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 Definition
• Structural Engineering is a specialty of civil engineering
that deals with the investigation, planning, analysis,
design, construction, inspection, evaluation, monitoring,
maintenance, rehabilitation and demolition of permanent
and temporary structures. Additionally, it considers the
technical, economic, environmental, aesthetic and social
aspects of the structures.
• Structural engineering is a profession that offers a great
opportunity to make a real difference to people's lives and
their environment.
 The role of the Structural Engineer
The role of the structural engineer
• The structural engineer is responsible for economically designing buildings, bridges,
warehouses, storage tanks and other structures with sufficient resistance to prevent their
collapse when loaded and protect them from extreme natural phenomena such as wind,
snow, fire and earthquakes. .

Structural engineers are responsible for:

• Evaluate the effect of loads on the structure throughout its useful life.
• Establish how the structure will support the loads.
• Select the materials, components and connections of the structure that will support the
loads safely and without excessive deformation.
• Plan a safe construction sequence.
• Prepare drawings and specifications of the complete structure.
• Supervise construction to verify that construction plans are followed in detail.
 The role of the Structural Engineer
• Structural engineers are responsible for the analysis and design of structures. Analysis is the process of
determining the forces in each element of a structure (such as a beam) when the configuration of the
elements is already defined. Design is the process of configuring elements to resist forces whose
magnitude is already known. Analysis and design are complementary procedures in the general
process of designing new structures.

• Structural engineers carry out the analysis and design of:

Architectural structures: Buildings, houses, factories, stadiums, etc.
• Civil infrastructure: Bridges, dams, pipelines, land structures, oil platforms, tunnels, etc.
• Aerospace, mechanical and naval structures: Airplanes, spacecraft, space satellites, automobiles, ships,
submarines, cranes, etc.

Structural engineers commonly work with architects, builders, civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical
engineers, and construction managers to ensure that all parts of the structure are safe and capable of
fulfilling their intended function. They also ensure that structures use appropriate materials efficiently.
 What is the general objective of the Structural Engineering program?
The Lanamme structural engineering program was created with the objective of
promoting the development of civil infrastructure through an adequate balance
between the protection of human life, the security of investments and the lowest
possible cost.

• How is this general objective achieved?

• This objective is achieved through teaching, analytical and experimental research and
the dissemination of specialized knowledge to students, civil engineers and the general
public, that is, to all those people who shape the built environment.

• What is the goal?

• Contribute to the development of structural engineering and construction so that the
country has quality infrastructure that allows it to increase the competitiveness of the
industrial and commercial productive sector of Costa Rica.
• Strengthen the position of the UCR as an academic and research institution by
supporting the teaching and research carried out by the School of Civil Engineering.
 • What is structural engineering
Structural Engineering is the training of the basic knowledge of Civil Engineering that maintains all the
requirements of the projects, development, creation, structures, evaluation, movements, conservation,
reconstruction and care of the facilities carried out.

In addition, all the applicable factors have been established on the basis of the economy and nature,
complying with the ethical characteristics that society must maintain. Structural Engineering is a
specialization that yields the best opportunities that have been evaluated in different ways in the environment.

This type of Structural Engineering has helped the evolution of projections and creations in all the ways that
have been related to all the processes of the structures that have become frequent in subsequent years,
according to the areas where they are located.
according to the new plans with the

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works
materi
 On the other hand, their buildings have formed a process in different ways, which have been determined by their
classifications and bases of creations, such as the parts that are built in a house, building or any work: Columns, bases,
and other parts that completes an entire structure to be developed.

Frequently, all measures have been sought to fix any difficulty that may arise with the techniques of the tools that have been
maintained in the evaluations of the plans that have been created, which are very diverse, in different numbers.

Maintaining a professional profile that defines and identifies it, taking into account the architectural qualities of the new
creations in the buildings, which has begun to take broad forms that have been generated in different floors as well as in their
differences.

