ISSN: Journal of Natural

Print - 2277 - 0593 Sciences, E ngineering

Online - 2315 - 7461 and Technology
© F UNAAB 2011

THE E FFE CT OF SUBSTITUTING MAIZE WITH

GRADE D LE VE L OF BISCUIT WASTE ON THE
GROWTH PE RFORMANCE , NUTRIE NT UTILIZATION,
CARCASS COMPOSITION, HAE MATOLOGICAL
PARAME TE RS AND E CONOMIC PE RFORMANCE OF
AFRICAN CATFISH Clarias gariepinus (BURCHE LL 1822)

1* A.Z. ADE ROLU, 1O.O. AARODE , 1A.A. AKONU AND 2W.A. JIMOH

1Department of Marine Sciences, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria

2Fisheriesand Aquaculture Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Crescent
University, Abeokuta.
* Corresponding author: dezaid@ yahoo.com Tel: + 234-8033225139

ABSTRACT
The effect of replacing maize with biscuit waste (BW) in the diet of Clarias gariepinus was evaluated in
a 70-day feeding trial. Four isonitrogenous diets were prepared in which biscuit waste was used to
replace maize at a rate of 50, 75 and 100% respectively. A diet without biscuit waste served as con-
trol. Each treatment had three replicates stocked with 10 catfish juveniles per tank with (mean initial
body weight16.44±2.21g) per fish. The performance of the fish fed test diets was compared with fish
fed a maize-based control diet containing 42.94% crude protein. The fish on the test diets performed
better than the fish fed control diet with respect to mean weight gain (95.12±2.78g in BW 75 Vs
78.67±3.74g in control) and specific growth rate (3.04±0.04 %day-1 Vs 2.79±0.07 %day-1). Feed in-
take, feed conversion ratio and the protein efficiency ratio were not significantly different between test
diets and the control. The inclusion of biscuit waste significantly improved (P<0.05) crude protein re-
tention in the fish carcass. All the haematological parameters increased as a result of BW inclusion,
the converse was however observed in cholesterol and triglyceraldehyde. There was significant differ-
ence (P<0.05) in the cost of feed intake and value of fish.

Keywords: Biscuit waste, blood parameters, substituting maize, economic performance, nutrient
utilization.

INTRODUCTION sources for domestic animals (Shiau and Lin

Providing optimum energy level in diets for 2001) and their utilization by different spe-
fish is important because it gives rise to cies of cultured fish is of interest to fish nu-
protein sparing effect and allows the fish to tritionists. In addition to energy supply, car-
use a higher percentage of the protein com- bohydrates have the physical functions of
ponent of the feed to meet the amino acid texturizing manufactured feeds and acting as
requirements for growth and other physio- a binder in the formulation of both com-
logical functions (Abu et al., 2009). Carbo- pressed and expanded diets (Fagbenro et al.,
hydrates are the cheapest dietary energy 2003). However, fish generally do not utilize

J. Nat. Sci. E ngr. Tech. 2011, 10(2): 111-120 111

1* A.Z., ADE ROLU, 1O.O., AARODE , 1 A.A., AKONU AND 2W.A., JIMOH

carbohydrates better than other domestic sugar, salt and flavor materials (E niolorunda
animals (Shiau 1997) and utilization varies 2011). The waste meal was analysed and
among fish species (Wilson 1994). The di- found to contain substantial amount of nu-
gestibility of carbohydrates has been shown trients such as protein, energy and minerals
to vary with their complexity, source, treat- required for animal growth and performance
ment and level of inclusion in the diet (Longe 1986; Olayeni et al., 2007). BW has
(Adeparusi and Jimoh 2002). Maize is a ce- no anti-nutritional factor and could make a
real grain commonly used as energy source good replacement for maize and other cereal
in fish diets; however, wider utilization and grains in animal diet (E niolorunda 2011).
availability of this conventional source of This study therefore investigates the effect of
energy for fish feed is limited by increasing substituting maize with graded levels of bis-
demand for human consumption and by cuit waste on the growth performance, nutri-
other animal feed industries (E yo 2003). ent utilization, carcass composition, haema-
Hence the need to focus on using less ex- tological parameters and economic perform-
pensive and readily available energy sources ance of Clarias gariepinus.
to replace maize meal without reducing the
nutritional quality of the feed becomes im- MATE RIALS AND ME THODS
perative (Abu et al., 2009). The use of alter- Sources of Test Ingredients and Diets
native energy sources replacing conven- Formulation
tional one have been investigated (Olurin et The biscuit waste and other ingredients were
al. 2006; Abu et al. 2009) in African catfish. obtained from Soleace and Moxie Nigeria
Limited, opposite Lagos State abattoir, Oko-
Biscuit waste (BW) is an agro-industrial Oba, Agege, Lagos. The biscuit waste and
waste product found in substantial quanti- other protein feed ingredients were milled
ties in biscuit producing industries located and analysed for their proximate composi-
at different industrial areas in Nigeria. It is a tion as shown in Table 1.
palatable, high energy feed produced from
wheat flour, skimmed milk, vegetable fat,

