Globilization

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Globlization refers to integrate (Sumup) national economies with the

global economies. This actually
increases the value of the national marketplace I also helps the country's to develop
economy
in a better

😃
The of treatment to all the events that have led this drastic social
History globlization is a to and

economic
change

Globlization -

Define as an economic
system which is associated with the free movement of tech,
and Ideas
goods, people, all across the world.

This term is
normally used to describe the rapid increasing interdependence of
world cultures, populations and their
growing
economies and this is
generally brought
cross-trade blu different countries world
by across

The Pre Modern

Globisation is a recent term that has
emerged since last 304 but the
making of global world has a
long
of trade, of of of
history -

migration, people in search work, movement capital etc.

😛
🥸
From ancient times travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge, opportunity
and spectual fulfilment.

As early
as 3000 BCE
an active coastal trade linked the Indus valley Civilisations with present day
West Asi

Silk routes
Silkroutes are a
good example of good and vibrant

Pre-modern world and cultural links between Different

countries

Several silkroutes have been identified by historians overland

Asia
and
by the seas
↑
connecting various
regions
of and
linking
Asia with Europe and Northern Africa

In
🫠 exchange of textile and species from india, precious metals -

gold, silver flowed from Europe to Asia

Food travels: Spaghetti and Potato

Food offers of distance cultural New introduced by traders
many examples long exchange. crops were

and travellers -

Forstuff noodles travelled from

such as china to become
spaghetti

Our ancestors foods

were not familiar with Common such as potatoes soya, groundnuts, maize, tomatoes, chillies
Sweet potatoes, and so on About 5 centuries
ago many ofOur Common foods came from America's
original
Inhabitants -
the American Indians
 Sometimes the new
Crops could mak diff blw life and death Europe Poor People began
to depend on Potato Ireland's poorest people became So Dependent on Potato that
🤠
When disease destroyed the potato crop in the mid-1800 lats were killed Irish Potato
😃
Conquest, Disease and Trade
Famine

The Ocean, for before had

knowledge
indian centuries known a
bustling trade, with goods, people
Customs etc

The of europeans these flows towards vast

entry helped in
redirecting Europe America's land and Abundant

crops minerals
began to transform trade and lives
everywhere

The portuguese and Spanish Conquest and colonisation of America was decisively underway by the mid

Sixteenth century

Europeans most powerful weapon is seams such as those of smallpoxthatthey cammed on their

It proved killer
person to be a
deadly

Until the and india the World's

well into
Eighteenth century, China were
among richest countries

from the fifteenth said to restricted and metricated

However
century, China have overseas contacts

into isolation Europe the centre of world trade

now
emerged as

😎 Nineteenth century ( 1815-1914)

The
In Technological factors
19th
century, Economic, political, Social, Cultural and interacted in complex ways to

transform societies and reshape external relations

Three flows or movements were Identified by economist -

M
Madhai I↑ -

E I Mazza
-
-
1. The first flow of trade

The second flow is of

was

Labours
of Goods
(eg.

of
Cloth OR

people for
wheat)

employment
USRDE
I

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For
2.
Migration
-

3. The third of Capital for short term investments distances

was or
long term over
long
-

The World Economy Takes Shape

In the 19th Century Self-sufficiency in food meant lower
living standards and conflict in Britain happend
because of population growth from the late 18th century

Cornlaws-were imposed which means restriction in the import of corn the British
agriculture was unable to

vast of land left uncultivated. So thousands of

Compete with imports and areas were men and

flocked
women to the Cities or
migrated overseas

In Britain, food
prices fell and in the mid 19th century. Industrial Growth led to higher incomes and

more food imports in order to fulfil British Demand, in Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia

lands were cleared to

expand food production.
of finance of from
In order to
manage linking
of
railways to terms and terms labour people emigrated
to and Australia
Europe America in the 19th
century
 By 1890, A Global Agricultural Economy had taken shape, Adapting Complex Changes in labour movement

patterns, capital flows, ecologies and

technology

🫠
In west punjab, the British Indian government a networkof
built
innigation canals to transform semi

😛desert wastes into fertile agricultural lands to

grow wheat and cotton for export Even the cultivation

of cotton, expanded Worldwide to feed British textile mills

Role of Technology
🤓Some ofthe important mucations in the field of

technology are the railways, steamships the telegraph

🤠which transformed the 19th century world But

🥸
technological advances were often the result of

larger social, political and Economic factors

🥺
For example -
colonisation stimulated new investments and

improvements transport: faster help

in
railways and all

food farms
to move more cheaply and quickly from
faraway
to final markets

Animals were also shipped live from America to Europe fill the 1870s Meat was considered as -

luxury.
😃
Late 19th century Colonialism
Trade flourished and markets expanded in the late ninteenth century but it has a danken side too

of the world the of trade and closer relationship the world

many parts
with
as in expansion a
economy
meant loss of freedoms and livelihoods

In 1885 the
by european powers met in Berlin to complete the carving up of Africa between them

☠Brastain and France made vast additions to their overseas territories Belgium and became
Germany
colonial

dark
new
powers
Na
C

Rinderpest, or the cattle Plague

-
E-
Ale
B
- .

