Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering (2020) 45:4387–4404

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04482-x

RESEARCH ARTICLE-CIVIL ENGINEERING

Properties of Eco-Friendly Concrete Contained Limestone and Ceramic

Tiles Waste Exposed To High Temperature
Nahla N. Hilal1 · Abdulrahman S. Mohammed2 · Taghreed K. Mohammed Ali3

Received: 18 October 2019 / Accepted: 19 March 2020 / Published online: 30 March 2020
© King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals 2020

Abstract
In this recent work, ceramic tiles wastes (CW) were utilized as coarse aggregates in different weight fraction ratios starting
with 10% till 100% at an increment of 10% in production of normal concrete. Also, 5% of cement weight was substituted
via using limestone powder (LP). Slump value, fresh and dry density, absorption ratio and compressive and splitting tensile
strengths were tested at 25 °C. As well, dry density and compressive and splitting tensile strengths were found after exposing
the specimens to three target temperatures (200, 400 and 600) °C for 2 h. The results indicated that the usage of CW led
to enhancing compressive and splitting tensile strengths at room temperature and the maximum increases in these strengths
for 60% of CW, which were 164% and 128%, respectively, compared with normal concrete without CW and LP. The usage
of CW enhances behavior of mixes exposed to high temperatures. The maximum remaining compressive strength ratios of
tested series exposed to 200 °C and 400 °C were 0.882 and 0.804, respectively, for mixes made by using 50% of CW, and
the maximum residual compressive strength ratio for series exposed to 600 °C was 0.780 for mix containing 70% of CW.
Maximum remaining splitting tensile strength ratios of three series exposed to (200, 400 and 600) °C were 0.969, 0.895 and
0.836, respectively, for mix containing 70% of CW. The obtained results can give indication of producing environmental
concrete with enhanced mechanical properties via using ceramic waste.

Keywords Waste ceramic · Density · Water absorption ratio · Splitting tensile strength · Compressive strength · Elevated
temperature

1 Introduction can be done in producing other construction materials like the

concrete. Different researches were studied by the influence
At last 6 years, Al-Falluja city, which lied in the west of Iraq, of using waste ceramic in concrete.
suffered from severe terrorism events, where the buildings The rapid growth and constructing taller buildings has
were subjected to destroy and there were a large quantity of been found emerging development in construction industry.
debris. One of these wreckages is ceramic tile which was used Such phenomenon not only has bright side of contributing
in flooring and finishing of kitchen, bathroom, external and economic development of the country but also dark side of
internal walls. The disposal of these ceramic wastes (CW) the generation of construction waste and threatens to envi-
ronment. A variety of construction wastes were generated
B Nahla N. Hilal during construction projects, but unfortunately, none care
[email protected] for proper dumping and/or reusing such construction waste
Abdulrahman S. Mohammed and makes green environment. Among the other construc-
[email protected] tion wastes, construction ceramic tiles waste (CTW) and
Taghreed K. Mohammed Ali ceramic wastes (CWs) are also major source of construction
[email protected] waste [1–3], and reusing is imperative to reduce not only
1 construction cost but benefitted to environment. Patel and
Scholarships and Foreign Relation Department, University of
Fallujah, Fallujah, Iraq Bhavsar [2] observed economic and environmental advan-
2 tages when ceramic waste (CW) utilized as substitution of
College of Engineering, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Iraq
sand and cement with ratio up to 10% and 30%, respec-
3 Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Koya tively, for enhancing the concrete properties. In addition to
University, KOY45, Kurdistan Region, Koya, Iraq

