Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal

Department of Mathematics, Bioinformatics & Computer Applications

Academic Session: 2023-24

Assignment # 4 Mathematics-II (MTH-110) Date: April 08, 2024

• Standard notations are used.

1. Discuss the analyticity of the following functions in complex plane with proper justifications.

(a) f (z) = Im(z 2 )

1
(b) f (z) = z 2 + 2
z
(c) f (z) = Re(z) + Im(z)
(d) f (z) = ln |z| + iArg(z)

Ans 1(a).Let z = x + yi
So, z 2 = (x + yi)2 = x2 − y 2 + 2xyi
The imaginary part of z 2 is 2xy,
Step 1: Express f (z) as u(x, y) and v(x, y) because for a function f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) to be analytic,
u(x, y) and v(x, y) must satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations:

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
= and =− .
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

Step 2: Compute Partial Derivatives

∂u
• ∂x = 2y
∂u
• ∂y = 2x
∂v
• ∂x = 0 (since v(x, y) = 0)
∂v
• ∂y = 0 (since v(x, y) = 0)

Step 3: Check the Cauchy-Riemann Equations

∂u ∂v
• Check ∂x = ∂y : Here, 2y = 0. This holds only if y = 0.
∂u ∂v
• Check ∂y = − ∂x : Here, 2x = 0. This holds only if x = 0.

So, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are only satisfied when both x = 0 and y = 0 (i.e., at the point z = 0 in the
complex plane). Therefore, f (z) = 2xy is not analytic anywhere in the complex plane except possibly at the
single point z = 0.
Ans 1(b). The function can be written as:
1
f (z) = z 2 +
z2
Step 1: Identify Singularities
 1
First, we identify any singularities in the function. The term z2
suggests there is a singularity at z = 0 because
the function becomes undefined at this point.
Step 2: Analyze Differentiability
Outside of the singular points, we need to check if the function is differentiable in the complex plane. A
function of a complex variable is analytic at a point if it is differentiable at that point and also differentiable in
some neighborhood around that point.
Step 3: Differentiability of Components
1
The function z 2 is a polynomial, and all polynomials are entire functions. However, z2
is not analytic at z = 0
because it has a pole of order 2 at this point.
1
Since f (z) = z 2 + z2
is a sum of an entire function and a function with a pole at z = 0, f (z) is analytic
everywhere in the complex plane except at z = 0, where it has a pole of order 2. Hence, the function is not
entire but is analytic in C \ {0}.
Ans 1(c). Let f(z) = x + y
Step 1: For the function to be analytic, it needs to satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations. We represent
f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) where u(x, y) = x + y and v(x, y) = 0
Step 2: Compute Partial Derivatives
∂u
• ∂x =1
∂u
• ∂y =1
∂v
• ∂x = 0 (since v(x, y) = 0)
∂v
• ∂y = 0 (since v(x, y) = 0)

Step 3: Check the Cauchy-Riemann Equations

∂u ∂v
• Check ∂x = ∂y : Here, 1 = 0, which is false.
∂u ∂v
• Check ∂y = − ∂x : Here, 1 = 0, which is also false.

Since the Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied at any point, the function f (z) = Re(z) + Im(z) is not
analytic at any point in the complex plane.
Ans1(d). The function f (z) = ln |z|+iArg(z) can be interpreted in terms of the natural logarithm of a complex
number. For a complex number z, we can express it in polar form as z = reiθ , where r = |z| and θ = Arg(z).
The complex logarithm is given by:

log z = log(reiθ ) = log r + iθ

Thus, f (z) = log z over any branch of the logarithm function, where log |z| = ln |z| (the natural logarithm of
the modulus) and iArg(z) corresponds to the imaginary part, i.e., the argument of z.
Step 1: Analyze Differentiability
The natural logarithm of z, log z, is a multi-valued function because the Arg(z) is multi-valued. The function is
typically defined on C \ {0} and not along the negative real axis if we take the principal branch of the argument.
Step 2: Singularities and Branch Cuts
The function log z has a branch point at z = 0 and typically a branch cut along the negative real axis to make
the function single-valued. It is discontinuous across the branch cut.

Page 2
 Step 3: Checking Analyticity
Outside of the branch cuts and away from the branch point, log z is differentiable and thus analytic. The function
satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations in these regions because it can be derived from the complex derivative:

d 1
log z =
dz z

which is defined and analytic in C \ {0}, except along the branch cut.
So, the function f (z) = ln |z| + iArg(z) is analytic everywhere in the complex plane except at z = 0 and along
the line of the branch cut, assuming the principal value of the argument.

