1.

MICROMETER SCREW GUAGE - I

AIM:
To find the diameter of a given material.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Given material, screw guage.
FORMULA USED:
TR = PSR +( HSR X LC ± ZC)
TR – Total Reading
PSR – Pitch Scale Reading
HSR – Head Scale Reading
ZC – Zero Correction
LC – Least Count
PROCEDURE:
Thickness of a Wire:
 Place the wire in between the studs and turn the head until rachetarrangement
gives a click.
 Note down the PSR and HSR and perform the same five times.

DIAGRAM:

1
TABLE:
L.C: ________ Z.E: ________ Z.C= ________

PSR HSR HSR X LC TR = PSR+HSR ±ZC

S
NO
mm Div Mm mm

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thickness of the wire = __________

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The screw may have friction.
2. The screw gauge may have back-lash error.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The screw should move freely without friction.
2. Error due to parallax should be avoided.

2
 2. MICROMETER SCREW GUAGE - II
AIM:
To find the volume of a given material.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Given material, screw guage.
FORMULA USED:
TR = PSR +( HSR X LC ± ZC)
V = 4/3 πr3.
TR – Total Reading
PSR – Pitch Scale Reading
HSR – Head Scale Reading
ZC – Zero Correction
LC – Least Count
PROCEDURE:
Thickness of a Wire:
 Place the wire in between the studs and turn the head until rachetarrangement
gives a click.
 Note down the PSR and HSR and perform the same five times.
 By using formula determine the volume of the given material.
DIAGRAM:

3
TABLE:
L.C: ________ Z.E: ________ Z.C= ________

PSR HSR HSR X LC TR = PSR+HSR ±ZC

S
NO
Mm Div Mm Mm

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thickness of the wire = __________

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The screw may have friction.
2. The screw gauge may have back-lash error.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. The screw should move freely without friction.
2. Error due to parallax should be avoided.

4
 3. VERNIER CALLIPER
AIM:
To measure the diameter of the given material and also the volume.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Given material, Verniercaliper.
FORMULA USED:
TR = MSR + (VC X LC ± ZC)
4
V = 3πr3
TR – Total Reading ; MSR – Main Scale Reading
VC – Vernier Scale coincidence ;ZC – Zero Correction
LC – Least Count
PROCEDURE:
 Place the jaws of the verniercaliper.
 Note the main scale reading and vernier coincidence.
 Apply zero error and perform calculations.
 Take 3 or 4 readings.
DIAGRAM:

5
TABLE:
L.C: ________ Z.E: ________ Z.C= ________

MSR VC VSR= VC X LC ±ZC TR = MSR + VSR

S NO
Cm Div cm Cm

1
2
3
4
5

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
The diameter of the given material is = __________ cm.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. The jaws may not be at right angles to the main scale.

2. Parallax may be there in taking observations

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Observations should be taken at right angles.

2. Motion of vernier scale on main scale should be made smooth.

6
 4. SIMPLE PENDULUM
AIM:
To determine the value of acceleration due to gravity (g) using simple pendulum.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Simple pendulum, metre scale, stop clock
FORMULA USED:
g = 4π2 l /T2 .
T – Time period
L – Length of pendulum
PROCEDURE:
 Set the apparatus as shown in the figure by placing a stand on the table, tie a
bob to one end of the cotton thread.
 The bob is taken along a distance of 20 cm on either side of the insertion and
released.
 The stop clock is observed for 10 oscillations.
 Repeat this procedure with ‘L’ value to 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 cm.
 The value L/T2 is calculated and ‘g’ is formed by multiplying mean by 4πr2.
 The graph is plotted for L/T2.
DIAGRAM:

7
TABLE:

LENGTH TIMER PERIOD

TIME PERIOD FOR
SL OF ROPE FOR ONE T2 L/T2
10 OSCILLATIONS
NO (L) OSCILLATION
cm T1 T2 Mean sec sec2 m/sec2

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
The value of acceleration due to gravity is ________ cm/s2.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. The amplitude may not be small.

2. The bob may spin.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Thread should be strong, weightless and inextensible.