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the results of concrete properties, they also concluded that concluded maximum compressive strength of the concrete.
reusing CW led to decreasing utilized lands for dumping off And Devi et al. [12] replaced sand, gravel and sand and gravel
and scrap yards [2]. together with 50% of CW with 10% increment with and con-
Many researchers utilized ceramic tile waste for producing cluded optimum compressive strength, higher absorption and
concrete to examine concrete properties such as compressive smaller workability when CW replaced with sand. In addi-
and flexural strength [1, 4–6]. Mashitah et al. [1] showed that tion to that, CW has also been utilized with other contents
it is possible to utilize ceramic tile wastes as coarse aggre- to study the mechanical properties of concrete. As Awoyera
gates with different volume ratios in production of concrete et al. [13] used 75% of CW to replace gravel and 10% lat-
blocks with compressive strength ranged in (41.4–48.8) MPa, erite content and found that higher splitting tensile strength
while Abdullah et al. [4] reported that concrete contained and compressive strength at 28 days and smaller workability
ceramic tile waste as gravel had compressive strength of as compared with reference concrete. And Mazenan et al.
85–100% higher as compared with concrete made by using [14] used 30% of CW and 20% of palm oil fuel ash (POFA)
ordinary gravel. And Daniyal and Ahmad [5] found that as cement substitution and found that compressive strength
the usage of ceramic tile waste (CTW) could improve con- of concrete is at acceptable and satisfactory level. As based
crete properties, and the optimal flexural and compressive on highlighting the above-reviewed literature, utilizing CW
strengths were greater than reference concrete. Moreover, partial and/or full replacement with sand, gravel and normal
Guendouz and Boukhelkhal [6] used ceramic tile waste aggregates are highly recommended if strength is concerned
(10–60%) with ceramic sanitary ware together to examine [15].
the flowability of sand concrete [FSC]. Their results showed Moreover, few researchers used recycled CW as concrete
that there was a reduction in diameter of slump flow from 120 aggregates to study the mechanical properties of concrete.
to 100 cm, while time of flow had been increased from 32 to As Khalid et al. [16] used 35% of recycled CW and obtained
35 s by using 60% of tile’s CW and ceramic sanitary wares. high compressive strength as compared with ordinary con-
Also, an improvement has been observed in the compressive crete, whereas Andrzejuk et al. [17] concluded no changes
and flexural strengths of the produced concrete. in mechanical properties of concrete when replacing recy-
Although very few studies had been carried on using CTW, cled CW aggregates with ordinary aggregates for producing
however, considering the variety of CW, much research work mineral–asphalt mixes. Through reviewing the literature on
has been viewed on utilizing CW as full or partial replace- replacing normal aggregates, soft clay pottery type of CW
ment with cement and/or mortar for studying their properties was utilized for producing soft concrete and found high
and characteristics. Reig et al. [7] studied the microstruc- bending and compressive strength, low absorbability and
ture and properties of alkali-activated mortars and pastes abrasion [18]. And normal aggregates were replaced with
of cement contained CW. They pointed out compressive fine bone china CW and found more suitable for hard and
strength of 22–41 MPa at an age of 7 days at 65 °C curing durable concrete [19]. Moreover, the distribution size of CW
temperature. However, Lim et al. [3] concluded that compres- is significantly affecting the mechanical properties of fresh
sive strength is dependent on the w/b ratio and concentration concrete. As sanitary CW with two different distribution sizes
of sodium in the concrete solution. Furthermore, sand and (0–4 mm and 4–8 mm) was used as normal aggregates, such
cement are replaced with 100% and 40%, respectively, of sanitary CW was pre-treated by two different ways: harden-
CW to produce mortar and obtained compressive strength ing and exposing to humidity proceeding to hardening. The
higher than reference mortar, whereas the shrinkage reduced second way of treatment exposed useful influence on ven-
by 16% when compared with reference mortar [3]. Interest- tilation, flexural and compressive strength of concrete [20].
ingly, Ikponmwosa and Ehikhuenmen [8] found that ceramic But Jackiewicz-Rek et al. [21] concluded that cement could
waste material is not appropriate for the usage in production be replaced with maximum of 20% of sanitary CW which
of concrete structures if the compressive strength is the main caused reduction in shrinkage and increment in flexural and
parameter, while they recommend that less than 75% ratio of compressive strength, whereas Nasr et al. [22] found increase
CW can be utilized in the construction of non-structural and in flexure strength around 5% and decrease in compressive
structural elements. strength around 6% in the production of concrete by substi-
Furthermore, many researchers highlighted the full and/or tution cement with 20% of sanitary CW. Moreover, Halicka
partial replacement of sand and/or gravel with CW for the et al. [23] studied abrasion resistant of concrete contained
production of concrete and/or mortar to improve durability sanitary ceramic waste as an aggregate and get a strength
and mechanical properties of the concrete [9–12]. As Man- abrasion resistant level of 80–95% of control one. Awoyera
davi et al. [10] utilized CW as part of substitution of normal et al. [15] found that using the waste of ceramic tiles as aggre-
sand and found that the best ratio of CW is 40% which could gates in concrete can lead to increase the compression and
improve the durability and the strength of the concrete. Fur- the splitting tensile strengths noticeably with increasing age
thermore, Dina et al. [11] replaced 100% sand with CW and of curing compared with normal concrete. Many researchers

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utilized CW powder as replacement of aggregates for study- 2 Significance of the Work

