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21 views

PLSQL 2 3

Uploaded by

2230162
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Database Programming with

PL/SQL
2-3
Recognizing Data Types

Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.


Objectives

This lesson covers the following objectives:


• Define data type and explain why it is needed
• List and describe categories of data types
• Give examples of scalar and composite data types

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 3
Recognizing Data Types
Purpose
• As a result of the Database Programming with SQL course,
you should be familiar with several data types that were
used when defining the type of data stored in the different
columns of a table (NUMBER, VARCHAR2, DATE, etc.).
• PL/SQL includes a variety of data types for use when
defining variables, constants, and parameters.
• As with table columns, these data types specify what type
and size of data can be stored in a particular location.

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 4
Recognizing Data Types
PL/SQL Data Types

• PL/SQL supports five categories of data type.


• A data type specifies a storage format, constraints, and a
valid range of values.
Data Type Description
Scalar Holds a single value with no internal elements.
Contains multiple internal elements that can be manipulated
Composite
individually.
Large Object Holds values called locators that specify the location of large
(LOB) objects (such as graphic images) that are stored out of line.
Reference Holds values called pointers that point to a storage location.
Is a schema object with a name, attributes, and methods. An object
Object data type is similar to the class mechanism supported by C++ and
Java.

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 5
Recognizing Data Types
Scalar Data Types

Scalar data types:


• Hold a single value
• Have no internal components
• Can be classified into four categories:
– Character
– Number
– Date
– Boolean

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 6
Recognizing Data Types
Scalar Data Types: Character (or String)

Character data types also are known as strings and allow


storage of alphanumeric data (letters, numbers, and symbols).
Data Type Description
Base type for fixed-length character data up to
CHAR
32,767 characters. If you do not specify a
[(maximum_length)]
maximum_length, the default length is set to 1.
Base type for variable-length character data up to
VARCHAR2
32,767 characters. VARCHAR2 is optimized for
(maximum_length)
performance or efficiency, depending on the size.
Character data of variable length up to 2 gigabytes
LONG
size.

(ex. v_first_name )
VARCHAR2(20) := 'Neena';

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 7
Recognizing Data Types
Scalar Data Types: Number

Number data types allow storage of integers, decimals, and a


positive or negative indicator.
Data Type Description
NUMBER Floating-point number from 1E-130 to 10E125.
Fixed-point number with precision p. Precision includes
scale s and can range from 1 to 38. Scale can range from
NUMBER(p,s)
–84 to 127 and determines where rounding occurs as
well as the fixed number of decimal places to store.
NUMBER(p) Integers with maximum number of digits p (range 1-38).
PLS_INTEGER Requires less storage and is faster than NUMBER.

(ex. v_salary )
NUMBER(8,2) := 9999.99;

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 8
Recognizing Data Types
Scalar Data Types: Date

Date data types provide storage of dates and times.


Data Type Description
Base type for dates and times. DATE values include the
time of day in seconds since midnight. The range for
DATE
dates is between
1-Jan-4712 BCE and 31-Dec-9999 CE.
TIMESTAMP extends the DATE data type to store the
TIMESTAMP year, month, day, hour, minute, second, and fraction of
seconds.
TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE extends the TIMESTAMP
TIMESTAMP
data type to include a time-zone displacement—that is,
WITH TIME
the difference (in hours and minutes) between local time
ZONE
and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

(ex. v_hire_date ) '15-Apr-2015';


DATE :=

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 9
Recognizing Data Types
Scalar Data Types: Boolean

• Use the BOOLEAN data type to store the logical


values TRUE, FALSE, and NULL.
• Only logic operations are allowed on BOOLEAN variables.
• Column values cannot be fetched into a BOOLEAN variable
and a table column cannot be defined with a BOOLEAN data
type.
(ex. v_control )
BOOLEAN := TRUE;

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 10
Recognizing Data Types
Composite Data Types

• Composite data types have internal components,


sometimes called elements, that can be manipulated
individually.
• Composite data types include the following:
– RECORD
– TABLE
– VARRAY
• RECORD and TABLE data types are covered later in this
course.

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 11
Recognizing Data Types
Record Composite Data Type

• A composite variable that contains internal components


that match the data structure of the EMPLOYEES table can
be created using:
v_emp_record employees%ROWTYPE;

• The internal elements can be referenced by prefixing the


column-name with the record-name:
v_emp_record.first_name

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 12
Recognizing Data Types
LOB (Large Object) Data Type

• LOB data types allow you to store blocks of unstructured


data (such as text, graphic images, video, or audio) up to 4
gigabytes in size.
• A database column can be a LOB data type.
• There are four LOB data types:
– Character large object (CLOB)
– Binary large object (BLOB)
– Binary file (BFILE)
– National language character large object (NCLOB)

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 13
Recognizing Data Types
LOB Data Type

• LOB data types store locators, which point to large objects


stored in an external file.
• LOB data types allow efficient, random, piece-wise access
to the data.
• CLOB, BLOB, and NCLOB data is stored in the database,
either inside or outside of the row.
• BFILE data is stored in operating system files outside the
database.

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 14
Recognizing Data Types
LOB Data Type
Book
(CLOB)

TABLE Photo
(BLOB)

Movie
(BFILE)
NCLOB

DATABASE
PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 15
Recognizing Data Types
Terminology

Key terms used in this lesson included:


• BFILE
• BLOB
• CLOB
• Composite
• LOB

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 16
Recognizing Data Types
Terminology

Key terms used in this lesson included:


• NCLOB
• Object
• Reference
• Scalar

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 17
Recognizing Data Types
Summary

In this lesson, you should have learned how to:


• Define data type and explain why it is needed
• List and describe categories of data types
• Give examples of scalar and composite data types

PLSQL S2L3 Copyright © 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. 18
Recognizing Data Types

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