2. Point of suspension should be fixed in a rigid support.

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 5. SPRING CONSTANT
AIM:
To find the force constant of a helical spring by plotting a graph between load and
extension.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Spring set up, slotted weights
FORMULA USED:
When a load F is suspended from lower free end of spring hanging from a rigid
support, it increases its length by amount l. F l ; F = k l
Where K is the constant of proportionality
F is the force applied
l is the expansion of the spring
PROCEDURE:
 Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure.
 Fix the pin to the lower end of the spring to act as a pointer and record the
position of a pointer when load is kept.
 To the 10g weight, hanger add a slotted weight and note the extension.
 Do the same for unloading, also take down the mean.
 Repeat the same 5 times.
DIAGRAM:

9
TABLE:

Reading of position of pointer tip Extension

Load on hanger
Sl no l
g wt Loading Unloading Mean
cm

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Force is directly proportional to displacement is proved by graphical method.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Loading and Unloading of weight must be done gently.

2. Pointer tip should not touch the scale surface.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. The support may not be rigid.

2. Slotted weights may not have correct weight.

10
 6. SONOMETER
AIM:
To find the frequency of the tuning fork.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sonometer, paper rides, tuning fork, weights, physical balance.
FORMULA USED:
n = 1/2 l √T/m
M=ρxA
n – Frequency
l – Length of vibrating segment
T- Tension
M – Linear density
ρ – density of wire = 7800 kg/m3
A = πr2
PROCEDURE:
 Scratch the sonometer with a suitable known tension by placing weights on a
hanger.
 Sound the tuning fork by gently striking it as the end of a tong against a soft
rubber pad.
 Shift the position of the ridges so that the length increases.
 Measure the resonant length of the wire between the bridges on the scale.
 Repeat the experiment for different loads.

DIAGRAM:

11
TABLE:
L.C: ________ Z.E: ________ Z.C= ________

PSR HSR HSR X LC TR = PSR+HSR ±ZC

S
NO
mm Div Mm mm

Length of vibrating
Sl No. Tension T (mg) n = 1/2 l √T/m
sonometer (cm)
1

4
CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Frequency of the tuning fork is _________ Hz
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Pulley should be frictionless
2. Loading of wires should not beyond elastic limit.
SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. Wire may not be rigid and of uniform cross sectional area.
2. Bridges may not be sharp.
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 7. CO – EFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY
AIM:
To determine the co – efficient of viscosity of a given liquid.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Tall glass jar, glycerine, steel balls, screw guage.
FORMULA REQUIRED:
2 r2
M = 9(ρ - ) g v
M – Co – efficient of viscosity
r – Radius of ball
– Density of liquid = 1.26 g/cc
ρ – Density of ball = 7.86 g/cc
v – Terminal velocity
PROCEDURE:
 Take a long mouthed glass jar and fill it with glycerine.
 Tie the thread one – third from the distance column.
 Slowly drop the small sized balls into the liquid column.
 Repeat it for other sized balls. Note time taken.
DIAGRAM:

13
TABLE:
L.C: ________ Z.E: ________ Z.C= ________

PSR HSR HSR X LC TR = PSR+HSR ±ZC

S SIZE
NO
Mm Div mm mm

1 BIG

2 BIG

3 SMALL

4 SMALL

Velocity r2 /
Sl Time Radius Distance r2
Size v v
No. sec cm cm cm2
Cm/s cm s
1 BIG

2 BIG

3 BIG

4 SMALL

5 SMALL

6 SMALL

CALCULATION:

RESULT:
The co – efficient of viscosity of glycerine = _______ poise.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Liquid should be transparent.
2. Velocity should be noted only when it becomes constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR:
1. The noted velocity may not be constant
2. Liquid may not have uniform density.