Seeing the different ideas that must be understood before the processes that are carried out in a construction, which is carried
out by complying with all the parts that are formed and an order with logic, so that in this way, it can be well structured with
the best qualities and efforts put into practice.

In this way, by studying each part that is made, after the studies you can see what modifications must be made, according to
the errors or improvements that can be made to this construction base.
It should be noted that each of its processes must be carried out in compliance with the
standards that correspond to each of its parts, it is characterized by the materials that are being
used to make the communes, bases, beams-crowns, plates, or between other constructions that
can be carried out for a company project or for the client with whom we are working. The
Engineer in charge must control (coordinate) the operations and forces of his scheduled
structures. Having the knowledge applied in different aspects.

In Structural Engineering it includes the different designs before the measurements of the
integrations of the states at specific times or that may be unexpected. Many of its applications
must be worked correctly, complying with all the creations of all its loads, such as its internal and
external forces.

Complying with the required results and that as evidence, they have wanted to carry out their
appropriate and modified procedures.
 Famous structural engineers:

• Arthur Casagrande /Austrian. He was born on 08-28-1902.

• Robert Stephenson /English. He was born on 06 – 10 – 1803.
• Federico Villareal / Peruvian. He was born on 08-31-1850.
• Robert Manning / Irish.
-Each of these famous Engineers in the area of Structural Engineering, play a very
important and high-performance role, thanks to the great work they have done and the
constant dedication they have maintained to comply with all the corresponding
regulations, for the well-being and development of techniques in their applications.

Being known in many parts of the world, after their knowledge they have had great
achievements and for this reason they have held very important positions, emerging in
their abilities and learnings obtained.
Structural Engineering Stories:
The History of Structural Engineering, on the one hand, has been constituted by the evolutions that have arisen over the
passage of time and the technical performances that have also been created for the modifications and corrections that are
appropriate to the new technological and technical advances that are being made. have been implemented in society,
given in industrial zones and other constructions carried out, which all must be characterized by maintaining good quality
of construction and resistance. Considering all the establishments of their standards and steps to follow in their measures.

Tools and creation processes that have been evaluated from different points of view, establishing regulations for
solutions to the problems that can be seen in different variables, composing the knowledge of all the numerical
subjects studied as calculations and similar relationships.

In structural engineering, they have had to carry out all the projects and plans that have been proposed in the
search for stabilities that have completed a single construction measure, after the best security that can be
offered to the workers, since many of them depend on great physical effort.

use before constructions their

ideals, some of the many
s are: r Wood, aluminum, concrete ■ and
between i ot

iplo geicgo.
Structural Engineering of historic buildings:
Over the years, a large number of historic building structures have been made all over the world. Coming to be
considered as a "Historical Monument" around the 16th and 19th centuries, which can be said that in the case of
the oldest buildings, many of them are currently not completely in perfect condition, due to the time of
construction. . After that, looking for established measures to renew many of these constructions, since they
carry great value in history, and it is still considered to be maintained, it is good to consider, keeping them in
perfect conditions or at least in adequate ones.
In the same way, the capacities of the structures have been investigated before making the new decisions
and the newly presented projects for the new establishments and new advances before the previous ideas
of the recreations of the "Historical Monuments."

Which must be taken into account that we must continue with the conservation of historical buildings,
taking care of the disciplines that are needed, professionals with true experiences and knowledge in all
the techniques that have been established in the materials.

