ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to my teacher -
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISRTY” who
gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic
“CELL and BATTERIES” of the chapter
ELECTROCHEMISTRY which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research
and i came to know about so many.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that “VIVEK SINGH” a
sudent of class VI semester a has
successfully completed his chemistry
project work on the topic “CELL and
BATTERIES” of the chapter
ELECTROCHEMISTRY under the
guidance of “DEPARTMENT OF
CHEMISRTY”.
CONTENT
BATTERIES:-
Introduction:-
Two types of Batteries:
A. Primary batteries
1.Dry cell
2.Mercury cell
B. Secondary batteries
1.Lead storag batteries
2.Nickel-Cadmium batteries
BATTERIES
INTROUCTION:-
Batteries consist of two or more
voltaic cells that are connected in
series to provide a steady dc voltage at
the battery’s output terminals.
Any battery (actually it may have one or
more than one cell connected
in series) or cell that we use as a source of
electrical energy is basically
a galvanic cell where the chemical energy
of converted into electrical energy.
the redox reaction is There are mainly two
types of batteries:
A. PRIMARY BATTERIES
In the primary batteries, the reaction
occurs only once and after use over a
period of time battery becomes dead and
cannot be reused again.
The most familiar example of this type is the
dry cell (known as Leclanche cell after its
discoverer) which is used commonly in our
transistors and clocks. The cell consists of a
zinc container that also acts as anode and the
cathode is a carbon (graphite) rod
surrounded by powdered manganese dioxide
and carbon filled by a moist paste of
ammonium chloride (Fig.3.8). The space
between the electrodes is
(NH4Cl) and zinc chloride (ZnCl2).
The electrode reactions are complex, but they
can be written approximately as follows :
Anode: Zn(s) Zn + 2e
2+ -
Cathode: MnO2+ NH4 + e- MnO(OH) +
NH3
carbon rod(cathode)
The cell has a potential
of nearly 1.5 V.
zinc cup MnO2 + carbon black + NH4cl paste
(anode)
Fig, A commercial dry cell
consists of a graphite (carbon)
cathode in a zinc container; the
latter acts as the anode
Mercury cell, suitable for low current devices like
hearing aids, watches, etc. consists of zinc – mercury
amalgam as anode and a paste of HgO and carbon as
the cathode. The electrolyte is a paste of KOH and
ZnO.
Theelectrode reactions for the cell are given below:
Anode: Zn(Hg) + 2OH- ZnO(s) + H2O + 2eCathode:
HgO + H2O + 2e- Hg(l) + 2OH-
Overall reaction is represented by:
Zn(Hg) + HgO(s) ZnO(s) + Hg(l)
B. SECONDARY BATTERIES
A secondary cell after use can be
recharged by passing current through it
in the opposite direction so that it can be
used again. A good secondary cell can
undergo a large number of discharging
and charging cycles.
Two most imporant secondary batteries
are:
1. LEAD STORAGE BATTERY
2. NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES
1. LEAD STORAGE BATTERY
The most important secondary cell is the
lead storage battery commonly used in
automobiles and invertors.
It consists of a lead anode and a grid of lead
packed with lead dioxide (PbO2 ) as cathode.
A 38% solution of sulphuric acid is used as
an electrolytes.
The cell reactions when the battery is in use are
given below:
Anode: Pb(s) + SO42-(aq) PbSO4(s) + 2e-
Cathode: PbO (s) + SO (aq) + 4H (aq) + 2e
2 4
2- + -
PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l)
i.e., overall cell reaction consisting of cathode and
anode reactions is:
Pb(s)+PbO2(s)+2H2SO4(aq) 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
On charging the battery the reaction is reversed
and PbSO4(s) on anode and cathode is converted
into Pb and PbO2, respectively.
NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES
Another important secondary cell is the
nickel-cadmium cell which has longer life
than the lead storage cell but more
expensive to manufacture. We shall not go
into details of working of the cell and the
electrode reactions during charging and