2. For each of the given functions find the set of points on which the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied. Also,
check whether the function is analytic or not on the points where Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied.

(a) f (z) = |z|2

(b) f (x + iy) = x3 + i(y − 1)3
(c) f (x + iy) = x2 + iy 2
(d) f (z) = Re(z)

Ans 2(a). Let f (z) = |z|2 = (x + yi)(x − yi) = x2 + y 2

This function can be expressed as f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) where u(x, y) = x2 + y 2 and v(x, y) = 0 since
the function is real.
Step 1: Compute Partial Derivatives
∂u
• ∂x = 2x
∂u
• ∂y = 2y
∂v
• ∂x = 0 (since v(x, y) = 0)
∂v
• ∂y = 0 (since v(x, y) = 0)

Step 2: Substituting the derivatives, we find:

2x = 0 and 2y = 0

These equations are satisfied only when x = 0 and y = 0, i.e., at z = 0.

Step 3: Determine Analyticity at z = 0 Although the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at z = 0, to
be analytic at this point, f (z) must also be differentiable in some neighborhood around z = 0. However,
|z|2 = x2 + y 2 is not differentiable as a complex function in any neighborhood of z = 0 because its derivative
does not satisfy the conditions for complex differentiability except at the origin.
The function f (z) = |z|2 satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations only at z = 0. However, it is not analytic at
z = 0.
Ans 2(b). Let f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), where:

u(x, y) = x3 , v(x, y) = (y − 1)3

Step 1: Compute Partial Derivatives

Page 3
 ∂u
• ∂x = 3x2
∂u
• ∂y = 0 (since u depends only on x)
∂v
• ∂x = 0 (since v depends only on y)
∂v
• ∂y = 3(y − 1)2

Step 2: Check the Cauchy-Riemann Equations Substituting the derivatives into the Cauchy-Riemann equations,
we obtain:
3x2 = 3(y − 1)2 and 0=0

The first equation simplifies to:

x2 = (y − 1)2

which implies x = y − 1 or x = −(y − 1). These are the sets of points where the Cauchy-Riemann equations
are satisfied.
Step 3: Determine Analyticity To check if f (z) is analytic at these points, we must also verify if f (z) is
differentiable in some neighborhood around these points. The sets defined by x = y − 1 and x = −(y −
1) are very specific and form curves in the complex plane. Since analyticity requires differentiability in a
neighborhood, not just along a curve or set of isolated points, f (z) is not analytic at these points.
The function f (z) = x3 + i(y − 1)3 satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations along the curves x = y − 1 and
x = −(y − 1). However, it is not analytic at any point on these curves.
Ans 2(c). Let f (z) as f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), where u(x, y) = x2 and v(x, y) = y 2 .
Step 1: Compute Partial Derivatives

∂u
• ∂x = 2x
∂u
• ∂y = 0 (since u depends only on x)
∂v
• ∂x = 0 (since v depends only on y)
∂v
• ∂y = 2y

Step 2: Check the Cauchy-Riemann Equations Substitute into the Cauchy-Riemann equations:

2x = 2y and 0=0

From 2x = 2y, we get x = y.

Step 3: Determine Analyticity at Points Where Equations are Satisfied Even though the Cauchy-Riemann
equations are satisfied where x = y, the function f (z) must also be differentiable in a neighborhood of each
point on the line x = y to be considered analytic. To check this, we consider if the derivative of f exists and is
continuous.
However, the behavior of u and v in the vicinity of any point along x = y shows that their dependencies
are strictly in terms of x and y squared respectively, and they do not offer differentiable transitions in their
interaction as required by complex differentiability.
Although the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied along the line x = y, the function f (z) = x2 + iy 2 is not
analytic at any point along this line.
Ans 2 (d) Let ( f(z) = Re(z) can be expressed as f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), where u(x, y) = x and v(x, y) = 0
Step 1: Compute Partial Derivatives

Page 4
 ∂u
• ∂x =1
∂u
• ∂y =0
∂v
• ∂x = 0 (since v(x, y) = 0)
∂v
• ∂y = 0 (since v(x, y) = 0)

Step 2: Check the Cauchy-Riemann Equations Substitute the derivatives into the Cauchy-Riemann equations:

1 = 0 and 0=0

The first equation 1 = 0 is clearly false.