In Structural Engineering there have been some emergences that have been carried out since the times
new of the
all s levels of works carried out in
In Venezuela, plans for constructions in the Caribbean and South America have been found. Which has given it a
complete arrival before the new advances of the systems of the most studied areas, counting on different
elements of the creation and structuring of the new National programs for the renovated constructions of the
new times with the projected design models, that have been incorporated from various processes carried out on
the subjects in the institutions in charge of the developed achievements.
The territory of the ways where the updated building projects are associated. Despite the new advanced
series in the nationality research areas, which have been evaluated together with the transmissions of
models of international ranges, in different parts, taking into account their size, heights and other
compositions of the soil and terrain the sub-soil, seeking the developments of the projects carried out in
a coordination of interpreting foundations of the investigations and their sources around the year 2009.

ntos and regulations in finance

have seen sub-soil projects
In the seismic evolutions of all the measurements and models related to all the details that are
mediated.
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On the Structural Engineering side, the input of new technological advances for new ideas and creations
and model evaluations of the buildings of all works. In Structural Engineering, the advances of their
dedication, which would be professional developments, from new ideas and expressions, are related to
the basic definitions that have been based on the elements of Structural Engineering, after computing
means that they use in their activity centers.
The movements related to the designs made by the different categories that must include all the
maintenance of all the lands studied based on the knowledge of Structural Engineering deepened after
all the clues. Transformations of the mass that can be built behind the soil or terrestrial element for its
establishment dependent on all the materials that are predetermined as the designs according to the
tracking of the surfaces guided by all the projections settled around.
Largely taking into account all its characteristics in the field from which it was affected after the
consequences and measures of the modifications, influential in other relationships of the institutions
A structural load should be understood as those mechanical stresses (forces, moments,
deformations, displacements) that must be included in the calculation of the resistant mechanical
elements. The structure is made up of the set of resistant mechanical elements and their
mechanical joints considered as a system. Structural loads are generally classified as:

• dead loads that act continuously and without significant changes, this group includes the own
weight of the structure, thrusts of liquids (as in a dam) or solids (such as the soil in a retaining
wall), tensioners (as in bridges ), prestress, permanent seats;

• live loads, which are those that vary in intensity over time due to use or exposure of the
structure, such as traffic on bridges, changes in temperature, machinery (such as a press),
accumulation of snow or hail, etc.; accidental loads that have their origin in actions external to
us such as seismic events

short-lived
• Load hypotheses, given the existing uncertainties
about a structure, and the different conditions in
which it can work, it is not possible to determine the
general effect of the loads through a single calculation
or combination of loads. For this reason, most
technical instructions establish different load
combinations, which together reproduce qualitatively
different situations that can occur during the useful
life of a structure.
Structural elements
Classification of Elements
• Dimensionality of the element , depending on whether they can be
modeled as one-dimensional elements (beams, arches, pillars,...), two-
dimensional (plates, sheets, membranes) or three-dimensional
elements.
• Geometric shape and/or position , the specific geometric shape
affects the details of the structural model used, so if the piece is
straight like a beam or curved like an arch, the model must incorporate
these differences, also the position or orientation affects the type of
tension state that the element has.
• Tension state and/or predominant stresses , the predominant types
of stress can be traction (membranes and cables), compression
(pillars), bending (beams, arches, plates, sheets) or torsion
(transmission shafts, etc.).
 Summary
Structural engineers ensure that their designs meet a standard to achieve established safety
objectives (for example, that the structure does not collapse without warning) or service level (for
example, that vibration in a building does not disturb to its occupants). Additionally, they are
responsible for making efficient use of the money and materials necessary to achieve these
objectives. Typically, structural engineers with little experience design simple beams, columns or
floors of new buildings, including calculating the loads (or forces) in each member and the
capacity of various construction materials such as steel, wood or concrete. An experienced
engineer tends to design more complex structures, such as bridges or multi-story buildings
including skyscrapers.

A good structural engineering professional must have firm knowledge of the materials used in
construction and the virtue of being able to properly balance structural forms, aesthetics, and
beneficial techniques. The future challenge of structural engineering is to determine the basic
properties of traditional construction materials and the development of new, cheaper, lighter and
more durable materials. The field where structural engineering is developed is closely tied to the
systematic comparison of the results of analytical models, with experimental ones subjected to
natural effects such as meteorological and seismological events.