UNIT 4 : IOT PROCESSORS

Overview:-
➢ Services and Atribute

❖ Big – Data Analytics for IoT

❖ Dependability
❖ Interoperability
❖ Security
❖ Maintainability

➢ Embedded processor for IoT

❖ Introduction to python programming –

Buliding IoT with RASPERRY PI and Arduino.
 ✓ SERVICES AND ATTRIBUTES:-

BIG DATA ANALYTICS FOR IOT:

Big data analytics plays a crucial role in the context of the
Internet of Things (IoT) as it enables the extraction of
valuable insights from the vast amount of data generated by
IoT devices. IoT devices generate massive streams of data
from various sensors and connected sources, and
traditional data processing methods often struggle to handle
such volume, variety, and velocity of data. Here's how big
data analytics is utilized in IoT:
Data Collection and Integration: IoT generates data from
diverse sources, such as sensors, wearables, connected
vehicles, and more. Big data analytics tools facilitate the
collection, aggregation, and integration of this data from
various devices and platforms.
Real-Time Processing: IoT data is time-sensitive and requires
real-time processing to make immediate decisions or trigger
actions. Big data analytics platforms with stream processing
capabilities can analyze data in motion and provide real-
time insights and responses.
Data Storage and Management: Big data technologies like
Hadoop, NoSQL databases, and data lakes are used to store
and manage the large volumes of IoT data. These systems
are scalable and capable of handling the massive influx of
data from IoT devices.
Data Preprocessing and Cleaning: IoT data can be noisy and
incomplete due to various factors. Big data analytics tools
can preprocess and clean the data, ensuring its quality and
reliability before further analysis.
Data Analysis and Pattern Recognition: Big data analytics
techniques, such as machine learning and data mining, are
applied to identify patterns, correlations, and anomalies in
IoT data. This allows for the discovery of valuable insights
and actionable information.
Predictive Maintenance: By analyzing IoT data, big data
analytics can predict potential failures or maintenance
needs in devices or equipment, enabling proactive
maintenance strategies and reducing downtime.
Security and Anomaly Detection: Big data analytics can help
identify security threats and anomalies in IoT networks by
analyzing patterns of behavior, enabling timely responses to
potential cyberattacks or breaches.
Environmental Monitoring and Sustainability: In IoT
deployments for environmental monitoring, big data
analytics can process data from various sensors to track
environmental conditions, pollution levels, and other
factors, supporting sustainable initiatives and decision-
making.
Overall, big data analytics empowers organizations to unlock
the true value of IoT data, turning it into actionable insights
and driving informed decision-making, innovation, and
efficiency improvements across various industries and
domains.

DEPENDABILITY:-

In the context of IoT (Internet of Things), dependability refers to the

reliability, availability, safety, and security of IoT systems and
devices. Here's a breakdown of each aspect:
1. **Reliability**: Reliability ensures that IoT devices and systems
consistently perform their intended functions without failure over
time. This involves minimizing the likelihood of malfunctions, errors,
or breakdowns in operation.
2. **Availability**: Availability refers to the readiness of IoT systems
to perform their functions when needed. It involves ensuring that
devices are accessible and operational whenever they are required,
minimizing downtime and disruptions to service.
3. **Safety**: Safety concerns the protection of users and the
environment from harm or danger arising from the operation of IoT
devices. It involves implementing measures to mitigate risks, such
as preventing electrical hazards, safeguarding personal data, and
ensuring devices do not pose physical threats.
4. **Security**: Security involves protecting IoT systems and data
from unauthorized access, manipulation, or theft. It encompasses
implementing robust authentication mechanisms, encryption
protocols, and access controls to safeguard sensitive information
and prevent malicious attacks.
To enhance dependability in IoT, various strategies can be employed,
including:
- **Redundancy**: Implementing backup systems or components
to ensure continuous operation in case of failures.
- **Monitoring and Maintenance**: Regularly monitoring IoT devices
and systems for performance issues or vulnerabilities and
performing timely maintenance to address any detected issues.
- **Data Integrity and Privacy Measures**: Implementing measures
to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of data transmitted and
stored by IoT devices, such as encryption and data anonymization
techniques.
- **Resilience**: Designing IoT systems to withstand and recover
from disruptions, whether caused by environmental factors,
technical failures, or cyber threats.
- **Standards and Compliance**: Adhering to industry standards
and regulations related to IoT security, safety, and reliability to
ensure best practices are followed.
By prioritizing these aspects and implementing appropriate
measures, IoT stakeholders can enhance the dependability of their
systems and ensure they meet user expectations for reliability,
safety, and security.

