2 Bones and Muscles

'Practice puts your brain

in your muscles.'
-Samuel Snead
Starter
them. Even the
Skeletons are scary. But it is impossible to exist without
without bones. Without
book you are holding right now, cannot be held
bones our body would have been like a jelly. Discuss!

Knowledge Mapping
Bones and muscles
Skeletal system
> Joints
Muscles

BONES ANDMUSCLES
Underneath our skin are so many things that make up our body. There is an intricate
framework of blood vessels, nerves and other body parts inside us. Twoof these are
bones and muscles. Bones give shape to our body and help us to
stand straight. Muscles stretch across our bones and are attached to
tendons. Both bones and muscles are used for different activities,
such as standing, walking, writing and even
turning apage. Factopedia
The skeleton not only helps us to move around, Giraffes and humans
have same number of
it also protects our vital organs, such as brain, bones in their necks!
heart, stomach, spinalcord and more. Without Giraffe's bones are much
our skeleton we would only be a big mass of longer than ours.
skin and organs.
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 Structure of a Bone
Bones are hard structures found almost everywhere inside the Spongy bone
body. Bones have three parts.
Compact bone
1. A thin membrane called the periosteum covers the outer
Periosteum
surface of the bone. It contains the bone's nerves and blood
vessels.
2. Under this is asmooth and hard compact bone. It is also
called the cortical bone. Structure of bone

3. In layers within the compact bone is cancellous

bone. It is also called spongy bone because it has Pause to Do
holes in it.
Write the names of different
Bone marrow is a tissue found inside bones. It produces parts of abone.
blood cells which are vital for our immune system. What is the function of bone
Bones are made of minerals, such as calcium and marrow?
phosphorus. The health of a bone can be measured What does low bone density
with bone density. signify?
Skull

Clavicle SKELETAL SYSTEM

The human skeleton has 206 bones. These bones
Rib Humerus are arranged into two major divisions.
Vertebra
Ulna 1. The axial skeleton
Pelvis
Radius
2. The appendicular skeleton
The axial skeleton runs along the body's
Femur
midline axis and is made up of 80 bones
Phalanges Fibula in the regions - skull, spine and ribs. The
Tibia appendicular skeleton is composed of bones
of arms and legs.
Human skeleton

Skull
Thehuman skull contains 29 bones. 8 bones make up the cranium,
14 make up the facial framework along with associated 7 bones. All
the bones are fixed in the skullexcept the lower jaw. That is why
while talking andeating we are able to move our lower jaw. All the
bones inthe skullare hard, except the nose. It is because the nose is Human skull
made up of cartilage, which is elastic in nature.
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 Spine
The spine or the backbone is the main stem of the skeleton. It is made up of 33 small bono
called vertebrae. lt is also called vertebral column. This column protects the spinal cord
which sends information to the brain. The backbone helps us in bending,
holds the body upright. As we grow older some of the vertebrae fuse together and .
twisting and
left with 26 vertebrae.

Rib Cage
This is a framework of bones inside our chest, True ribs

which is shaped like a cage. There are 24 ribs, 12

oneach side; attached to the spine at the back and Sternum
the sternum at the front. Last two ribs at the front
not attached to the sternum, are called floating False ribs
ribs. Rib cage protectsour heart and lungs.
Floating ribs
The Limbs Rib cage
There are twopairs of limbs inour body
the forelimbs - a pair of arms,
the hindlimbs - a pair of legs. Factopedia
The forelimbs or arms start from the shoulder upto One in every 20 persons has an
the tip of fingers. There is a single bone called extra rib. Mostly it is aman.
humerus in the upper part of arm. The lower part
of the arm has two bones-Radius and Ulna. Our
hands and wrists are made up of 27 small bones.
The hind limbs are the legs, to support the body
weight. These bones are connected to the pelvic Humerus
Femur

girdle at the end of the spine. The bone of our

thigh is called femur. It isthe longest bone of the Radius
body. Lower part of the leg has two bones-Tibia Ulna
Tibia
and Fibula. Atotal of 26 bones are found in each Fibula
foot.

JOINTS
Appendicular skeleton
Ajoint is a connection between two or more
bones. Joints allow different types of movements.
Pair and Share
A joint is usually formed of fibrous connective
tissue and cartilage. Joints hold the bones together Is HUMERUS actually the
with ligaments, which are very strong and elastic funny bone of the body?
in nature. All the joints in our body are movable, Why is it called so? Find the
Connection.
except for the skull,
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Types of Joints
There are tour types of movable joints in the body.
Hinge Joint: As the name suggests, it works like hinges of adoor, opening one way.
Such joints allow movement only in one direction. These joints are found in fingers,
knees, toes and elbows.
Ball and Socket Joint:These joints allow rotating movement in all directions. Arounded
endof bone fits into acup-like (socket) area of another bone. The hip joints and shoulder
joints are examples of ball
and socket joint.
Pivot Joint: These joints
allow the movement of
turning. We are able to
move our head sideways, Pivot joint Balland socket joint
upward and downward, betveen Cland (hip and shoulder
C2 vertebrae) joint)
nod and shake, because
of pivot joint between the
skull and backbone.
Gliding Joint: This joint
allows the gliding
movement over two
ilat bones. These joints Hinge joint Gliding Joint
(elbow and fingers (between radius and
are found in wrists and and knee)) carpal bones of wrist)
ankles.

