption:
• Incoming current = Positive
• Outgoing current = Negative

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 Example
Determine currents 𝐼3 and 𝐼4 in Fig. using Kirchhoff’s current
law
At node b, using the result just
obtained:
At node a:
• Solution
• we must apply Kirchhoff’s
current law to node a first.

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Example:
Determine currents 𝐈𝟏 , 𝐈𝟑 , 𝐈𝟒 , and 𝐈𝟓 for the network in
Fig

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Solution:
In this configuration, four nodes are defined.
Nodes a and c have only one unknown current at
the junction, so Kirchhoff’s current law can be
applied at either junction.
At node b: At node d:
At node a:

At node C: we find that the current entering from the far left is I= 𝟓A, while
the current leaving from the far right is 𝑰𝟓 = 5 A. The two must
be equal since the net current entering any system must equal
the net current leaving.

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 Kirchhoff’s voltage law or mesh law (KVL)
Statement:
“KVL states that the algebraic sum of all voltages around a
closed path (or loop) is zero”
Expressed mathematically, KVL states that

where M is the number of voltages in the loop( or the

number of branches in the loop) and 𝑣𝑚 is the 𝑚𝑡ℎ voltage.

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Assumption:( Clockwise direction)
• Rise in voltage (If we go from negative terminal of
the battery to positive terminal) = Negative
• Fall in voltage (If we go from positive terminal of the
battery to negative terminal) = Positive
• If we go through the resistor in the same direction
as current, then there is a fall in potential. Hence
this voltage is taken as Positive.
• If we go through the resistor against the direction of
current, then there is a rise in potential. Hence this
voltage drop is taken as Negative.

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Example:

Write the loop

equation for KVL the
given circuit

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19
 Example
Find currents 𝑰𝟏 , 𝑰𝟐 𝑰𝟑 and voltages 𝑽𝟏 𝑽𝟐 𝑽𝟑 in the
circuit shown in Fig.

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 Series Resistors and Voltage Division
The two resistors are in series, since the
same current i flows in both of them.
Applying Ohm’s law to each of the
resistors, we obtain

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To determine the voltage across each resistor in Fig.

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 Parallel Resistors and Current Division
Consider the circuit in Fig, where two
resistors are connected in parallel and
therefore have the same voltage across
them. From Ohm’s law

Equation A

Applying KCL at node a gives the

total current i as

Substituting Eq.
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where is the equivalent resistance of the resistors in
parallel:

Equation B

From Eq. A

After solving equation A,B we get.

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POWER DISTRIBUTION IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT

• “For any network composed of resistive

elements, the power applied by the battery
will equal that dissipated by the resistive
elements”

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“In a parallel resistive network, the larger the
resistor, the less the power absorbed”
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POWER DISTRIBUTION IN A SERIES CIRCUIT
In any electrical system, the power applied will
equal the power dissipated or absorbed. For any
series circuit, such as that in Fig.
the power applied by the dc supply must equal that dissipated
by the resistive elements.
In equation form,

in a series configuration, maximum

power is delivered to the largest
resistor.
EXAMPLE For the series circuit in Fig.
a. Find the total resistance 𝑅𝑇 .
b. Calculate the resulting source current 𝐼𝑆 .
c. Determine the voltage across each resistor.

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EXAMPLE Given 𝑅𝑇 and 𝐼3 , calculate 𝑅1 and E
for the circuit in Fig.

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EXAMPLE Determine the value of 𝑅2 in Fig.
to establish a total resistance of 9 k.

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EXAMPLE For the parallel
network in Fig.
a. Find the total resistance.
b. Calculate the source current.
c. Determine the current
through each parallel branch.

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EXAMPLE For the parallel network
in Fig. (all standard values):
a. Determine the total resistance 𝑅𝑇 .
b. Find the source current and the
current through each resistor.
c. Calculate the power delivered by Solutions:
the source.
d. Determine the power absorbed by
each parallel resistor.
e. Verify Eq.

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35
Class Work
Practice Problems. (Charles K. Alexander | Matthew n. o. Sadiku)
2.8,2.14,2.16,2.17,2.18,2.22,2.23,2.26,2.30,2.31,2.35,2.38,2.34,2.47,2.45,2.46,2.53,2.50,2.50,2.54