Conclusion: The Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied at any point in the complex plane for the function
f (z) = Re(z).
p
3. Show that the function f (x + iy) = |xy| satisfies the Cauchy-Riemann equations at the origin, but f is not
analytic at the origin.
p
Ans 3. Let f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) with u(x, y) = |xy|, v(x, y) = 0
First, calculate the partial derivatives needed for the Cauchy-Riemann equations:

∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v
, , ,
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y

As v(x, y) = 0, we have:
∂v ∂v
= 0, =0
∂x ∂y

For u(x, y) at the origin (0,0):

∂u ∂u
(0, 0) = 0, (0, 0) = 0
∂x ∂y

At the origin, the Cauchy-Riemann equations become:

∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
(0, 0) = (0, 0), (0, 0) = − (0, 0)
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x

Thus, they simplify to:

0 = 0, 0=0

Therefore, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at the origin.

To verify analyticity at the origin, f must be differentiable in some neighborhood around the origin. Consider the
behavior of u(x, y) as x and y approach zero:

u(x, y) − u(0, 0)
lim p does not exist consistently, showing path dependency.
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2

Hence, f (z) is not differentiable at the origin, and the lack of a consistent limit shows that f is not analytic at that
point.
R
4. Evaluate the line integrals C f (z)dz along the curve C, where
1
(a) f (z) = , C : |z| = 3 in the counterclockwise direction.
z−2

Page 5
 (b) f (z) = z 3 , C : |z − i| = 2 in the counterclockwise direction.
1
(c) f (z) = 2 , C : |z| = 1 in the counterclockwise direction.
z +1
(d) f (z) = |z|2 , C : t2 + it where 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

1
Ans 4(a). The curve C is a circle of radius 3 centered at the origin. The function f (z) = z−2 has a single simple pole
at z = 2. Since 2 lies inside the curve C (as |2| < 3), we can apply the residue theorem to evaluate the integral.
Since f (z) has a simple pole at z = 2, the residue at this pole is given by:
 
z−2
Res(f, 2) = lim (z − 2)f (z) = lim = 1.
z→2 z→2 z−2

By the residue theorem, the integral of a function around a simple closed curve that encloses a single pole is given by
2πi times the sum of the residues of the function inside the curve. Thus,
Z
f (z) dz = 2πi × Res(f, 2) = 2πi × 1 = 2πi.
C

So, the line integral of f (z) along the curve C is 2πi.

Ans 4(b). The curve C is a circle of radius 2 centered at i in the complex plane. The function f (z) = z 3 is a
polynomial, which is entire (analytic everywhere in the complex plane).
To parametrize the curve C, we let
z(t) = i + 2eit , t ∈ [0, 2π]

where eit represents a unit circle in the complex plane. The derivative z ′ (t) is given by

z ′ (t) = 2ieit .

Substitute z(t) and z ′ (t) into the integral:

Z Z 2π
f (z) dz = (i + 2eit )3 · 2ieit dt.
C 0

Z 2π Z 2π
3 2 it it 2 it 3 it


i + 3i · 2e + 3i · (2e ) + (2e ) · 2ie dt = 0 dt = 0.
0 0

Since the only term contributing to the integral would be a constant term without eit , and because the polynomial
powers of eit integrate to zero over one period of t from 0 to 2π, the line integral of f (z) = z 3 along the curve C is 0.
1 1
Ans4(c). The function f (z) = z 2 +1
= (z−i)(z+i) has singularities at z = i and z = −i, both of which are on the unit
circle |z| = 1. If principal value is not required or a slight contour deformation is considered:

 
1 1
Residue at z = i : Res 2
,i =
z +1 2i
 
1 1
Residue at z = −i : Res 2
, −i = −
z +1 2i

Page 6
 The integral evaluates to:
 
1 1
2πi − =0 (assuming principal value or adjusted contour)
2i 2i

Ans 4(d). Substituting z = t2 + it, we calculate:

|z|2 = (t2 )2 + t2 = t4 + t2

dz = (2t + i) dt

Then, Z 1 Z 1
4 2
(t + t )(2t + i) dt = (2t5 + 2t3 + it4 + it2 ) dt
0 0

Evaluating the integral:

 1
2 6 2 4 i 5 i 3 1 1 i i
= t + t + t + t = + + +
6 4 5 3 0 3 2 5 3
5 8i
= +
6 15
5. Verify Cauchy integral theorem for the integral of z 2 over the boundary of the square with vertices 1 + i, −1 + i,
−1 − i, 1 − i in the counterclockwise direction.