INTEROPERABILITY:-
Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or system,
whose interfaces are completely understood, to work with
other products or systems, present or future, in either
implementation or access, without any restrictions.

➢ Current Challenges in IoT:-

Large Scale of Co-Operation :

• The cooperation and coordination of millions

of distributed devices are required on Internet.

➢ Global Heterogeneity:

• Heterogeneous IoT devices and their subnets

Unknown IoT Device Configuration.

• The difference configuration modes for IoT

devices which come from unknown owners.
 ➢ Semantic Conflicts:

• Different processing logic's applied to same IoT

networked devices or applications.

Types:-
User Interoperability:

• Interoperability problem between a user and a

device.
Device Interoperability:

• Interoperability problem between two

different devices.

User Interoperability
The following problems need to be solved,

• Device identification and categorization for

discovery.
• Syntactic interoperability for device interaction.
• Semantic interoperability for device
interaction.

IoT Security:-
 The adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) and operational technology (OT)
devices has exploded in recent years. However, while networked devices
can increase efficiency and visibility into an organization’s operations, they
also come with significant security risks that broaden an organization’s
attack surface.

Consumer IoT devices are not known for their strong security, and long-
lived OT devices may not have been designed with security in mind,
introducing risk when they are connected to the network. As organizations
continue to incorporate these devices into their networks, they need to
balance the benefits they bring against the risks that they pose to data
confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Every device deployed on the corporate network expands the

organization’s digital attack surface due to possible coding flaws, access
management issues, and other vulnerabilities. IoT security is essential to
mitigating the risks that these devices pose to the organization.

IoT Security Important

Companies are increasingly taking advantage of IoT and OT devices to
improve productivity and increase visibility into their operations. As a result,
growing numbers of networked devices deployed on corporate networks have
access to sensitive data and critical systems.

Often, these devices have security issues that make them vulnerable to attack
and place the rest of the organization at risk. For example, cyber threat actors
commonly target unprotected printers, smart lighting, IP cameras, and other
networked devices to gain access to an organization’s network. From there,
they can move laterally through the network to access more critical devices
and sensitive data and create ransomware and/or double extortion
cyberattacks that can render a business’ network useless.

Securing the company against cyber threats requires securing all devices
connected to the corporate network. IoT security is a vital component of a
corporate cybersecurity strategy because it limits the risks posed by these
insecure, networked devices.

Types of IoT Security

IoT security solutions can be implemented by both device customers and
manufacturers. The three types oF IoT security include:

❖ Network Security: Users need to protect their devices against

unauthorized access and potential exploitation. IoT network
security implements a zero-trust security strategy to minimize the
corporate attack surface.

❖ Embedded: Nano agents provide on-device security for IoT

devices. Runtime protection monitors the current state of the
device and takes action based on anomalies to identify and
remediate zero-day attacks.

❖ Firmware Assessment: Firmware security starts with assessing

the firmware of a protected IoT device. This finds potential
vulnerabilities within an IoT device’s firmware.

MAINTAINABILITY:-
The maintainability of IoT (Internet of Things) refers to the ease
with which IoT systems can be managed, updated, repaired, and
sustained over time. Several factors contribute to the
maintainability of IoT systems:
1. **Remote Management**: IoT devices are often deployed in
remote or hard-to-reach locations. Remote management
capabilities enable administrators to monitor and control devices
without physically accessing them. This includes tasks such as
software updates, configuration changes, and troubleshooting.