Table 1: Proximate Composition (% dry matter) of Biscuit Waste and

Maize used for the formulation

Parameters Biscuit Maize

Dry Matter 93.70 95.11
Crude Protein 10.01 9.77
Crude Fibre 3.33 4.13
E ther E xtract 4.38 4.35
Ash 3.53 7.91
Source: The analysis was done by the authors

J. Nat. Sci. E ngr. Tech. 2011, 10(2): 111-120 112

 THE E FFECT OF SUBSTITUTING MAIZE WITH GRADE D LE VEL OF ….

Based on nutrient composition of the pro- replacement as shown in Table 2. Measured

tein feedstuffs, four isonitrogenous experi- quantities of each feed ingredients were
mental diets were formulated consisting of a blended, moistened, steam pelleted (2mm)
control diet (excluding biscuit waste) and and was sundried for 24hrs.
three other test diets with graded levels of
biscuit waste (50, 75 and 100%) as maize

Table 2: Gross Composition (g/100g) of Experimental Diets fed to

Clarias gariepinus
Ingredients E xperimental Diets
CTR BW50 BW75 BW100
Fish Meal 27.00 27.00 27.00 27.00
SBM 34.97 34.97 34.97 34.97
GNC 15.13 15.13 15.13 15.13
Maize 20.00 10.00 5.00 0.00
Biscuit Waste 0.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
Palm Oil 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
*DCP 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Vitamin C 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Fish Premix 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Salt 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Calculated Nutrients Value of the Feed
Calculated CP (%) 42.94 42.98 42.99 43.01

Calculated E E (%) 4.15 4.34 4.44 4.54

Calculated E nergy 18.12 18.20 18.23 18.36

(kcal/kg)

SBM; Soya Bean Meal, GNC; Groundnut Cake, DCP; Dicalcium Phosphate, CP; Crude
Protein, E E ; E ther E xtract, CTR; Control, BW; Biscuit Waste.

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1* A.Z., ADE ROLU, 1O.O., AARODE , 1 A.A., AKONU AND 2W.A., JIMOH

E xperimental Fish and Systems samples were collected in a 5-ml syringe and
Juveniles of Clarias gariepinus of average heparinised bottle for haematological assay
weight 16.44± 2.21g were obtained from a (haemoglobin, Hb), packed cell volume
fish farm at Ikotun area of Lagos and trans- (PCV), triglyceraldehyde and cholesterol)
ported to the Nutrition Unit of the Depart- using standard formula described by Joshi et
ment of Marine Sciences, University of La- al., (2002).
gos. The fish were acclimatized for seven
days while being fed with a commercial diet Statistical Analysis
(Coppens) of 2mm size. Groups of 10 juve- All data were subjected to one-way analysis
niles of Clarias gariepinus were randomly of variance (ANOVA) test using SPSS 15.0
stocked into plastic tanks (L X B X H: version (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
52.5cm X 33.5cm X 21cm). E ach diet was Where ANOVA revealed significant differ-
fed to the catfish in triplicate tanks twice ence (P< 0.05), Duncan multiple – range test
daily (09.00h, 16.00h) at 5% body weight (Zar, 1999) was applied to characterise and
for 70 days. Total fish weight in each tank quantify the differences between treatments.
was determined every week and the amount
of diet was adjusted according to the new RE SULT
weight. Growth response and feed utiliza- The results of the growth performance and
tion indices were estimated following meth- nutrient utilization are shown in Table 3.
ods of Oliver-Teles and Goncalves (2001), There was no significant difference (P> 0.05)
for specific growth rate (SGR), feed conver- in the average initial weight of the experi-
sion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio mental fish across the diet groups. All the
(PE R) and net profit value. Water tempera- test diets performed better than the fish fed
ture and dissolved oxygen were measured control diet. There was significant difference
using a digital dissolved oxygen meter; pH (P< 0.05) between the mean weight gain
was monitored weekly using pH meter. (MWG) of the fish fed control diets and the
Representative samples from each replicate fish fed diets up to 100% replacement level
were sacrificed at the end of the feeding of Maize with biscuit waste. Fish fed test diet
trial and analysed for their carcass composi- BW75 had the highest performance with re-
tion (AOAC 2000). spect to MWG while the fish fed with the
control diet recorded the lowest value of
H aematological Analysis MWG.
Blood samples were randomly taken from
fish in each experimental tank. The blood