Musicor
In Africa in the 1890s, fast of Cattle
spreading disease plague impacted people's livelihoods and the

local
Economy

Africa had abundant land and a

relatively small
population in the late 19th century Europeans were

tracted
* to Africa due to its vast resources of land and minerals

Europeans came to Africa

hoping to establish plantations and mines to produce crops and minerals for export to

Europe. But there exexpected problem-shortage of labour to work for wages

was an
willing

Inheritance laws
changed and to the member of family to
were
according new one
only one a was allowed

Inherit land

In late 1880s, Rinderpest arrived in Africa carried by infected cattle imported from British area

to feed the Italian Soldiers Eritrea in Africa

the loss of cattle destroyed African luchhoods

Indentured labour Migration from India
In India indentured labourers were hired under contracts and

most of them came from the present day regions of up, Bihar,
centralIndia and Tamil Nadu

Indian indentured migrants main distinations were the caribbean

Islands

🥸workers were recruited fortea plantations in Assam 19th century indenture has been described as "new
😎system of
slavery
🫠
Indian trade Colonialism and the Global System
Cottons from India were exposed to Europe. In Britain, tariffs were imposed on cloth imports
inflow of fine Indian began century, British
consequently, the cotton to decline Over the 19th

manufactures flooded the indian market

India played crucial role the late 19th

century world Britain's trade surplus india
a in
sonomy in

also
helped pay the so-called home
charges that included private remittances, interest payments
etc

The Inter-war Economy

🤠

😃
the first Europe, but its impact felt around
world war (191-18) was
fought in was the world

During this period the world experienced widespread economic and political instability and

Other catastrophic war

Wartime transformations

The first world war was

fought biw Allies Britain
France & Russia later joined by use
the Central Powers (Ottoman Turkey
Hungary

unre
dhaik
Ra
The lasted for than 4 years. It considered first industrial saw -
E-
war more was as war which
- .

of machine
guns, tanks, aircraft, chemical scale
the use weapons etc on a massive

During the war industries were restructured to produce war related goods Britain borrowed large sums

of money from US banks as well as the US

public transforming the us from being an international

debtor to an international creditor

Post war Recovery

Britain worlds
leading Economy Faced a
Prolonged
industries had Developed in India
(Japan while
Britain was preoccupied in the War After the
war Britain Found it difficult to Recapture
Its earlier position

At the end ofthe wan Britain was burdened with

huge external debts.
 The great depression
😇
the period of
great Depression began around 1929 and lasted till the mid 1930s, most parts of the world

😎experienced catastrophic declines in production, Employment, incomes and trade

The most affected combination of

areas were
agricultural regions
and Communities

several factors led to Depression

c) The first factor

agricultural Overproduction

1) In mid-1920s, countries financed their investment loan from the us

many through
🥸
The rest of the world is Affected by the withdrawl of us loans in different ways

India
🤠 and the great depression

Indian trade is
immediately affected
by depression

😃
The prices of agriculture fell shamply but still, the colonial
gout, refused to reduce revenue demands

In those depression years india became an exporter of precious metals notably gold

🫠
India
· .

wrest Gandhilaunched Gull movement of

was thus seething with when Mahatma Disobidence at the height
depression

Rebuilding a World economy the Postwar-Era

Two decades after the end of first world war the second world war broke out it was found between the axis power mainly nazi Germany Japan
and Italy and allies Britain France and the Soviet Union and the US the war continue for six year over land sea and air

The was caused an immensed amount Economic devastation

of and social disruption.

Post was reconstruction was shaped by two crucial influences the first one is that the us
emerged as the

western
dominant Economic political and military power in the world

The Second was the dominance of the Soviet Union

Post war settlement and the Bretton Woods institutions

Two key lessons were drawn out from the interwar economic experience

① Mass production Cannot sustained without mass communication

② Country should have economic links with hole world

 🥺
The Bretton woods conference established the international monetry fund (IMF) To deal with external

surplus
The international Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) was set up to finance

the post was construction

Both institutions start from 1947

working

The early post war years was the era of Big growth of trade and incomes was inaugurated by Bretton woods for the Western industrial
nations and Japan during this decade technology and enterprise were spread worldwide

Decolonisation and independence

After the end of second world war, large parts of the world were still under European colonial rule

The IMF and World Bankwere

designed to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries

In late 1950, the IMF and World Bank there attention towards countries most of
shits developing
them were not benefited

😃
🤠
They organised as a
group-the Group 77 OR G-7 and demanded a new international economic

Order CNIEO)

🫠
NIEO-system that would give them real control over their natural resources more development
assistance etc

End of Bretton woods And the beginning of globalisation

The US finance and competitive strength of Weak due to rising cost of its overseas environment from 1960 in the mid-1970s the international
finance system also changed And the thing industrial world was also hit by unemployment

MNCs began to shift their production to low-wage Asian countries China became attractive destination for investment by foreign MNCs

The world economic geography has been transformed as countries such as India China and Brazil have undergone rapid economic transformation

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