2. **Scalability**: IoT systems often comprise numerous

interconnected devices. Scalability ensures that the system can
accommodate growth by adding new devices seamlessly without
compromising performance or reliability. It also involves managing
the increased complexity that comes with a larger network of
devices.
3. **Interoperability**: As IoT ecosystems involve diverse devices
from various manufacturers, interoperability is crucial for
seamless integration and communication between different
components. Standards and protocols help ensure that devices
can work together effectively, simplifying maintenance efforts.

4. **Security Updates**: IoT devices are vulnerable to security

threats, and maintaining their security is essential to prevent
breaches and protect data and privacy. Regular security updates,
patches, and firmware upgrades help mitigate risks and address
vulnerabilities as they emerge.
5. **Diagnostic Tools**: Having robust diagnostic tools simplifies
the troubleshooting process by providing insights into device
performance, connectivity issues, and potential failures. These
tools help identify and resolve problems quickly, reducing
downtime and maintenance costs.
6. **Modularity**: Designing IoT systems with modular
components facilitates maintenance by allowing defective or
outdated parts to be easily replaced or upgraded without affecting
the entire system. This modular approach enhances flexibility and
simplifies future enhancements or modifications.
7. **Data Management**: IoT devices generate vast amounts of
data, and efficient data management practices are necessary to
ensure that data is collected, processed, and stored effectively.
Implementing data governance policies, data backups, and data
retention strategies aids in maintaining data integrity and
accessibility.
8. **Lifecycle Management**: Proper lifecycle management
involves planning for the entire lifespan of IoT devices, from
deployment to decommissioning. This includes tasks such as
asset tracking, inventory management, and end-of-life disposal to
ensure that devices are retired responsibly and replaced in a
timely manner.

Overall, prioritizing maintainability in IoT design and

implementation is essential for maximizing the longevity, reliability,
and performance of IoT systems while minimizing operational
costs and downtime.

EMBEDDED PROCESSOR FOR IOT:-

Introduction to python programming :-
The rapidly changing automotive industry has allowed IoT to revolutionize the
automotive industry. The internet of things (IoT) makes driving safe and efficient. It has
unleashed a range of benefits in agriculture from improving productivity to crop failure
risks. The capability IoT to diagnose a problem and avoid failure of the system is helping
in preventing the breakdown scenario.

The usage of IoT devices has increased year to year. More than 8 billion IoT devices have
registered from 2016 to 2018. As per the IoT expert’s analysis, at the end of 2020, the
count of IoT devices will reach more than 30 billion. And the market value of IoT will
reach $7 trillion.

As the internet of things (IoT) is evolving continuously, it can be difficult to analyze which
tools are more useful in IoT development. Many programming languages are used to
develop IoT devices. But which programming languages are most efficient in IoT
development. Python language is one among the most popular programming languages
for IoT. The coding flexibility & dynamic nature of python helps developers in creating
intelligent IoT devices.

IOT:-
IoT definition says that IoT is a network of electronic devices that consist of software,
sensors, actuators, and connectivity which allows these things to connect, interact and
exchange data. The internet of things (IoT) is like an ecosystem in which physical objects
are connected with each other and can be accessed through the internet.

The internet of things (IoT) revolution is going to change the human living style in the
future. It will change the way of communication between human being. The primary use
of IoT is not only an automatic coffee maker, door opening and switching on lights. IoT
collects data from the connected devices which will help in making a fruitful decision.

The IoT applications in the hospital will help to collect patient data then analyze with
different IoT monitoring machines. This will help doctors for treating patients even from
remote areas. The internet of things (IoT) devices allows consumers, businesses and other
connected devices to run efficiently.