ing fresh properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) [24],
possibility of manufacturing geo-polymer concrete [25], to In this work, an attempt has been done to produce eco-
study compressive strength and low abrasion [26, 27] and friendly concrete by using limestone and ceramic waste as
cost reduction [27]. Huseien et al. [28] produced SCC by an alternative of cement and gravel, respectively. There is
using CW powder (ceramic aggregate) with maximum size a decrease in concrete strengths when exposed to elevated
of 7 mm and obtained better workability and compressive temperatures. So, the effect of incorporating limestone and
strengths accompanied by higher shrinkage and lower expan- ceramic waste in concrete on the remaining properties of
sion compared with reference concrete. Also, Subaş et al. this concrete exposed to high temperature (range from 200
[29] found that finely ground CW powder could be utilized to 600 °C) was studied.
as a filler material till 15% to produce SCC when both flowa-
bility and strength limits are assessed. Furthermore, Khalid
et al. [30] investigated the properties of SCC contained palm 3 Investigations Program
oil fuel ash (POFA) and CW. They indicated that the usage
of CW reduces the passing/filling ability, while their results 3.1 Used Materials
showed improvement in the durability and the possibility of
getting the highest splitting tensile and compressive strengths Normal Portland cement manufactured by Al mass factory
by replacing all of sand and gravel together by CW. In con- is utilized, (see Fig. 2 for X-ray of used cement) and partly
tinuation to fresh properties of SCC and/or fresh concrete, replaced with 5% of limestone powder which passing through
density of the aggregates, binders and matrix material play sieve No.75 μm. Normal fine aggregate of fineness modulus
an important role. Cristiano [31] found that lower density of 2.8 and sieve size grading shown in Fig. 3 were used. Nor-
of CW as an aggregate resulted in better slump values and mal gravel was used and substituted by CW in weight ratio
increase compressive strength of fresh concrete. Similarly, varied from 10% until 100%, where CW was collected from
Li et al. [32] reported that compressive strength at age of the damaged buildings in Al-Falluja city, and then, CW was
7 days and 28 days was increased by at least 85% by using crushed and passed through sieving of 14 mm, (see Fig. 4).
CW powder having lower density value and ratio up to 20% The water absorption of natural gravel was greater than that
by volume. of CW. Pozzolanic behavior of CW is evaluated according to
In continuation to reviewing the previous research work guidelines of ASTM C311-2016 [39], where activity index
on mechanical properties of normal concrete, some research of mortar contained CW is 1.07, which is higher than 0.75
work has been found where CW and limestone (LS) have the limit of activity index of normal cement mortar. Figure 4
been utilized for replacing cement and coarse aggregate, shows CW’s spectrum, and Table 2 shows CW’s chemical
respectively, and found better prediction of compressive components. Table 3 shows physical properties of used gravel
strength on the basis of simulation work [33]. However, uti- in this recent work. Drinkable water was utilized for mixing
lizing LS to replace coarse aggregates in different particle and curing specimens. The utilized quantity for 1 m3 of each
sizes and volumetric ratio had also significant impact on the mix is given in Table 4. The used symbol of description of
mechanical properties of normal concrete. The particle size each mix consists of number–letters–number. The first num-
and higher volumetric ratio used in [33] reduce compression ber refers to exposed temperature of specimen, the letters
strength. The same observation had found by [34], and there denote to control mix or mix with CW and LSP, while the
was a decrement in compressive strength at the age of 28 days last number means the ratio of CW. For example, 200CWP10
by replacing cement in normal concrete with LS filler. How- refer to specimen containing 10% CW and 5% LSP and
ever, if without changing w/b ratio, the replacement of cement exposed to 200 °C and 25R0 means reference specimen con-
with LS caused increment in stiffness, durability, tensile and taining 0% CW and 0% LSP and tests at room temperature
compressive strength [35]. Moreover, the utilization of LS (Figs. 5, 6).
and PFA could also increase the mechanical properties of
normal concrete [36], but LS replacement with cement could 3.2 Mixture Proportions
promote CO2 uptake despite similar carbonation depth [37].
However, maximum of 10% of LS replacement with cement The ratio of water to binder was constant in all batches which
could deliver better mechanical properties, and if adding 10% equal 0.50. The proportion of mix was [1:1.5:3] with content
dolomite in the same mixture could reduce mechanical prop- of cement 400 kg/m3 . For each mix, fifteen cubes of dimen-
erties of normal concrete [38]. All the literature reviewed here sions [100 mm * 100 mm * 100 mm] and fifteen cylinders of
is summarized as shown in Table 1; however, the number of dimension (ϕ 100 mm * 200 mm) were casted. The mixing of
literature review on CW is shown in Fig. 1. concrete was done through the usage of instructions ASTM
C192, [40], where the gravel and CW were put first in drum

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Table 1 Summary of the reviewed literature

S. no. Researchers Ceramic waste Remarks

1 Mashitah et al. [1] Ceramic tile waste Utilize CTW as coarse aggregate with
different volumetric ratios
Increased compressive strength in ranged
41.4–48.8 MPa
2 Abdullah et al. [4] Replace gravel with CTW in concrete
Increased 85–100% compressive strength
as compared with concrete containing
gravel
3 Daniyal and Ahmad [5] Concluded that CTW improved
compressive and flexural strength and
higher than reference concrete
4 Guendouz and Boukhelkhal [6] Used CTW (10–60%) along with sanitary
ceramic for examining the flowability of
sand concrete.
Slump flow diameter decreased from 120
to 100 cm
Slump flow time increased from 32 to 35 s.
Improvement in compressive and flexural
strength
5 Reig et al. [7] Ceramic waste Compressive strength increased from 22 to
41 MPa at age of 7 days at curing of
65 °C
6 Ikponmwosa and Ehikhuenmen [8] CW is not appropriate material for
producing concrete, if the main object is
to increase compressive strength
7 Mandavi et al. [10] Replaced CW with sand
Improved durability and strength at 40% of
CW
8 Dina et al. [11] Maximum compressive strength achieved
at 100% replacement of sand with CW
9 Devi et al. [12] Replaced 50% of CW with 10% increment
with sand, gravel and sand and gravel
together
Achieved optimum compressive strength,
higher absorption and smaller
workability when sand replaced with CW
10 Awoyera et al. [13] Used 75% of CW to replace gravel and
10% laterite content.
Found that higher splitting tensile strength
and compressive strength at 28 days and
smaller workability as compared with
reference concrete
11 Mazenan et al. [14] Used 30% of CW and 20% of palm oil fuel
ash (POFA) as cement substitution
Found compressive strength of concrete is
acceptable and satisfactory level
12 Awoyera et al. [15] CW Utilizing CW partial and/or full
replacement with sand, gravel and
normal aggregates is highly
recommended if strength is concerned

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Table 1 continued
S. no. Researchers Ceramic waste Remarks