J. Nat. Sci. E ngr. Tech. 2011, 10(2): 111-120 114

 THE E FFECT OF SUBSTITUTING MAIZE WITH GRADE D LE VEL OF ….

Table 3: Growth performance and nutrient utilization of Clarias gariepinus

juvenile of the different experimental diets for a culture period of 70 days

Parameter Control Diet Test Diets

CTR BW50 BW75 BW100
Initial weight (g) 16.41± 0.14 16.58± 0.14 16.42± 0.29 16.33± 0.14
Final weight (g) 95.08± 3.64a 102.40± 3.35b 111.54± 4.45c 108.85± 2.91bc
1MWG (g) 78.67± 3.74a 85.82± 3.48b 95.12± 4.23c 92.51± 2.78bc
2DWG (g/day) 1.20± 0.17 1.14± 0.16 1.38± 0.09 1.32± 0.39
3SGR (%/day) 2.79± 0.07a 2.89± 0.06a 3.04± 0.04b 3.01± 0.02b
Feed intake(g) 91.12± 3.89 91.78± 4.48 100.58± 0.66 100.61± 2.40
4FCR 0.86± 0.02 0.94± 0.05 0.94± 0.04 0.92± 0.04
5PE R 2.01± 0.06 2.18± 0.13 2.19± 0.09 2.13± 0.09

All values on the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05)

1 Mean Weight Gain (MWG) = final mean weight –initial mean weight
2Daily Weight Gain (DWG) = MWG/No. of experimental days
3 Specific Growth Rate (SGR) = [ln final weight-ln initial weight] X 100
4Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) = dry weight of feed fed /Weight gain (g)
5 Protein E fficiency Ratio (PE R) = fish body weight (g)/ Protein fed

The least FCR was recorded by fish fed the biscuit waste.
control diet. Fish fed with BW 50 and BW
75 diet had the highest value of FCR. How- The economic analysis is shown in Table 4.
ever, there was no significant difference There was significant difference (P< 0.05) in
(P> 0.05) in the FCR of the fish fed control the cost of feed intake and value of fish. The
diets and those of the test diets. There was the net profit value follows the same trend as
no significant difference (P> 0.05) in the that of cost of feed intake.
protein efficiency ratio (PE R) of the fish
fed control diets and those fed test diet up
to 100% replacement level of maize with

J. Nat. Sci. E ngr. Tech. 2011, 10(2): 111-120 115

1* A.Z., ADE ROLU, 1O.O., AARODE , 1 A.A., AKONU AND 2W.A., JIMOH

Table 4: Cost Analysis of Clarias gariepinus juveniles fed diets containing

varying replacement levels of maize with biscuits waste

E conomic Parameter Control Diet Test Diets

CTR BW50 BW75 BW100
Cost of Feed kg/(N) 175.37 172.87 171.62 170.37
Feed Intake (g) 91.12 91.78 100.58 100.61
Cost of Feed Intake (N) 15.97a 15.87a 17.26b 17.14b
*Value of fish (N) 39.94a 43.00b 46.84c 45.72bc
**Net profit value (N) 23.08 28.19 26.40 21.57
All values on the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05)

*Current Price of Clarias gariepinus/kg was N400

** Net profit value = MWG of fish cropped (g) × No of the survival (n) × Cost of fish
per kg

Table 5 shows the results of the haemato- of BW inclusion, the converse was however
logical studies conducted on Clarias garie- observed in cholesterol and triglyceralde-
pinus fed graded levels of BW. All the hae- hyde.
matological parameters increased as a result