PYTHON:-
Python is a very popular high-level programming language that focuses on code
readability. It is a dynamic and interpreted programming language. Python supports
multiple programming paradigm. Generally, Python has fewer steps as compared to Java
and C. Python language is also called a general-purpose programming language.

Python can be used for software development, mathematics, web development, and
system scripting. In Python web development, developers use python on the server-side
to develop web applications. Python can handle big and complex data easily. It can work
on different platforms Windows, Mac, Linux, and Raspberry Pi.

Python is an efficient and fast programming language because it runs on the interpreter.
Python can be treated as procedural, functional and object-oriented, etc. With the
scripting language, you can develop desktop applications and web applications. It also
translated into binary language like java.

Python in IoT Development:-

A database is a no-brainer when it comes to most IoT applications. All the IoT devices
send data to the internet. Then there should be a database required which can store
generated data. MySQL is the go-to relational database for most developers. In this
regard, mysqldb is a very convenient little tool which circumvents the need to execute
shell commands within a Python script to read and write to a database. And comes Python
into the picture. You can also use other programming languages along with Python such
as:

• Assembly
•C
• C++
• Java
• Javascript
• PHP
• Python and many more

Before developers were using a java programming language in IoT development.

Nowadays Python is quite a favorite language of developers. The reason behind using
Python in IoT development is the specific feature that Python provides:

Easy to code: With the clear syntax developers get an idea on code identification
instead of {};

Simple Syntax: Python has a simple syntax similar to the English Language

Interpreted Language: Python runs on interpreter system. The code can be executed
as soon as it is written. Prototyping can be very quick.
Embeddable: Python allows integration with other languages. It is possible to put our
code in other programming languages like C++ etc.

Extensible: Python is extensible language. It allows developers to write programs with

fewer lines than some other programming languages.

Portable: Python code is portable there is no need to change the code for different
machines. You can run one code in many machines

Free and open-source: Python is open-source language. Its source code is freely
available to the public you can download it, change it and distribute it.

Community supports: Python has already got its huge response in the market with
the above-mentioned features thus provides many users grouped into community to
support the advancements further.

Easy to learn: Learning and implementation of python is relatively simple and easy
when compared to other native languages like C++ and java.

Easy to debug: Python scripting language is one of the better language to debug than
C++ and C. In this source code is executed line by line.

Library support: Python supports large standard libraries. Installation of the libraries
is easy, and it saves time.

BUILDING IOT With RASPBERRY PI And

ARDUINO:-
All web application is developed natively in Java Programming Language. It
includes java technologies similar to JSP, servlets, hibernate, and web
services, etc., the latest version of net beans IDE is basically used for web
application development. Additional technologies like bootstrap, javascript,
jQuery, etc are used to handle UI and client-side validations. Cisco provided
APIs are used to develop application related to Cisco IP phones.
 IOT uisng Raspberry Pi

Five steps are used in web applications

• Installing Apache Webserver

• Create a My SQL database system
• Developed web application For the GUI (Graphical User Interface)
• Write lots of PHP, JAVA script, CSS and Python Programs for the Web
Application
• Host Web application on our Web server

Raspberry Pi

The history of the Raspberry Pi was basically introduced in 2006. Its main
concept is based on Atmel ATmega644 which is particularly designed for
educational use and intended for Python. A Raspberry Pi is of small size i.e., of
a credit-card-sized single-board computer, which is developed in the United
Kingdom(U.K) by a foundation called Raspberry Pi. The main motto of this
foundation is to promote the teaching of basic computer science in the
education institutes and also in developing countries. The first generation of
Raspberry (Pi 1) was released in the year 2012, which has two types of models
namely model A and model B.
 Raspberry Pi

In the subsequent year, A+ and B+ models were released. Again in 2015,

Raspberry Pi2 model B was released and an immediate year Raspberry Pi3
model B was released in the market.