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 8. COOLING CURVE

AIM:
To record the temperature of hot water with time (t) in minutes and it cools.
To draw temperature – time graph.
dθ
To calculate rate of cooling ( dt ) at three different intervals and conclude about
rate of cooling.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Beaker, thermometer, tripod stand, bunsen burner, water.
PROCEDURE:
 Take a beaker with water and place it over tripod stand.
 Insert a thermometer into it and heat till 100°c.
 Once boiling point is reached switch off the burner.
 Note the rate of cooling by noting the rate of temperature after every two minutes.
DIAGRAM:

15
TABLE:

Time Temp ( oC
(min) )
0 98
2 91
4 84
6 78
8 72
10 68
12 64
14 61
16 58
18 55
20 52
22 49
24 47
26 46
28 45
30 44
32 43
34 41.5
36 41
38 40
40 39

RESULT:
The temperature time graph is plotted.
The slopes at three different equal time intervals is found to be
Rate of cooling decreases with time

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Double walled enclosure should be used to maintain surrounding at a

Constant temperature.
2. Stirring should remain continuous for uniform cooling.
SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. Surrounding temperature may change.

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 ACTIVITY
1. CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM

AIM:
To verify the conservation of angular momentum.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Hanger, batteries, thread.
PROCEDURE:
 To the hanger attach batteries and thread in such a way that when the thread is
pulled both the batteries (are at the corners) move to the centre.
 Make the hanger spin while the batteries are at the corner.
 After a few seconds, pull the thread to make the batteries come to the centre and
observe the change in the rotational velocity of the hanger.
OBSERVATION:
 When the batteries were at the corners, the hanger was spinning at normal
speed.
 When the batteries are brought to the centre the hanger spins faster than at
normal speed.
RESULT:
The law of conservation of angular momentum which states that “as long as
these is no external torque acting on the body the total angular momentum remains
conserved” was verified (L = Iω where L – angular momentum, I – moment of inertia and
ω – angular velocity)

2. VARIATION OF RANGE WITH ANGLE OF PROJECTION

AIM:
To learn about the variation of range with angle of projection.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Two plastic bottles of atleast 1 litre capacity, hot iron nail or hot soldering tool.
FORMULA USED:
Range = U2 sin 2θ /g
U – Initial velocity of projectile
θ – Angle of projection
g – Acceleration due to gravity
PROCEDURE:
 Using a hot iron rod or soldering tool. Take the first water bottle and make holes
on both sides about 2 inches from the bottom.
 Take the other bottle and make holes on the same side at 2 and 3 inches above
the bottom hole.
 Fill both bottles with water and observe.
OBSERVATION:
 In bottle 1, the holes are at the same level. As the water level reduces, range
reduces due to decrease in projection.
 In bottle 2, the holes are on the same side. The range is the same at an instant
as angles are complementary and the water flows out.
RESULT:
The effect of variation of range with angle of projection was observed and learnt.

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 3. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

AIM:
To observe energy changes from potential energy to kinetic energy and vice versa.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Scale, wooden rod, tumblers, metal bob, plastic cups, caps, rings etc.
PROCEDURE:
 Set up materials as shown in the diagram.
 Place the metal bob on the top of the plastic pipe and allow it to roll down.
 Do not disturb materials while bob is in motion.
OBSERVATION:
The metal bob undergoes many changes in its energy throughout the experiment.
At 1 the bob was at rest (KE = 0) and high PE, when it rolls down the pipe the PE was
converted to KE hence the speed increased. From 2 the ball goes to 3 due to the gained
velocity and falls into the container kept on the see – saw like arrangement. Now the
bob contains the least PE. The lost PE is converted into KE for the container at the
other entrance 4. Hence the container is projected upwards.
RESULT:
The conservation of PE to KE was observed and verified.

4. EFFECT OF HEAT ON A BIMETALLIC STRIP

AIM:
To observe and explain the effect of heating on a bimetallic strip.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
A strip of iron and copper welded together to form a single bar attached to a
wooden handle (strips should be identical), a gas burner, mixture of ice and salt.
PROCEDURE:
 Take a strip of copper and an identical strip of iron and cement them together at
several points so as to form a simple bimetallic strip bends more and more.
 Attach the strip to a wooden handle.
 Heat one bimetallic strip and observe.
 Place the bimetallic strip in a mix of ice and salt to cool it down and observe.
OBSERVATION:
When the bimetallic strip is heated, it bends with the metal having longer
expansion in the outside of the curve. When the temperature becomes higher, the
copper strip becomes longer than the iron strip.
RESULT:
 Copper extends to a larger extent than iron.
 Internal stresses appear in a bimetallic strip when its temperature changes on
being heated.

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