Worksheet 8: Matrix algebra and inverses
1. Given the matrices
1 2 0 1 1
A= , B= ,
3 4 1 0 1
compute the following expressions:
B + AB, B + BA, B T B, BB T + 2I2 .
Here I2 is the 2 × 2 identity matrix. If an expression is undefined, explain
why.
Answer: B + BA is undefined since the product BA is undefined (B has
3 columns, while A has only two rows). Next,
2 2 4
B + AB = ,
5 3 8
0 1 1 0 1
0 1 1
B T B = 1 0 · = 0 1 1 ,
1 0 1
1 1 1 1 2
0 1
T 0 1 1 2 0 4 1
BB + 2I2 = · 1 0 + = .
1 0 1 0 2 1 4
1 1
2. Can you derive the following facts from the properties of matrix op-
erations (assuming that all operations are well defined)? If so, state clearly
which properties you use.
(a) (AB)T = AT B T
(b) (AAT )T = AAT
(c) (A + B)(C + D) = AC + BD + BC + AD
1
(d) If CA = In and AD = Im , then C = D (hint: think about the product
CAD)
Solution: (a) No; in fact, (AB)T = B T AT , and AT and B T do not have
to commute.
(b) Yes, by properties (15) and (12) (in the matrix operations handout)
(AAT )T = (AT )T AT = AAT .
(c) Yes, by properties (9) and (8):
(A + B)(C + D) = A(C + D) + B(C + D) = AC + AD + BC + BD.
(d) Yes, by properties (7) and (11):
C(AD) = CIm = C;
on the other hand,
C(AD) = (CA)D = In D = D.
3. Lay, 2.1.19. (Hint: use the definition of the matrix product given at
the beginning of page 110.)
Solution: See the back of the book.
4–6. Use the formula on page 119 to find the inverses of the following
matrices or state that they are not invertible:
1 2
,
2 1
1 −1
,
−1 1
cos φ − sin φ
.
sin φ cos φ
Answers: −1
1 2 1 −1 2
= ,
2 1 3 2 −1
1 −1
is not invertible,
−1 1
−1
cos φ − sin φ cos φ sin φ
= .
sin φ cos φ − sin φ cos φ
2
Note that in the last case, the inverse matrix to the matrix of rotation by φ
degrees counterclockwise is the matrix of rotation by φ degrees clockwise.
7. Use the inverse found in exercise 4 to solve the equation
1 2 1
~x = .
2 1 1
Solution: We have
−1
1 2 1 1 −1 2 1 1/3
~x = = = .
2 1 1 3 2 −1 1 1/3
8. Use invertibility to prove that the equation
100 99
~x = ~b
101 100
has a unique solution for each ~b. (Hint: you do not need to compute the
inverse here.)
Solution: We have
100 99
det = 1002 − 99 · 101 = 1 6= 0;
101 100
therefore, the matrix in question is invertible (Theorem 4 in 2.2). It follows
that the equation in question has a unique solution for each right hand side
(Theorem 5 in 2.2).
9. Lay, 2.2.18.
Solution: Multiply both sides of the equation by P −1 to the left and by
P to the right; we get
P −1 AP = P −1 P BP −1 P = (P −1 P )B(P −1 P ) = In BIn = B.
10. Lay, 2.2.9, (a)–(d).
Answers: (a) True (b) False (c) True (d) True; see the solution guide
for details.
11. Lay, 2.2.16.
3
Solution: Since we do not know that A is invertible, we cannot use the
formula (AB)−1 = B −1 A−1 . Instead, put C = AB; multiplying both sides of
this equation by B −1 to the right, we get A = CB −1 . Now, both C and B −1
are invertible; therefore, A is invertible and in fact, A−1 = BC −1 .
100.* (The center of the matrix algebra) Find all 2 × 2 matrices A such
that for each 2 × 2 matrix B, AB = BA. (Hint: try taking matrices B that
have element 1 at one position and 0 at all other positions.)
Answer: A has to be a multiple of the identity matrix.
101.* (A model of complex numbers) For a, b ∈ R, define the 2 × 2 matrix
T (a, b) as
a b
T (a, b) = .
−b a
We associate to this matrix the complex number a + ib.
(a) Prove that T (a, b) + T (c, d) = T (a + c, b + d) and relate this to the
law of addition of complex numbers.
(b) Prove that (as a matrix product) T (a, b)T (c, d) = T (c, d)T (a, b) =
T (ac − bd, bc + ad) and relate this to the law of multiplication of complex
numbers.
(c) Prove that T (a, b)T = T (a, −b) and relate this to complex conjugation.
(d) Prove that for a2 + b2 > 0, the matrix T (a, b) is invertible and
T (a, b)−1 = T (a, −b)/(a2 + b2 ); √
relate this to inverses of complex numbers.
2 2
(e) If a + b > 0, put r = a2 + b2 and show that T (a, b) is equal to r
times the matrix of a certain rotation. Relate this to the polar decomposition
of complex numbers.
