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LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE
ROTATION AND REVOLUTION
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A
RM
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C
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R
Phase 4: Eclipse
A
Age of Earth
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- -
Technique used: Radioactive dating -> invented by Ernst Rutherford (1905)
Types of Dating
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1. Uranium-lead dating method (oldest rocks)
2. Potassium-argon method
3. Rubidium-strontium method
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4. Radiocarbon dating method
5. Chlorine-36 dating method
6. Carbon-dating (C ) (latest rocks)
14
Shape of Earth
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B T
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Shape of Earth is Geoid or Oblate Spheroid (a little flat from top and bottom)
A
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Reason: more Centrifugal Force at Equator bulges earth at Centre and Gravitation force
at poles pushes surface towards centre due gravitational force towards the centre, it flat in
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top and bottom
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Actual shape
!
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When a body revolves, two types of forces is applicable
/
Centripetal Force: towards the axis of rotation or centre of curvature (inside)
/ Centrifugal Force: directed away from the centre of the circle
Radius of Earth
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* P
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E
Equatorial Radius: 6378 km
R
:
A
Polar Radius: 6357 km
Mean Radius: 6371
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Why polar radius Equatorial radius?
Ans: Earth is bulged at the equator and flattened at the poles
Circumference of the Earth
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Polar: 40,007 km
i
Equatorial: 40,075 km
Mean: 40,040 km
Why poles circumference Equatorial?
Earth is bulged at equator and flattened at
the poles
Rotation of Earth
tilted at it’s axis
↓
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Rotation: spinning on its own axis
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I
Direction: West to East R
One rotation of Earth: 23 hour 56 mins 4 sec
Rotational Speed is maximum at Equator and minimum at Poles
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W
↓ 22.5
Fastest rotation speed is of
#=>
- E
Jupiter
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>
>
66.5
T
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Orbital plane
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Revolution of Earth
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Revolving around the Sun in Elliptical orbit
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-
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One revolution: 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes and 9 sec
Orbital speed: 29.8 km/sec t
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·
Max orbital speed: Mercury 6 x 4 = 24 hrs ->Leap year concept (366 days)
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Min orbital speed: Neptune
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Distance from the Sun
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~
When nearest to Sun: Perihelion (January 3rd - 14,75,00,000 km)
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When farthest from Sun: Aphelion (July 4 - 15,25,00,000 km)
Perigee: the point of moon’s orbit when it is closest to Earth
- Apogee: When moon is farthest from Earth
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R
Inclination of the Earth’s axis
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A
1 0
I Axial Inclination: Inclination of Earth on its axis = 23 2
-
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Orbital Inclination:
- Inclination of Earth on its orbital
1
plane = 66
O
2
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Hemisphere
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C
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Equal division of Earth in two parts
. Equator: divides the globe horizontally into 2 equal parts - Northern and Southern
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Hemisphere R
Prime Meridian and International Date Line: divides the globe vertically - Eastern and
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-
e
Western Hemisphere
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Latitude and Longitude
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Imaginary lines
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Horizontal lines E IIII Vertical lines
Latitude
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Imaginary horizontal lines on the globe that run from
East to West
a
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Angular Distance of a place from the equator
1 degree of latitude = 111 km (approx)
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↑
↑Total latitudes: 181
↑
Distance b/w each latitude is same
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Important Latitudes:
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0 : Equator
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R ...
231 N: Tropic of Cancer
2
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66 1 N: Arctic Circle
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I
2
231 S: Tropic of Capricorn
· --
2
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66 1 S: Antarctic Circle
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--
2
Direct ray of sunlight do not fall ↑ Largest latitude: Equator
Sunlight does not falls beyond
beyond these tropics I
Smallest latitude: Poles (North
these tropics
and South)
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Uses
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1. In Climatology:
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Temperature zones, wind
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Responsible for Pressure System
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Planetary Winds System
2. Location of place
NH
Longitudes
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- Imaginary vertical lines over the globe that run
North to South
⑪
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Angular Distance of a plane from Prime Meridian
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Distance from each longitude varies from poles
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towards equator
v
Least distance at poles and maximum distance at
equator: 111.32 km
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SH
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Total longitudes: 360
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.
↑
All longitudes divide Earth into 2 equal parts
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All longitudes are Great Circle (circle in case of longitudes)
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Important Meridians
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Prime Meridian: 0 degree longitude (passes from
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Greenwich, London)
↑
International Date Line: 180 degree Meridian
↓
Zig-Zag lines
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International Date Line
I 8
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R
A
Prime Meridian
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It passes through Greenwich in London
: Countries: 8
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UK
France
Spain
Algeria
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Mali
Burkina Faso
Togo
Ghana
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TRICK: BSF GAMe in TOGO Kingdom
360 = 24 hrs
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360 = 1 hr
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24
15 = 1 hr
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15 = 60 mins
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1 = 60 = 4 mins
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C
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15
↑ Prime Meridian will increase the time by 1 hr
Moving East away from prime meridian, will
Moving each 15 towards West of Prime
v
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increase the time by an hour for every 15°,
↑ Meridian will ifdecrease
consecutively we move the timefrom
to West by 1the
hr prime
meridian, the time will decrease by an hour
Solstice and Equinox
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A
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23rd Sep
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22nd Dec -
Overhead
e 21st June
Rays in
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Tropic of ↓
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Overhead Rays fall
Capricorn
Longest day and
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21st March Shortest night
W
Day and Night: due to Rotation
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Seasons:
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1. Revolution
2. Tilt
Solstice
Summer - June 21 Winter - Dec 22
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1. Vertical rays on Tropic of Cancer 1. Vertical rays on Tropic of
2. Northern Hemisphere gets more heat Capricorn
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3. Continuous sun rays on North Pole for
6 months, continuous days
4. known as Kark Sankranthi
I 2. Southern Hemisphere gets more
heat
Insolation: incoming solar 3. Continuous Sun rays on South
radiations Pole for 6 months, continuous
daylight
R 4. known as Makar Sankranthi
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Equinox
- -
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Direct rays of the Sun fall on the Equator
& At this position neither of the poles is titled towards the Sun
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So, the entire Earth experiences Equal days and nights
Vernal Equinox
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March 21: It is spring in the NH and
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autumn in the SH
Autumnal Equinox
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- Sep 23: it is autumn in NH and
spring in SH
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C
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Sun (at its constant position) is obscured by the moon
t
New Moon
- Amavasya
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I
A
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Moon is blocking Sun’s light
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Total Solar Eclipse Annular Solar Eclipse Partial Solar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse
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C
↓
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Full Moon condition- Purnima Earth blocks Sun’s light
(light refraction)
-> scatters more
R causing blue colour
light to vanish and red - scatters less
light to reach moon
A
RM
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Red Moon Blue moon
↓
2 full moon in a month
C
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~ Lunar Eclipse + Perigee -> Moon appears bigger than its normal size
↓
Super Moon condition
R Penumbra
A
-
-> Umbra
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Iight shadow (Penumbra)
of
IIIII- Dark Shadow (Umbra)
↳x
⑳@=
-
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