Table 5: Haematological Analysis of Clarias gariepinus fed diets containing

varying replacement levels of maize with biscuits waste
Haematological Parame- Control Test Diets
ters Diet
CTR BW50 BW75 BW100
RBC x 106/L 7.4 x 106b 9.7 x 106ab 9.45 x 106ab 10.7 x 106a
(PCV %) 34b 38.50ab 37.50ab 41.50a
WBC (/mm3) 11000ab 15000a 13000ab 10000b
Haemoglobin (g/dl) 10.95 12.45 12.15 13.40
Cholesterol (g/l) 193a 149b 140b 166.50ab
Triglyceraldehyde 238.50 222 216.50 233
All values on the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05)

J. Nat. Sci. E ngr. Tech. 2011, 10(2): 111-120 116

 THE E FFECT OF SUBSTITUTING MAIZE WITH GRADE D LE VEL OF ….

Table 6 presents the carcass composition of diets recorded higher crude protein than the
Clarias gariepinus fed diets containing varying control diet, while opposite result was ob-
replacement levels of maize by biscuits served for E E though not significantly dif-
waste. The inclusion of biscuit waste signifi- ferent (P> 0.05) across all the diets.
cantly improve (P< 0.05) crude protein re-
tention in the fish flesh. All the fish on test

Table 6: Carcass Composition (%) of Clarias gariepinus fed diets containing

varying replacement levels of maize with biscuits waste
Control Diet Test Diets
CTR BW50 BW75 BW100
Dry Matter 13.62 13.11 13.37 13.22
Crude Protein 42.42b 46.62ab 47.67a 44.78ab
E ther E xtract 13.80 12.60 13.20 12.60

All values on the same row with different superscripts are significantly different (P< 0.05)

DISCUSSION resulted in increased feed utilization

The nutritional quality of biscuit waste used efficiency. Similar result was reported by
in this study seems adequate from the re- (Aderolu et. al. 2009) when they fed proc-
sults obtained on growth and economic in- essed cocoyam tuber to juvenile African cat-
dices. There was no significant difference fish and concluded that starch treated with
reported in the feed intake of the present heat could be better digested by both car-
study showing that the fish fed the test diets nivorous and herbivorous species. The
accepted the feed relatively well and effec- digestibility of carbohydrates has been
tively consumed the experimental diets. shown to vary with their complexity, source,
Domingues et. al. (2003) reported that one treatment and level of inclusion in the diet
of the most common difficulties observed (Adeparusi and Jimoh, 2002). The improved
when alternative sources of feedstuffs are weight gain of the fish fed BW may be asso-
used in fish diets is acceptance and palat- ciated with positive effect of boiling which
ability by the fish. The positive influence of resulted into better nutritional value and
the test ingredient on growth could be due digestibility (Abdulrashid and Agunmobi
to the pre-cooked nature of biscuit waste. 2009) and the highest weight gain recorded
Booth et.al. (2001), reported that processing in diet BW75 could be due to synergistic
conditions have great impact on starch di- effect between the utilization of mixed car-
gestibility. For the weight gain recorded in bohydrate sources as reported by Aderolu
this study, it may be concluded that biscuit and Sogbesan 2010. The result of the FCR
waste being a pre-cooked feed ingredient which is not significantly different

J. Nat. Sci. E ngr. Tech. 2011, 10(2): 111-120 117

1* A.Z., ADE ROLU, 1O.O., AARODE , 1 A.A., AKONU AND 2W.A., JIMOH

between the control and the test diets Root Meal on the Nutrient Utilization of
clearly indicated that the varying levels of Hybrid Cat Fish. Journal of A quaculture F eed
BW substitution for maize in the diets Science and N utrition, 1(3): 61-67.
showed a better utilization of the experi-
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This could be linked to improved feed pal- non on blood parameters in the African cat-
atability and utilization which is evident in fish (Clarias gariepinus). Journal of Clinical
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Adeparusi, E .O. and Jimoh, W. A. 2002.
Blood is a good indicator in determining the Digestibility coefficient of raw and processed
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The values obtained in this experiment for Onikosi 2009 Substitution effect of sor-
all the parameters tested were within normal ghum meal for maize meal in the diet of cat-
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(Sunmonu 2008; Adedeji 2009). nile. Res. J. Fis. Hyd., 4(2): 41-45.

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(Manuscript received: 22nd December, 2010; accepted: 16th A ugust, 2011).

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