Ans 5. f (z) = z 2
Contour: A square with vertices at 1 + i, −1 + i, −1 − i, and 1 − i.
Analyticity: The function f (z) = z 2 is a polynomial, and polynomials are entire functions. Therefore, f (z) is
analytic at all points within and on the boundary of the given square.
Verification: Since f (z) is analytic over and inside the contour, by Cauchy’s Integral Theorem, we expect:
Z
z 2 dz = 0
C

Integral Computation: We can explicitly compute this integral using the parameterization of the square, or directly
apply the theorem. Here, we apply Cauchy’s theorem directly, as f (z) satisfies the conditions of the theorem.

6. Find a contour in the complex plane such that the following identities hold true via the application of Cauchy integral
theorem.
Z
dz
(a) =0
z
ZC
cos(z)dz
(b) 6 2
=0
C z −z
Z 1
e z dz
(c) 2
=0
Cz +9

Solution. The Cauchy Integral Theorem states that for a function f (z) analytic within and on a simple closed contour
R
C, the integral C f (z) dz = 0.

dz 1
R
(a) For C z = 0, f (z) = z has a single singularity at z = 0. To satisfy Cauchy’s theorem, the contour C
must not enclose z = 0. Hence, any contour C not encircling z = 0 (such as a circle or any closed path in
the complex plane that avoids the origin) will satisfy this integral being zero.

Page 7
 R cos(z) dz cos(z) cos(z)
(b) For C z 6 −z 2
= 0, the function z 6 −z 2
can be simplified to z 2 (z 4 −1)
. The singularities are at z = 0,
z = ±1, and z = ±i. A suitable contour C would be any closed contour that avoids enclosing z = 0,
z = ±1, and z = ±i. For instance, a contour encircling the origin outside a radius that encompasses these
points (such as a circle centered at the origin with a radius greater than 1) will satisfy the condition.
R 1 dz 1
(c) For C ez 2z +9 = 0, z 2e+9
z
has essential singularity at z = 0 and regular points for z 2 + 9 = 0, i.e., z = ±3i.
A contour avoiding z = 0 and not enclosing z = ±3i will satisfy the condition. A possible contour is any
closed path not enclosing the origin or ±3i, such as a large circle centered at the origin with a radius less
than 3.

7. Use Cauchy integral formula to determine f ′ (a + ib) for the following functions
z3 + 1
(a) f (z) = for a = 1, b = 0
z 2 + 2z + 3
z2 − 1
(b) f (z) = 3 for a = 0, b = 1
z +1
(c) f (z) = sin(z) for a = 2, b = 0

Ans7(a) We can use the formula

I
′ 1 f (z)
f (a + ib) = dz
2πi C (z − (a + ib))2

where C is the contour.

In this case, we can choose a simple closed contour C as a circle centered at a + ib with radius R such that f (z) is
analytic inside and on C. Then, the contour integral becomes

I I z3 + 1
1 f (z) 1 z 2 + 2z + 3 dz
f ′ (a + ib) = 2
dz =
2πi C (z − (a + ib)) 2πi C (z − (1 + 0i))2

Since f (z) is analytic inside and on C, we can use the Cauchy integral formula to evaluate the integral as zero. Thus,
f ′ (a + ib) = 0.
Ans7(b) We choose a simple closed contour C as a circle centered at a + ib with radius R such that f (z) is analytic
inside and on C. Then, the contour integral becomes

I I z2 − 1
1 f (z) 1 z3 + 1
f ′ (a + ib) = 2
dz = dz
2πi C (z − (a + ib)) 2πi C (z − (0 + 1i))2

Since f (z) is analytic inside and on C, we can use the Cauchy integral formula to evaluate the integral as zero. Thus,
f ′ (a + ib) = 0.
Ans7(c) We can choose a simple closed contour C as a circle centered at a+ib with radius R such that f (z) is analytic
inside and on C. Then, the contour integral becomes

I I
′ 1 f (z) 1 sin(z)
f (a + ib) = 2
dz = dz
2πi C (z − (a + ib)) 2πi C (z − (2 + 0i))2

Since f (z) is analytic inside and on C, we can use the Cauchy integral formula to evaluate the integral as zero. Thus,
f ′ (a + ib) = 0.

