PERSONAL HYGIENE  Poor posture interferes with respiration and

diaphragm movement, flow of blood,

HYGIENE circulatory and digestive system.
 The concept of hygiene dates back to the  Congenital structure, ill fitted footwear and
time when the first man has moved in to the high heels occupation which keeps body in
caves to protect himself from the forces of incorrect posture for a long time and poor
nature that act against his survival. nutrition are some of the causes of incorrect
 The known religious leaders, Prophet Moses posture.
and Prophet Mohammed have stated to their
followers to wash their body before religious HABBIT
practices and even before meal. This practice  Habit is settled or regular tendency or
is more probably true to the other religions practice, especially one that is hard to give
and sects of the world. up. Habits grow out of our routines. Some
 Hygiene is a word derived from “hy.ge.ia” the habits are acquired from parents through
goddess of health in Greek mythology unconscious imitation.
meaning the science of health and embraces  Forming of good habits will determine a
all factors, which contribute to healthful living. child’s actions and thinking.
 Hygiene is also defined as the science that  Training in good habits both physical and
deals with the establishment and maintenance mental have a definite effect on life.
of health in the individual and the group,  Sunlight and fresh air have double beneficial
conditions and practices conducive to health. action. They stimulate one’s mind and
 Hygiene can be classified into community produce important effects on skin, thus
hygiene and personal hygiene. improving the metabolism of the body.
 Community hygiene might include industrial
hygiene, social hygiene, food hygiene, etc. REST AND SLEEP
 Rest and sleep are needed for maintaining
PERSONLA HYGENE health.
 Personal Hygiene is part of hygiene, which  During sleep mind is set at rest. Repair and
tells us how an individual preserves, improves growth of the tissues take place during sleep
and maintains the health of his own mind and because during working hours our tissues and
body. nerves are constantly subjected to wear and
 It is taking care of yourself every day, from tear.
your hair to your feet, by following the rules  To take rest and have sufficient amount of
of proper washing and grooming, healthful sleep is necessary.
nutrition, and getting enough physical activity
and rest. FATIGUE
 Personal hygiene and health are greatly  Fatigue is the feeling of tiredness or
affected by heredity and environment; it can weariness form muscular activity.
be discussed in terms of constitution, posture,  It also means weariness resulting from either
habit, sunshine, rest and sleep, fatigue, bodily or mental exertion in response of
exercise, emotions, cleanliness of the body, stimuli to any organs’ over activity.
mental hygiene and nutrition.
EXERCISE
CONSTITUTION  Exercise is the basis for the healthy body for
 Constitution means physical makeup of the majority of people.
body in relation to one’s health vitality or  It is important for maintaining health and
condition of mind, which may greatly be vigor
influenced by the environment.  and to promote growth.
 The human body is constituted of several  Ability to think and perceive is enhanced by
systems of organs. They work together means of exercise.
although they perform a particular job to keep  Without exercise, the whole body becomes
the human body alive and active. sluggish.

POSTURE EMOTION
 Posture is attitude/ way of holding the body.  Emotion is a “stirred up” state of the
Good posture is highly appreciable and a organism; it is a subjective feeling state,
social asset because of its aesthetic value. which can influence perception, thinking, and
 behavior; usually accompanied by facial and  Human skin serves as physical barrier and
bodily expressions; an excited state of mind also has self-disinfectant power. The
based on a physiological departure from disinfectant power of skin increases when the
homeostasis. skin is clean
 It includes love, hate, fear, grief, angry or joy  Moreover, the bacteria can readily breed on
experienced unconsciously due to some drive. unclean surface of the skin to cause various
diseases and undesirable odor.
NUTRITION  Therefore, proper skin cleanliness is very
 Nutrition is defined as the series of processes relevant to break the transmission of disease.
by which an organism takes in and assimilates
food for promoting growth and replacing worn 3. CLOTHES
out and injured tissues.  help to protect our body from harsh weather
conditions.
CLEANLINESS  However, unclean cloths contribute to the
 Cleanliness of the body includes both, care of multiplication of pests and the spread of pests
hair, teeth, eyes, ears, nails, care of the feet, born disease like relapsing fever.
hand etc.  To prevent such health problems regular day
and night clothes washing and ironing is
MENSTRUAL HYGIENE advisable.
 Menstrual hygiene means taking care of the
sanitary condition of the vulvae. 4. THE MOUTH AND TEETH
 Menstruation is a normal physiological process  Can harbor microorganisms when food
of a normal womanhood. particles left between the teeth. The
microorganism uses this food as a nutrient,
Keeping personal cleanliness costs very little multiplies in larger numbers, and can cause
when it is compared with its importance. In gum and tooth disease as well as bad breath.
this case, everybody can practice it at home  Therefore, to prevent the problem regular
with available materials. tooth brushing is relevant.