MUSCLES HOTS
Muscles make the movement of bones possible. These are A baby is born with 300 bones.
attached to the bones though tendons. Muscles work in An adult has 206 bones. What
happens to the 94 bones while
pairs, taking turn tomove the bone in the desired direction, growing up?
by pulling the bone.
There are about 639 muscles in human body, which make
up to about 40% of our body weight. Even our digestive
system works on the movement of muscles inside the
stomach walls. Muscles

Bone
Types of Muscles Tendons

Voluntary muscles: The movement of these muscles is

under our control. Muscles attached to the skeletal systenm are voluntary muscles. We walk,
run, smile, read, write and move with these muscles.
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Involuntarymuscles: The movement of these muscle is not under our control.The muscles
of digestive system work automatically throughout the life.

Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle

(Voluntary) (nvoluntary)
Cardiac muscles:These muscles are specialised, only found in the heart. The heart keene
beating always, without our doing anything due to these muscles.
We need to take good care of our bones. Bones gain density until you turn 30 years. Then
density declines if you don't get enough exercise, calcium and vitamin D.

Key Terms
Tendon: a fibrous tissue connecting muscle to a bone
Immune system: organs that provide resistance to infection or toxins
Cranium: top portion of theskull which protects the brain
Sternum: a long flat bone located inthe centre of the chest

Points to Ponder
Skeleton is a framework of bones which supports the body.
Italso protects our internal organs and helps the body in moving around.
There are 206 bones in an adult, which are of different shapes and sizes.
Human skeletoncomprises of - askul,a rib cage, aspine, forelimbs and hindlimbs.
There are four types of movable joints -Balland socket joints, hinge joints,pivot joints
and gliding joints.
There are three types of muscles - voluntary, involuntary and cardiac.
We need to take good care of our bones.

Let's Revise
A. Put a( ) on the correct option.
1. Without the our body would be a heap of organs.
ta) skeleton ) b) heart Oc) lungs
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 2. This structure protects the spinal cord.
(a) Skull (b) Ribs () (c) Vertebral column
3. The movement of the shoulder is allowed by this joint.
(a) Pivot O(b) Gliding ) (c) Ball and socket
4. Muscles of the heart arecalled muscles.
(a) cardiac Ob) voluntary Oc) involuntary
B. Define the following terms.
1. Skeletal System 2. Bone Density 3. Cartilage 4. Cranium

C. Match the following.

1. Skull (a) Spinal cord
2. Rib cage (b) Intestines, bladder
3. Backbone (c) Heart, lungs
4. Pelvic Girdle (d) Brain

D. Answer the following questions.

1. Explain skeletal system with the help of alabelled diagram.
2. Explain four types of joints along with their location.
3. Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles.
4. Differentiate between movable and immovable joints.
5. What is the function of rib cage?
E. Create a model of skeleton using different shapes and sizes of pasta. Glue the dried pasta on
an outline of skeleton drawn on a black chart paper. Art Integration NEP 2020

F. Visit agymnasium and observe people doing exercise there. Ask the instructor what
Exploration NEP 2020
exercises does he recommend for increasing muscular strength.
Assertion-Reason NEP 2020
G. Choose the correct answer.
(a) If both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and R is correct explanation of A.
(b) If both Aand Rare true but Ris not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false andR is true.
Assertion (A): We are able to move our jaw.
Reason (R): The upper jaw bone isnot fixed.
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 H. Look at the joints in the body. Answer the following questions. Case Study Based NEP 2020

1. One in the figure represents

(a) Pivot joint (b) Ball andsocket joint
(c) Hinge joint (d) Gliding joint
2. Hinge joints are found at -3.
(a) 3 and 4 (b) 3 and6
4.
(c) 2 and 5 (d) 1and 2
3. 2and 5 in the figure represent -5.
-6.
(a) Ball and socket and hinge joints respectively
(b) Balland socket joints
-7.
(c) Hinge joints
(d) Hinge joints and pivot joints respectively.

Life Skills
Let's learn todo Surya Namaskar.ode ot oh rh
Stand facing the rising sun early in the morning. Your feet placed
together and hands in namaskar mudra. Close your eyes.
Slowly inhale and exhale for a few seconds. Meditate on the
rising Sun. Visualise the sunlight radiating through your whole
body.

CTeacher's Note
Explain the role ofsunshine to the students and how it helps to make vitamin D in our body. Encourage them to spend some
time outside in the morning sun.

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