Raspberry Pi can be plugged into a TV, computer monitor, and it uses a

standard keyboard and mouse. It is user-friendly as it can be handled by all the
age groups. It does everything you would expect a desktop computer to do like
word-processing, browsing the internet spreadsheets, playing games to playing
high definition videos. It is used in many applications like in a wide array of
digital maker projects, music machines, parent detectors to the weather station
and tweeting birdhouses with infrared cameras.

All models feature on a Broadcom system on a chip (SOC), which includes

chip graphics processing unit GPU(a Video Core IV), an ARM-compatible and
CPU. The CPU speed ranges from 700 MHz to 1.2 GHz for the Pi 3 and
onboard memory range from 256 MB to 1 GB RAM. An operating system is
stored in the secured digital SD cards and program memory in either the
MicroSDHC or SDHC sizes. Most boards have one to four USB slots,
composite video output, HDMI and a 3.5 mm phone jack for audio. Some
models have WiFi and Bluetooth.
The Raspberry Pi Foundation provides Arch Linux ARM and Debian
distributions for download, and promotes Python as the main programming
language, with support for BBC BASIC, Java, C, Perl, Ruby, PHP, Squeak
Smalltalk, C++, etc.

The following are essential to get started

• Video cable to suit the TV or monitor used

• SD card containing Linux Operating system
• Power supply (see Section 1.6 below)
• USB keyboard
• TV or monitor (with DVI, HDMI, Composite or SCART input)

ARUDINO:-
Arduino is a popular open-source electronics platform that provides
both hardware and software tools for building various electronic
projects, including those in the field of IoT (Internet of Things). When
incorporating Arduino into IoT projects, several key aspects are
involved:

1. **Arduino Hardware**: Arduino boards are the physical

computing platforms that form the basis of IoT projects. These
boards come in various shapes and sizes, with the most common
being the Arduino Uno. Other popular models include the Arduino
Mega, Arduino Nano, and Arduino Due. These boards consist of a
microcontroller (usually an Atmel AVR or ARM processor) along with
input/output pins for connecting sensors, actuators, and other
components.
2. **Sensors and Actuators**: In IoT projects, sensors are used to
gather data from the physical environment, while actuators are used
to control physical devices based on that data. Arduino supports a
wide range of sensors and actuators, including temperature
sensors, humidity sensors, motion sensors, light sensors, motors,
LEDs, and more. These components are connected to the Arduino
board via its input/output pins.
3. **Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment)**: The
Arduino IDE is the software tool used to write, compile, and upload
code to Arduino boards. It provides a user-friendly interface for
writing code in the Arduino programming language, which is based
on C/C++. The IDE also includes a vast library of pre-written code
(called sketches) and examples that can be used to quickly
prototype IoT projects.
4. **Programming**: Arduino programming involves writing code to
read data from sensors, process it, and control actuators
accordingly. This code typically follows a structure where sensor
readings are captured, processed using algorithms or logic, and
then used to control actuators or transmit data over a network (e.g.,
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, LoRa, etc.). Arduino supports various
communication protocols, including serial communication, I2C,
SPI, and more, allowing it to interact with other devices and systems
in an IoT ecosystem.
5. **Connectivity**: To make Arduino-based IoT projects truly
interconnected, additional components may be required for
network connectivity. This could involve adding Wi-Fi or Ethernet
shields/modules to enable communication with the internet or
other devices on a local network. Alternatively, Arduino boards with
built-in Wi-Fi or Bluetooth capabilities, such as the Arduino Uno
WiFi Rev2 or the Arduino Nano 33 IoT, can be used for wireless
communication.
6. **Cloud Integration**: In many IoT applications, data collected by
Arduino devices is sent to the cloud for storage, analysis, and
visualization. Arduino offers various ways to integrate with cloud
platforms such as AWS, Azure, Google Cloud, and IoT-specific
platforms like Adafruit IO and ThingSpeak. This allows developers to
build scalable and robust IoT solutions that leverage cloud
computing resources for data processing and storage.