1. HANDS AND FINGERS NAILS 5. THE HEAD

 Unclean hands considered important routes of  unclean hair and scalp can harbor different
transmission for diseases. microorganisms and pests, like lice, which can
 Fingernails, if not properly cleaned and transmit disease.
trimmed are suitable for accumulation of dirt  Therefore, to prevent the problem regular
and microorganisms. washing with soap and warm water is highly
 As a result, food can be contaminated during encouraged.
preparation and pathogens can directly
transfer into the mouth when eating. 6. The nose
 Control measure to prevent the transmission  It contains hairs in the nostrils that filter dirt
of diseases form hands and fingernails: and microorganism from the air.
 Keep fingernails always clean and short  Thus, the nose serves as a protecting devise
 Use detergent (soap) for the hand before against the entrance of harmful substances in
food preparation and eating to lungs and circulatory system. For this
 Use hand washing after eating and toilet visit reason, the nostrils should at all times be kept
including some other activities clean by using a clean handkerchief or
 Improper hand washing is not better than blowing at intervals to remove the
hand washing not at all. accumulated dusts and spores.
 Proper hand washing reduces the microbial
load though it is not as remarkable as 7. The eye
washing using soaps.  Dirty eyes attract common housefly.
 Microorganisms carried by the flies’ legs can
2. THE SKIN be deposited in or near the eyes and may
 Sweat and oily secretions from the skin cause cause disease like trachoma, which eventually
dust to stick on its surface. This clogs the skin lead to blindness. Regular face washing with
pores and interferes with the natural function soap can break the transmission of such
of the skin. diseases
8. The Genitalia
 Shaving the hair is one of the main important
parts for the genital hygiene. It helps to avoid
the harborage of pests and make cleaning of
the genital organ easier
 Cleaning of the genital areas can be done
during general body cleaning or taking
shower.
 However, there are conditions when one
needs special cleaning of genital areas. These
are before and after sexual intercourse,
during menstruation period, before and after
delivery.
HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT  To expand the range of economic and
social opportunities and services to
 Individuals in good health are better able to individuals and communities by freeing
study, learn and be more productive in their them from servitude, and dependence on
work. Improvements in standard of living other people and communities and from
have long been known to contribute to ignorance and human misery.
improved public health; however, the course
has not always been recognized. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT
 Investment in health care was not considered AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
a high priority in many countries where
economic considerations directed investment DEVELOPMENT
to the “productive” sectors such as  Encompasses the total well-being of
manufacturing and largescale infrastructure individual, a community or a nation.
projects, such as hydroelectric dams.  Must be measured by the rate of economic
 Socially oriented approach sees investment in growth
health as necessary for the protection and  Concerned with the total person, his
development of “human capital” just as economic, social, political, physiological, and
investment in education is needed for the psychic and environmental requirements.
long-term benefit of the economy of a
country. ECONOMIC GROWTH
 According to the World Development Report  can be defined as an increase in country’s
by World Bank in1993: Investing in health, productive capacity, identifiable by a
articulated a new approach to economic sustained rise in real national income over a
growth in which health, along with education period of years.
and social development are considered  Concerned with the area in per capital earning
essential contributors for economic of the people making up the nation.
development.  Is one characteristic of development?
 Development on the other hand should be the  It is possible for a county to experience
concern of all in the developing countries. economic growth without development.
 The health planner, manager, and others are
equally charged with that concern and must THE ROLE OF HEALTH IN DEVELOPMENT
be knowledgeable of what development  Health plays a major role in promoting
implies and the role health should play in the economic development and reducing poverty.
development of one’s country.  The health sector is the key social sector for
development.
WHAT IS DEVELOPMENT?  Good health, both at the individual,
 Development has been variously defined. The Community and national levels, is a
modern view of development perceives it as prerequisite for full-scale productivity and
both a physical reality and a state of mind in creativity.
which society has, through some combination  In the first place, the health sector should not
of social, economic and institutional be looked at in isolation from the rest of the
processes, secured the means for obtaining a economy, as a sort of charitable handout to
better life. ensure that people do not die, for example, of
 Development in all societies must consist of at preventive diseases.
least the following:  Development of the health sector is seen to
 To increase the availability, distribution be a necessary requirement for future
and accessibility of life sustaining goods development.
such as food, shelter, health, security and  The fact that development in the health
protection to all members of society. sector may lead to further general
 To raise standards of living including development has given rise to a new area of
higher incomes, the provision of more economic theory called “Investment in Human
jobs, better education and better health Capital”.
and more attention to cultural and  The importance of this theory is that, it not
humanistic values so as to enhance not only helps to explain the development process
only material well-being, but also to in an economic way, but it also forms the
generate greater individual, community basis of measuring benefit in cost benefit-
and national esteem. analysis in the health sector.
 This is not to suggest that all the benefit of  The assets & other resources that
health or education projects is necessarily households possess and the human and social
economic. capital that households possess or can call on