13 Khalid et al. [16] Recycled CW Used 35% of recycled CW and obtained

high compressive strength as compared
with ordinary concrete
14 Andrzejuk et al. [17] Replacing recycled CW aggregates with
ordinary aggregates
No change in mechanical properties of
mineral–asphalt concrete
15 Ogrodnik and Szulej [18] Sanitary CW Normal aggregates were replaced with soft
clay pottery type of CW
Found high bending and compressive
strength, low absorbability and abrasion
of soft concrete
16 Siddique et al. [19] Fine bone china CW Found more suitable for hard and durable
concrete
17 Ogrodnik and Szulej [20] Sanitary CW Two different distribution sizes (0–4 mm
and 4–8 mm) of CW were used
Two different ways of pre-treatment were
carried out: hardening and exposing to
humidity proceeding to hardening
The second way of treatment exposed
useful influence on ventilation, flexural
and compressive strength of concrete
18 Jackiewicz-Rek et al. [21] Sanitary ceramic waste Maximum of 20% of sanitary CW
replacement with cement could cause
reduction in shrinkage and increment in
flexural and compressive strength
19 Nasr et al. [22] Found increase in flexure strength around
5% and decrease in compressive strength
around 6% when 20% of sanitary CW
utilized to replace cement
20 Halicka et al. [23] Replaced sanitary CW as coarse aggregate
Found abrasion resistant of 80–90% more
than reference concrete
21 Ali et al. [24] Ceramic waste powder Produced self-compacting concrete
22 Aly et al. [25] Possibility of manufacturing geo-polymer
concrete
23 Binici [26] Ceramic waste powder with ground Produced self-compacting concrete
basaltic pumice Achieved better compressive strength and
low abrasion
24 Raval et al. [27] Ceramic waste powder Achieved 23 MPa at 30% of CW powder
Reduction in production cost
25 Hussein et al. [28] Produced self-compacting concrete
Better workability, compressive strength,
higher shrinkage and lower expansion as
compared to reference concrete
26 Subaş et al. [29] Utilized CW powder as a filler material till
15% to produce SCC
Better flowability and strength obtained
27 Khalid et al. [30] Ceramic waste powder and POFA Produced self-compacting concrete
Reduce passing ability
Improved durability and higher splitting
and compressive strengths by replacing
whole sand and gravel with CW powder

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Table 1 continued
S. no. Researchers Ceramic waste Remarks

28 Cristiano [31] Ceramic waste powder Lower density of CW caused better slump
values and increase compressive strength
of fresh concrete
29 Li et al. [32] Utilized lower density CW powder
Increased 85% compressive strength at age
of 7 and 28 days at 20% of CW powder
30 Ayat et al. [33] CW and limestone (LS) CW and limestone (LS) have been utilized
for replacing cement and coarse
aggregate, respectively, and found better
prediction of compressive strength on the
basis of simulation work
31 Kim et al. [34] LS The particle size to higher volumetric ratio
of LS reduces compression strength and
benefitting the emission
32 Bonavetti et al. [35] Replaced cement in normal concrete with
LS filler
Decreased compressive strength at age of
28 days
33 Bhuiyan [36] without changing w/b ratio, the
replacement of cement with LS caused
increment in stiffness, durability, tensile
and compressive strength
34 Leo et al. [38] LS and PFA The utilization of LS and PFA could also
increase the mechanical properties of
normal concrete
35 Phung et al. [37] LS LS substitution could promote CO2 uptake
despite similar carbonation depth
36 Irassar et al. [54] LS and dolomite Replacing cement with maximum of 10%
of LS could deliver better mechanical
properties
But if adding 10% dolomite in the same
mixture could reduce mechanical
properties of normal concrete

Fig. 1 Number of different Literature Review

categories of the reviewed
literature in this research Number of Arcles on Ceramic Tiles
Waste
4
7
Number of Arcles on Ceramic waste
powder

Number of Arcles on Ceramica Waste

9
Number of Arcles on Recycled
6 Ceramic Waste

Number of Arcles on Sanitary Ceramic

Waste
2
Number of Arcles on Ceramic Waste
8 with or without LS

mixer and mixed for 1 min. Then, sand, cement and limestone 1 min. Finally, the remaining quantity of water was added to
powder (LP) were added to mixing and mixed for 1 min. A premixing and mixed for additional 3 min. When the mixing
half quantity of water was added to mixing and mixed for of mixing was finished, workability and fresh density were

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Fig. 2 X-ray of used cement in

the recent study

120
3.3.3 Compressive Strength

100
Compressive strength was tested for cubes by using the
instructions of BS 1881 standard [43]where the age of test-
80 ing compressive strength was 7 and 28 days. The average of
Passing [%]

three tested specimens was recorded.

60

40
3.3.4 Splitting Tensile Strength

Splitting tensile strength was tested for cylinders by depend-

20 Used ceramic
Used gravel ing on ASTM C496 [44]. There were three specimens for
Used sand each mix, and their average was stated.
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Sieve size [mm]
3.3.5 Absorption Ratio
Fig. 3 Sieve analysis of used materials (sand, gravel and ceramic
wastes) Water absorption ratio was measured for cubes by depending
on ASTM C 642-06 [45]. The average was specified, where
three cubes were utilized for testing each mix.
tested. Then, the mixtures were casted into molds. After 24 h
of casting, specimens were demolded and put in water tank
for curing until the time of testing. 3.3.6 Exposure to High Temperature

The specimens were removed from curing tank at age of

3.3 Testing Procedures 28 days, and then, they left at laboratory for 24 h for drying.
Subsequently, three specimens of each mix put at an elec-
3.3.1 Slump Test tric furnace of the highest heating degree 1200 °C to expose
them to temperatures of 200, 400 and 600 °C, respectively.
Test of slump is performed for all mixture according to For all required temperature degrees, the processes of heating
ASTM-C 143 [41]. and exposure were the same. The rate of heating was con-
stant which equals 10 °C per min [46, 47] to get a requisite
3.3.2 Fresh and Dry Densities temperature degree for all tested specimens.
When a requisite temperature degree was attained, the
Cubes were used to determine the fresh and dry density of specimens were remained for 2 h at this required constant
concrete. The density test is conducted according to ASTM- temperature degree. Lastly, the kiln was turned off and
C 138-86 [42]. opened to let specimens for cooling down in a period of equal