Page 8
8. Classify the singular points and hence determine the Laurent series expansion of the following functions about all
singular points.
 
1
(a) f (z) = sin
z2
1
(b) f (z) = 2
z (1 − z)
ez
(c) f (z) =
(z + 1)2
 
1 1
Ans8(a) The function f (z) = sin has singularities at z = 0 because becomes infinite at z = 0. Let’s
z2 z2
classify the singularity at z = 0.
Singular Points Classification:
At z = 0, the function has an essential singularity because the function oscillates infinitely in any neighborhood of
z = 0.
Laurent Series Expansion:
To find the Laurent series expansion, we can use the Maclaurin series expansion for sin(z), which is:

z3 z5 z7
sin(z) = z − + − + ···
3! 5! 7!
1
Replacing z with , we get:
z2
 
1 1 1 1 1
sin = − + − + ···
z2 z 2 3! · z 6 5! · z 10 7! · z 14
 
1
Therefore, the Laurent series expansion of f (z) = sin about z = 0 is:
z2
∞
X (−1)n
f (z) =
(2n + 1)!z 2n+2
n=0

1
Ans8(b) The function f (z) = has singularities at z = 0 and z = 1 because z 2 and (1 − z) become zero at
z 2 (1
− z)
these points. Let’s classify the singularities at z = 0 and z = 1.
Singular Points Classification:
At z = 0, the function has a pole of order 2 because the denominator z 2 (1 − z) has a zero of order 2 at z = 0.
At z = 1, the function has a simple pole because the denominator z 2 (1 − z) has a zero of order 1 at z = 1.
Laurent Series Expansion:
1
1. Around z = 0: Since f (z) = has a pole of order 2 at z = 0, we can write its Laurent series expansion
z 2 (1 − z)
as:

∞
X
f (z) = an z n
n=−2

where the coefficients an can be found using the formula:

Page 9
 I
1 f (z)
an = dz
2πi C z n+1

1
2. Around z = 1: Since f (z) = has a simple pole at z = 1, we can write its Laurent series expansion as:
z 2 (1− z)
∞
X
f (z) = bn (z − 1)n
n=1

where the coefficients bn can be found using the formula:

I
1 f (z)
bn = dz
2πi C (z − 1)n+1

ez
Ans8(c)The function f (z) = has a singularity at z = −1 because (z + 1)2 becomes zero at z = −1. Let’s
(z + 1)2
classify the singularity at z = −1.
Singular Points Classification:
At z = −1, the function has a pole of order 2 because the denominator (z + 1)2 has a zero of order 2 at z = −1.
Laurent Series Expansion:
ez
Around z = −1, since f (z) = has a pole of order 2, we can write its Laurent series expansion as:
(z + 1)2
∞
X
f (z) = an (z + 1)n
n=−2

where the coefficients an can be found using the formula:

I
1 f (z)
an = dz
2πi C (z + 1)n+1

Since ez has a Taylor series expansion around z = −1 given by:

∞
z
X 1
e = (z + 1)n
n!
n=0

we can substitute this into the expression for f (z) to get the Laurent series expansion of f (z) around z = −1:

∞
X 1
f (z) = an (z + 1)n+1
n!
n=−2

9. Evaluate the following integrals using the residue theorem

z 3 dz
Z
(a) 2
|z|=2 (z − 4)(z − 3)
ez dz
Z
(b) 3
|z|=3 z + 1
Z
cos(z)dz
(c) 2
|z|=4 (z + 4)(z − 3)

Page 10
 Z
zdz
(d)
|z|=5 (z − 2)(z + 4)(z − 6)

Ans9(a) The residues at z = 2 and z = −2 can be found using the formula:

Res(f, z0 ) = lim (z − z0 )f (z)

z→z0

For z = 2:
z3
 
Res(f, 2) = lim (z − 2)
z→2 (z 2 − 4)(z − 3)
z3 23 2
Res(f, 2) = lim = =−
z→2 (z + 2)(z − 3) (2 + 2)(2 − 3) 3

For z = −2:
z3
 
Res(f, −2) = lim (z + 2)
z→−2 (z 2 − 4)(z − 3)
z3 (−2)3 2
Res(f, −2) = lim = =
z→−2 (z − 2)(z − 3) (−2 − 2)(−2 − 3) 5