 Development is linked not just to the in times of need. Livelihood systems of the
improvement of social indicators or the poor are often quite diverse. Households
attainment of basic needs, but with wider often use their capabilities, skills, and know -
aspirations such as high health status, and how to diversify income sources and offset
with social well-being and change. risks.
 The development process embraces not only  It can be said livelihood is secured, when
the so-called “productive” sectors of the households have secure ownership of, or
economy, but also the social sectors. access to, resources and income-earning
 The health sector, besides producing benefits, opportunities.
which in their own right are necessary for  This includes reserves and assets to: offset
improving the wellbeing of the people, risks, ease shocks, and meet contingencies.
development of the health sector helps to lay  The common factors or situations (risks or
the foundation for development in the wider shocks) that lead to livelihood insecurity
sense. includes: Drought and Floods, Conflict,
 Improving human’s capacity to produce more Disease outbreaks & illness, Population
and to fulfill this needs and aspirations does growth, Economic adjustment policies,
this. Natural resource degradation, etc.
 As it is described above livelihood, security is
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH AND ‘Adequate and sustainable access to income
DEVELOPMENT and resources to meet basic needs (one of
 Health development is an important element which is health)’.
in the overall development of a country. For  This means Health is a basic commodity of
instance, in countries where HIV/AIDS is a livelihood; it is an important means as well as
public health problem there is a great prerequisite for achieving livelihood security.
challenge in getting skilled human power and  The three key linked and interrelated issues
the country will get a burden in the health that justify such mechanism, are: first, the
delivery by spending the significant figure of important relation of health with access to
the health budget to the pandemic. income and other resources which are core to
 Here HIV/AIDS is not only a health problem livelihood; second, any risk or shock of any
but also a situation that brings social, cause are manifested in terms of health
economic and political crisis for a country. In problems; and finally, health and health
a country with a greater proportion of its related problems (disease outbreaks & illness,
people still struggling for their daily survival, population growth, etc) are among the key
the scope of development definition shall fit to factors (risks or shocks) hat lead to livelihood
the local scenarios. insecurity. All these three mechanisms affect
 It has to be understood in terms of household the livelihood security via affecting level of
Livelihood security. productivity; income, savings and
expenditures (key determinateness of
WHAT IS HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD access); utilization and distribution of
SECURITY (HLS)? resources.
 Household Livelihood Security is defined as:
‘Adequate and Sustainable Access to Income  Good health affects several aspects of life and
and Resources to personal well-being. A healthy population will
 Meet Basic Needs’, including: Food, Proper have high work productivity, and thereby
Nutrition, Clean Water; Health, Health contribute to the improvement of country’s
Facilities and services; Economic living standards.
Opportunities; Education; Housing/Habitat,  A healthy population may also require less
Security; Physical Safety; and time for health care, which implies lower health
Community Participation. expenditures for both the individual and the
 A system in which there are activities that public sector.
households engage in to earn/make a living,  Poor health on the other hand, make people
which can consist of a range of on- and off- unable to work full-time and thus their income
farm activities or procurement strategies level is reduced which will affect their
together, provides food and/or cash.
 livelihood and they will not be able to get
their basic needs including health services.
 Hence, the relationship of health status and
income is like the ‘chicken and egg dilemma’
and is bi-direction.
 This effect is reflected at individual level,
household and community level.
 Health and health related problems affect THE EIGHT MAJOR GOALS OF THE MDGS,
household access to income, economic MOST OF WHICH ARE TO BE ACHIEVED BY
growth, and resource distribution resulting in THE YEAR 2015, ARE:
challenged household livelihood security and 1. 1. Eradication of extreme poverty and
resilience. hunger
 Ill health not only affects the means (financial 2. Achievement of universal primary
resources, asset, income, know-how, time, education
etc,) to livelihood, but also modifies or 3. Promotion of gender equality and
complicates the context such as the empowerment of women
economic, cultural, political and social 4. Reduction of child mortality
situations in which individuals` making effort 5. Improvement in maternal health
to achieve their livelihood basic needs. 6. Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other
diseases
 Thus, in order to have better livelihood, 7. Ensuring environmental sustainability
families should be economically secured. 8. Developing a global partnership for
 Economic security is achieved when development
individuals or household have the capacity to
generate sufficient income to satisfy the basic
needs of the family, and to maintain or
increase the goods necessary for the stability
of the family economy, as well as to protect it
against shocks.
 As a prerequisite for this, households should
have health security and should be
nutritionally secured.

HEALTH AND THE MILLENNIUM

DEVELOPMENT GOAL

 In September 2000, leaders of 191 countries

around the world met at the UN to adopt the
Millennium Declaration.
 The Declaration outlined the central concerns
of the global community and articulated a set
of interconnected and mutually reinforcing
goals for sustainable development that are
now designated as the Millennium
 Development Goals (MDGs). The MDGs, as
set of global development agenda reflect the
renewed commitment of the international
community towards the overall well-being of
people in the developing world.
 Political and economic externality issues
aside, the altruistic rationale behind the MDGs
within the health sector can be considered as
paralleling the philanthropic
 drives of the 1970s that led to the emergence
of the “Health For All by 2000” movement.