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Fig. 4 Used materials in the

recent study; a cement, b gravel,
c sand, d lime stone powder,
e ceramic waste before crushing
and f ceramic waste after
crushing

Table 2 Chemical component of used ceramic in recent study Table 3 Properties of aggregates used in the concrete mixes
Element Oxide Oxide % Oxide % Sigma Number of ions Property Sand Gravel Ceramic Limestones

O 1.99 Specific gravity 2.65 2.67 2.52 2.43

Na Na2 O 2.37 0.15 0.05 Water absorption (%) 0.18 0.01 0.13 0.92
Mg MgO 3.16 0.15 0.05
Al Al2 O3 17.98 0.28 0.24
Si SiO2 57.40 0.48 0.66 4 The Discussion of Results
P P2 O5 0.15 0.15 0.00
S SO3 1.59 0.17 0.01 4.1 The Results at Room Temperature
Cl 0.46 0.06 0.01
K K2 O 4.09 0.13 0.06 4.1.1 Slump Values
Ca CaO 5.72 0.17 0.07
Ti TiO2 0.64 0.14 0.01 Table 5 displays the obtained slump results of mixes at room
Mn MnO 0.26 0.13 0.00
temperature. The relative slump value (slump value of each
Fe Fe2 O3 6.20 0.27 0.05
mix/slump value of reference mix) is varied between 1.05 and
0.95 for mixes (CWP10 to CWP80), (see Fig. 9a). Although
Total 100.00 1.21 (Cation
sum) the absorption ratio of CW is greater than used gravel, the
slump values did not changed and had a marginal increase for
mixes (CWP10 and CWP40) which is returned to that distri-
bution of gravel’s size and ceramic particles was different and
or more than one day. When the tests were carried out, the when this gravel was replaced by ceramics in varied ratios
temperature of all specimens was 25 °C. from 10 to 80%, the ceramic and gravel particles could over-

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Table 4 Quantity of used

materials in the recent study for ID mix Cement (kg) Gravel (kg) Sand (kg) Water (kg) Limestone Ceramic waste
1 m3 powder (kg) (kg)

25R0 300 900 450 150 15 0

25CWP10 300 810 450 150 15 90
25CWP20 300 720 450 150 15 180
25CWP30 300 630 450 150 15 270
25CWP40 300 540 450 150 15 360
25CWP50 300 450 450 150 15 450
25CWP60 300 360 450 150 15 540
25CWP70 300 270 450 150 15 630
25CWP80 300 180 450 150 15 720
25CWP90 300 90 450 150 15 810
25CWP100 300 0 450 150 15 900
The same quantity of materials used for specimens exposed to elevated temperature

Fig. 5 Spectrum of used ceramic waste in the recent study

lap together to complete the shortage in the size distribution sity (density of each mix/density of reference mix) is varied
of each and made mixes more cohesive and workable while between 1.007 and 0.852. The relationship of relative density
replacing all or 90% of gravel by ceramic led to reducing with CW ratio is approximately similar for fresh and dry den-
suddenly workability and slump value as a result of non-well sity at 28 days as shown in Fig. 9b. Furthermore, the curve
sized particles distribution of this ceramic and small amount of relative density to CW ratio for dry density at 7 days is
of gravel. somewhat different from other curves, (see Fig. 9b).

4.1.3 Absorption Ratio

4.1.2 Density
Table 5 shows the gotten results of absorption ratio. The rela-
The obtained fresh and dry density at 7 and 28 days for all tionship between relative absorption ratio (absorption ratio
mixes at room temperature is shown in Table 4. The fresh den- for each mix/reference mix) and CW indicated that relative
sity was decreased from 2400 kg/m3 for 25R0 to 2066 kg/m3 absorption ratio increased with increase in ratio of replace-
for 25CWP100. Also, dry density at 7 and 28 days had ment of gravel with CW in a high constant slope, (see Fig. 9c).
a maximum value for 25R0 which were 2270 kg/m3 and It can be returned back this high absorption ratio to higher
2347 kg/m3 , while minimum values were 2030 kg/m3 and absorption ability of CW when compared with normal gravel.
2000.5 kg/m3 for 25CWP100 correspondingly. So, density Also, the high ratio of voids in mixes with CW which can be
decreased with increasing age of concrete due to water evap- worked as an unfilled container that led to increasing capa-
oration and chemical reactions of cement materials. As well, bility of these mixes to absorb more water.
density reduced with increase in substitution ratio of gravel
by CW which can be attributed to low density of CW com-
pared with normal gravel beside the irregular, rough shape of
CW which led to a large fraction of voids. The relative den-

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Fig. 6 Pictures of slump test; a reference mix, b mix with 10% CW, c mix with 40% CW, d mix with 60% CW, e mix with 90% CW and f mix
with 100% CW