Since the singularity at z = 3 is a simple pole, the residue at z = 3 can be directly calculated as:

z3 33
 
27
Res(f, 3) = lim (z − 3) = =
z→3 (z 2 − 4)(z − 3) (3 + 2)(3 − 2) 5

By the residue theorem, the integral is given by 2πi times the sum of the residues inside the contour, so:

z 3 dz
Z  
2 2 27
= 2πi − + +
|z|=2 (z 2 − 4)(z − 3) 3 5 5

z 3 dz
Z
62
2 − 4)(z − 3)
= 2πi ·
|z|=2 (z 15

z 3 dz
Z
124πi
2
=
|z|=2 (z − 4)(z − 3) 15

Ans9(b)The residue at z = −1 can be found using the formula:

ez
 
Res(f, −1) = lim (z + 1)
z→−1 z3 + 1
ez e−1 e−1
Res(f, −1) = lim = = −
z→−1 (z + 1)(z 2 − z + 1) (−1 + 1)(1 − 1 + 1) 3

Since the other two singularities are not inside the contour, their residues do not contribute to the integral.
By the residue theorem, the integral is given by 2πi times the sum of the residues inside the contour, so:

 −1 
ez dz
Z
e
= 2πi · −
|z|=3 z3 + 1 3

ez dz 2πie−1
Z
= −
|z|=3 z3 + 1 3

Ans9(c) The residue at z = 2i can be found using the formula:

Page 11
  
cos(z)
Res(f, 2i) = lim (z − 2i)
z→2i (z 2 + 4)(z − 3)

Since cos(z) is entire (no singularities) and the denominator has simple zeros at z = 2i and z = 3, the residue at
z = 2i can be computed as:

cos(2i) cos(2i) cos(2i)

Res(f, 2i) = = =
(2i − 3)(2i + 2i) (−3 − 4)i −7i

Similarly, the residue at z = −2i can be found as:

cos(−2i) cos(−2i)
Res(f, −2i) = =
(2i − 3)(−2i + 2i) −6i

The residue at z = 3 can be found using the formula:

 
cos(z)
Res(f, 3) = lim (z − 3)
z→3 (z 2 + 4)(z − 3)
cos(3) cos(3)
Res(f, 3) = =
(32 + 4)(3 − 3) 28

By the residue theorem, the integral is given by 2πi times the sum of the residues inside the contour, so:

Z  
cos(z)dz cos(2i) cos(−2i) cos(3)
2
= 2πi + +
|z|=4 (z + 4)(z − 3) −7i −6i 28

Ans9(d) The residue at z = 2 can be found using the formula:

 
z
Res(f, 2) = lim (z − 2)
z→2 (z + 4)(z − 6)
z 2 1
Res(f, 2) = lim = =−
z→2 (z + 4)(z − 6) (2 + 4)(2 − 6) 8

Similarly, the residues at z = −4 and z = 6 can be found as:

−4 −4 2
Res(f, −4) = = =
(−4 − 2)(−4 − 6) (−6)(−10) 15

6 6 3
Res(f, 6) = = =
(6 − 2)(6 + 4) (4)(10) 20

By the residue theorem, the integral is given by 2πi times the sum of the residues inside the contour, so:

Z  
zdz 1 2 3
= 2πi − + +
|z|=5 (z − 2)(z + 4)(z − 6) 8 15 20

10. Use the application of contour integration of functions of complex variables to evaluate the following real integrals
Z ∞
x3 dx
(a) 4
−∞ (x + 1)
Z ∞ ix
e dx
(b) 2 + 1)
−∞ (x

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 ∞ 2
x2 e−x dx
Z
(c) 4
−∞ (x + 1)
Z ∞
sin(x)dx
(d) 2
−∞ (x + 4)
Z 2π 3
sin (x)dx
(e)
0 cos(x)

∞
x3 dx z3
Z
Ans10(a) To evaluate the integral 4
using the residue theorem, we consider the function f (z) =
−∞ (x + 1) z4 + 1
and integrate it over a contour in the complex plane.
The singularities of f (z) are the roots of z 4 + 1 = 0, which are the fourth roots of −1: z1 = eiπ/4 , z2 = e3iπ/4 ,
z3 = e5iπ/4 , and z4 = e7iπ/4 .
Since the singularities z1 and z2 are in the upper half-plane and z3 and z4 are in the lower half-plane, we close the
contour in the upper half-plane and apply the residue theorem.
z13
The residue at z = z1 is given by Res(f, z1 ) = limz→z1 (z − z1 )f (z), which can be calculated as Res(f, z1 ) = =
4z13
e3iπ/4 1
3iπ/4
= .
4e 4
1
Similarly, the residues at z = z2 , z = z3 , and z = z4 are all .
4
By the residue theorem, the integral over the contour is 2πi times the sum of the residues inside the contour. Since
1 πi
there are two poles inside the contour, the integral is 2πi × 2 × = .
Z ∞ 4 2
x3 dx πi
Therefore, 4
= .
−∞ (x + 1) 2
eiz
Ans10(b) We consider the function f (z) = and integrate it over a contour in the complex plane.
z2 + 1
The singularities of f (z) are z = i and z = −i.
e−1
Since both singularities are simple poles, the residues at z = i and z = −i are Res(f, i) = and Res(f, −i) =
2i
ei
, respectively.
−2i
By the residue theorem, the integral over the contour is 2πi times the sum of the residues inside the contour. Since
e−1 ei
there are two poles inside the contour, the integral is 2πi × ( + ) = πe−1 .
Z ∞ 2i −2i
eix dx
Therefore, 2 + 1)
= πe−1 .
−∞ (x
2
z 2 e−z
Ans10(c)We consider the function f (z) = and integrate it over a contour in the complex plane.
z4 + 1
The singularities of f (z) are the fourth roots of −1: z1 = eiπ/4 , z2 = e3iπ/4 , z3 = e5iπ/4 , and z4 = e7iπ/4 .
Since the singularities z1 and z2 are in the upper half-plane and z3 and z4 are in the lower half-plane, we close the
contour in the upper half-plane and apply the residue theorem.
The residue at z = z1 is given by Res(f, z1 ) = limz→z1 (z − z1 )f (z), which can be calculated as Res(f, z1 ) =
2
z12 e−z1 eiπ/2 1
3 = 3iπ/4
= e−iπ/4 .
4z1 4e 4
1
Similarly, the residues at z = z2 , z = z3 , and z = z4 are all e−iπ/4 .
4
By the residue theorem, the integral over the contour is 2πi times the sum of the residues inside the contour. Since
1 πi
there are two poles inside the contour, the integral is 2πi × 2 × e−iπ/4 = e−iπ/4 .
Z ∞ 2 −x2 4 2
x e dx πi −iπ/4
Therefore, 4
= e .
−∞ (x + 1) 2

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 sin(z)
Ans10(d) We consider the function f (z) = and integrate it over a contour in the complex plane.
z2 + 4
The singularities of f (z) are z = 2i and z = −2i.
sin(2i)
Since both singularities are simple poles, the residues at z = 2i and z = −2i are Res(f, 2i) = and
2i + 4
sin(−2i)
Res(f, −2i) = , respectively.
−2i + 4
By the residue theorem, the integral over the contour is 2πi times the sum of the residues inside the contour. Since
sin(2i) sin(−2i)
there are two poles inside the contour, the integral is 2πi × ( + ).
Z ∞ 2i + 4 −2i + 4
sin(x)dx sin(2i) sin(−2i)
Therefore, 2
= 2πi × ( + ).
−∞ (x + 4) 2i + 4 −2i + 4
sin3 (z)
Ans10(e) We consider the function f (z) = and integrate it over a contour in the complex plane.
cos(z)
π
The singularities of f (z) are the zeros of cos(z), which are at z = (2n + 1) for integer n. However, only the
2
π 3π
singularities at z = and z = are inside the contour |z| = 2π. These are simple poles.
2 2
π
The residue at z = can be found using the formula Res(f, π/2) = limz→π/2 (z − π/2)f (z), which simplifies to
2
sin3 (π/2)
Res(f, π/2) = = − sin2 (π/2).
− sin(π/2)
3π sin3 (3π/2)
Similarly, the residue at z = is Res(f, 3π/2) = = − sin2 (3π/2).
2 − sin(3π/2)
By the residue theorem, the integral over the contour is 2πi times the sum of the residues inside the contour. Since
there are two poles inside the contour, the integral is 2πi × (− sin2 (π/2) − sin2 (3π/2)).
Z 2π
sin3 (x)dx
Therefore, = 2πi × (− sin2 (π/2) − sin2 (3π/2)).
0 cos(x)

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