4.1.4 Compressive Strength 4.1.5 Splitting Tensile Strength

The obtained results are shown in Table 5. Compressive Table 4 displays the gotten values of splitting tensile strength.
strength increased via using CW as coarse aggregate. The It can be observed that this strength was improved via using
maximum compressive strength at 7 days was 44 MPa for CW and the maximum value was 3.67 MPa at 60% CW. The
25CWP70, while maximum compressive strength at 28 days curve which relates relationship between relative splitting
was 54 MPa for 25CWP60. This increase in compressive tensile strength (strength of each mix/strength of reference
strength is a result of pozzolanic performance of CW which concrete) and CW ratios is shown in Fig. 7g, which has
led to the production of hydration components (CSH gel), approximately the same ascending slope till peak point of
and consequently, the strength was up surging, where this 60% CW, then turn into descending slope with minimum
outcome was found via other researchers as Zegardlo et al. relative strength of 1,073 at 100% CW. The specimens made
and Medina et al. [48, 49]. The curves related to relative by usage of CW failed in same type of failure of reference
compressive strength (strength of each mix/strength of ref- specimens which is brittle one as shown in Fig. 8. It found an
erence mix) at ages of 7 and 28 days with CW ratios were exponential expression which relates compressive and split-
somewhat similar with peak point at 70% and 60% of CW, ting tensile strengths which is as follows:
respectively (see Fig. 9d). Also, it is observed that relative
compressive strength values at age of 7 days were greater
than corresponding values at age of 28 days which means fccw  6.1482 e0.5931fscw (1)
that the usage of CW led to increasing the rate of gotten
the compressive strength if compared with concrete without
CW. The failure type of specimens contained CW is brittle where f ccw and fscw are compressive and splitting tensile
one and is not different from failure of reference concrete strengths with CW at 28 days age, respectively. The coeffi-
specimen (see Fig. 7 ). cient of determination (R2 ) is equal to 0.999.

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Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering (2020) 45:4387–4404 4397

Table 5 Obtained results for specimens at room temperature

ID mix Slump (mm) Fresh density (kg/m3 ) Dry density Compressive Splitting tensile Water absorption ratio
(kg/m3 ) strength (MPa) strength at 28 days
(MPa)
7 days 28 days 7 days 28 days

25R0 95 2400 2270 2347 22 33 2.87 0.54

25CWP10 100 2315 2287 2287 30 41 3.2 0.68
25CWP20 90 2302 2270 2250 32 43 3.27 1.24
25CWP30 95 2254 2270 2200 35 46 3.39 1.81
25CWP40 100 2228 2195 2135 38 49 3.5 2.39
25CWP50 95 2199 2183 2100 40 51 3.57 2.98
25CWP60 95 2153 2139 2079 43 54 3.67 3.61
25CWP70 90 2112 2130 2049 44 50 3.53 4.25
25CWP80 90 2100 2125 2030 35 46 3.39 4.54
25CWP90 70 2078 2090 2013 28 42 3.24 4.58
25CWP100 70 2066 2030 2000.5 24 38 3.08 4.61

4.2 The Results at Elevated Temperatures density was a result of emancipation of chemically linked
water from paste of cement and increase in voids filled with
Once the concrete is exposed to a high temperature, its behav- air in concrete. It can be observed that the releasing of this
ior is significantly influenced via properties of its components chemically linked water is depended on the amount of CW
like cement paste, aggregate type, bond between aggregate in concrete mixes and its exposure to temperature degrees.
and cement and corresponding thermal properties between When the CW’s amount and the exposure’s temperature are
cement and aggregate [50, 51]. For normal concrete, the to some degree less, the emancipation of chemically linked
chemical and physical configuration of concrete is altered water is also less and this is clear at density and relative den-
significantly at high temperature, where water chemically sity values.
related is released from C–S–H gel in noteworthy at tem-
perature more than 100 °C. The interior stresses, which is a
result of the aggregates’ thermal stretching and releasing of 4.2.2 Compressive Strength
water chemically related to cement paste, are beginning at
300 °C and lead to micro-crack within the concrete [52]. At The obtained results for compressive strength of specimens
530 °C, the concrete shrank due to detach of calcium hydrox- exposed to elevated temperature are shown in Table 5. Com-
ide which is more significant compounds in paste of cement pressive strength values were decreased with increasing
[53]. temperature degree of concrete’s exposure. The usage of CW
in concrete mixes led to lessening the decrease in compres-
sive strength when compared with reference, mix and this
4.2.1 Density reduction was lessened with increasing amount of CW in
concrete. The minimum compressive strength and residual
The obtained results are shown in Table 5. It found that den- compressive strength were 13 MPa, 0.394, respectively, for
sity was reduced with the usage of CW and exposure to 600R0 mix. However, for concrete mixes made by usage of
the elevated temperature. This reduction in density increased CW, the minimum compressive strength to residual com-
with increasing amount of CW in concrete and increasing the pressive strength ratio was 23 MPa, 0.605, respectively, for
concrete’s exposure to temperature degrees. The minimum 600CWP100 mix. The positive role of CW was appearing
density was 1715 kg/m3 for mix 600CWP100. The relative clearly for series subjected to (400–600) °C in higher rela-
density values for series exposed to 200 °C are higher than tive compressive strength, (see Fig. 9f), while these values of
the corresponding values of this relative density of series at relative compressive strength of series subjected to 200 °C
room temperature, (see Fig. 9e) while values of relative den- were approximately similar to series at room temperature.
sity for series exposed to 400 °C and 600 °C are somewhat This decrease can be returned to emancipation of crystal-
similar to corresponding values of series at 25 °C till weight lization’s water which led to decreased content of Ca(OH)2 ,
ratio 60% of CW, as shown in Fig. 9e, and when CW ratio breakdown of CSH gel and establishment micro-cracks. But,
is more than 60%, the relative density values had less com- the helpful effect of CW can be returned back to pozzolanic
pared with the series at room temperature. This reduction in ability of CW for some enhancement in compressive strength

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4398 Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering (2020) 45:4387–4404

Fig. 7 Pictures of compression

test after failure; a reference mix
at room temperature, b mix with
60% CW at room temperature,
c mix with 100% CW at room
temperature, d reference mix
exposed to 200 °C, e mix with
60% CW exposed to 200 °C,
f mix with 100% CW exposed
to 200 °C, g reference mix
exposed to 400 °C, h mix with
60% CW exposed to 400 °C,
i mix with 100% CW exposed to
400 °C, l reference mix exposed
to 600 °C, n mix with 60% CW
exposed to 400 °C and p mix
with 100% CW exposed to
600 °C

at high temperature. Residual compressive strength ratio val- were 0.882 and 0.804, respectively, for CW of 50%, while
ues (compressive strength of any series for specific CW this maximum residual compressive strength ratio for series
ratio/compressive strength for series at room temperature exposed to 600 °C was 0.780 for CW of 70%. The failure
for the same specific CW ratio, i.e., f’c of 200CWP10/f’c of specimens with CW which were exposed to high tem-
of 25CW10) had small changes with different amounts of peratures was more brittle than the same specimens at room
CW as is shown in Fig. 9g. Maximum residual compressive temperature, and this brittleness increased through increase
strength ratio results for series exposed to 200 °C and 400 °C temperature of exposure as shown in Fig. 7 (Table 6).

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Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering (2020) 45:4387–4404 4399

Fig. 8 Pictures of splitting

tensile test after failure;
a reference mix at room
temperature, b mix with 60%
CW at room temperature, c mix
with 100% CW at room
temperature, d reference mix
exposed to 200 °C, e mix with
60% CW exposed to 200 °C,
f mix with 100% CW exposed
to 200 °C, g reference mix
exposed to 400 °C, h mix with
60% CW exposed to 400 °C,
i mix with 100% CW exposed to
400 °C, j reference mix exposed
to 600 °C, k mix with 60% CW
exposed to 600 °C and l mix
with 100% CW exposed to
600 °C

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4400 Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering (2020) 45:4387–4404

1.1
1.05
1.05

1
1
Relave slump value

0.95

Relave density
0.9 0.95
0.85

0.8 0.9
fresh density
0.75

0.7 0.85 dry density at 7 days

Slump value at 25 ⁰ C
0.65
dry density at 28 days
0.6 0.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
CW [%] CW [%]
(a) (b)
7.6 2.2

Relave Compressive strength at

2
Relave Absorpon rao

6.6
1.8

room temperature
5.6
1.6
4.6
1.4
3.6
1.2
2.6
1
Absorpon rao
1.6 0.8 Compressive strength at 7 days
Compressive strength at 28 days
0.6 0.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
CW [%] CW [%]
(c) (d)
1.05 3.5

3
Relave compressive strength
Relave dry density

2.5
0.95
2

1.5
0.85
Series at 25 ºC 1 Series at 25 ºC
Series at 200 ºC Series at 200 ºC
Series at 400 ºC 0.5
Series at 400 ºC
Series at 600 ºC
Series at 600 ºC
0.75 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
CW [%] CW [%]
(e) (f)

Fig. 9 Relationship between tested properties and CW, a relative slump ual compressive strength and CW, h relative splitting tensile strength
and CW, b relative density and CW, c relative absorption ratio and CW, and CW, i residual splitting tensile strength and CW and l compressive
d relative compressive strength at room temperature and CW, e relative strength and splitting tensile strength
dry density and CW, f relative compressive strength and CW, g resid-

4.2.3 Splitting Tensile Strength reduced with increase in temperature degree of specimens’
exposure. The same positive effect of CW in lessening
The splitting tensile strength results are shown in Table 5. decrease in compressive strength is seen, but in less influ-
Also, it found that values of splitting tensile strength are ence. The minimum splitting tensile strength to its residual

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Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering (2020) 45:4387–4404 4401

1.0 2.3

0.9 2.1

Relave Spling tensile strength

0.8
Residual compressive strength

1.9
0.7
1.7
0.6
1.5
0.5
1.3
0.4
Series at 200 ºC 1.1
0.3 Series at 25 ºC
0.2 Series at 400 ºC 0.9 Series at 200 ºC
Series at 400 ºC
0.1 Series at 600 ºC 0.7
Series at 600 ºC
0.0 0.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
CW [%]
CW [%]
(g) (h)
1
51
Residual Spling tensile strength rao

0.9 46

41
0.8 Compressive strength
36

0.7 31

26
0.6
Series at 25 ºC
21 series at 200 ºC
series at 400 ºC
0.5 16 series at 600 ºC
Series at 200 ºC
11
Expon. (Series at 25 ºC )
0.4 Series at 400 ºC Expon. (series at 200 ºC )
6 Power (series at 400 ºC )
Series at 600 ºC
Expon. (series at 600 ºC )
0.3 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
CW [%] Spling tensile strength
(i) (j)

Fig. 9 continued

ratio was 1.32 MPa, 0.459, respectively, for 600R0 mix. [ITZ] and bonds between cement paste and CW. The expo-
However, for concrete mixes made by usage of CW, the sure of specimens to elevated temperatures did not lead to
minimum of splitting tensile strength and its residual were change their failure type; the specimens made via using CW
1.93 MPa, 0.626, respectively, for 600CWP100 mix. As failed in brittle manner and the plane of failure was in cement
shown in Fig. 9h, the relationship of relative splitting tensile paste and CW particles as shown in Fig. 8g). For each series,
strength with CW for series exposed to 200 °C is approxi- an experimental formula was found which relates compres-
mately similar to series at room temperature, where for series sive and splitting tensile strengths, (see Fig. 9l). For series
subjected to (400–600) °C, this relationship is different with exposed to 200 °C, its exponential formula is the following:
higher relative splitting tensile strength values, especially for
series subjected to 400 °C. Maximum residual splitting ten- fccw200  9.3164e0.4592fscw200 (2)
sile strength ratio values for series exposed to (200, 400,
600) °C were 0.969, 0.895 and 0.836, respectively, for mix where f ccw200 and fscw200 are compressive and splitting
containing 70% of CW, which are greater than the obtained tensile strengths by usage of CW that exposed to 200 °C at
maximum residual compressive strength ratio values for all age of 28 days, respectively. The R2 of formula 2 is 0.753.
series. It can be exegesis this enhancement in residual split- It found a power formula for series that exposed to 400 °C
ting tensile strength ratio to roughness and irregularity of which is as follows:
CW particles which can enhance interfacial transition zone
fccw400  10.33fscw1.191
400 (3)

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Table 6 Obtained results for specimens exposed to elevated temperatures

ID mix @200 °C @400 °C @600 °C

Density Compressive Splitting Density Compressive Splitting Density Compressive Splitting

(kg/m3 ) strength tensile (kg/m3 ) strength tensile (kg/m3 ) strength tensile
(Mpa) (MPa) (Mpa) strength (Mpa) strength
(Mpa) (Mpa)

R0 2203 28 2.64 2198 19 1.49 2143 13 1.32

CWP10 2215 35 2.89 2177 31 2.54 2123 26 2.23
CWP20 2171 37 3.04 2100 33 2.59 2024 28 2.34
CWP30 2122 40 2.91 2020 36 2.64 1998 31 2.39
CWP40 2100 43 3.27 1976 39 2.69 1975 34 2.44
CWP50 2034 45 3.33 1956 41 3.04 1944 36 2.82
CWP60 1999 46 3.35 1927 41.5 3.08 1905 40 2.87
CWP70 1958 42 3.42 1900 40 3.16 1810 39 2.95
CWP80 1937 38 3.12 1874 34 2.82 1725 31 2.64
CWP90 1914 34 3.08 1794 30 2.78 1720 27 2.5
CWP100 1866 30 2.59 1774 26 2.29 1715 23 1.93

where f ccw400 and fscw400 are compressive and splitting dry density were for a mix that contains 100% of CW, which
tensile strengths using CW exposed to 400 °C at age of were (2066–2000.5) kg/m3 , respectively.
28 days, respectively. The R2 of formula 3 equals 0.657. The The water absorption increased with using CW in con-
following exponential formula is found for series exposed to crete specimens, and this change increased when ratio of
600 °C, CW increased. So, the maximum water absorption ratio was
4.61 for mix that contains 100% of CW that was 854% of
fccw600  8.2689e0.5268fscw600 (4) reference mixture’s corresponding value. The water absorp-
tion ratio increased by 569% for concrete that had 60% of
CW.
where f ccw600 and fscw600 are compressive and splitting Concrete specimens that had tile ceramic waste (CW)
tensile strengths via CW exposed to 600 °C at age of 28 days, behaved in a well way when exposed to elevated temper-
respectively. R2 of formula 4 is 0.837. ature, where all their tested properties decreased at a lower
ratio compared with reference concrete.
The density decreased for specimens exposed to high tem-
5 Conclusions peratures, where this reduction increased with increasing the
ratio of CW and increased temperature degree’s exposure.
After this recent study, the subsequent conclusions were The minimum decrease in density was 14.3% for concrete
found: that had 100% of CW and exposed to 600 °C, which was
Using tile ceramic waste and LP as gravel and alterna- 1715 kg/m3 .
tive of 5% of cement, respectively, in concrete mixes led Compressive and splitting tensile strengths decreased
to increasing the compressive and splitting tensile strengths. when concrete specimens subjected to elevated temperature,
The maximum increase was 64% and 28% in compressive and this reduction was augmented with increase in tem-
and splitting tensile strengths, respectively, for the concrete perature degree’s exposure. The minimum compressive and
that substituted 60% of its coarse aggregate by tile ceramic splitting tensile strengths were 23 MPa and 1.93 MPa, respec-
waste (CW). Also, usage of CW led to increasing the gotten tively, for mix containing 100% CW and exposed to 600 °C.
value of compressive strength with age, which was clear in Maximum compressive strength was (46, 41.5 and 40) MPa
higher values of this strength at the age of 7 days. for concrete that had 60% CW and subjected to 200 °C,
The slump values reduced via using CW in the production 400 °C and 600 °C, respectively, while the maximum splitting
of concrete, where the minimum decrease in slump value was tensile strength was (3.42, 3.16 and 2.95) MPa for concrete
for a mix that contains 100% of CW, which was 74% of the that had 70% CW and exposed to (200, 400, 600) °C, respec-
slump value of reference mix. tively.
The density in the fresh and dry state decreased when CW The found experimental results show the high possibil-
is used in the concrete mix. The minimum fresh density and ity of production eco-friendly concrete through usage of tile

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Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering (2020) 45:4387–4404 4403

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