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POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor

CHAPTER-1 CONSTITUTION: WHY & HOW  Principle of Deliberation- There was a detailed discussion and debates on each and every subject in the b. Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
1. What is Constitution? Explain the functions of a Constitution. Constituent Assembly before added them to the provision of the Constitution. Art.19. It consists of 6 types of freedom such as freedom of Speech and Expression, freedom of Assembly,
Constitution is the basic laws of a state. It consists of the basic principles and laws of a state that  Procedure- Each Committee in the Constituent Assembly drafted particular provisions of the Constitution. freedom of Association, freedom of movement, freedom to residence and freedom of Profession.
determines the powers and functions of the government. Followings are the major functions of the These were presented in the Constituent Assembly for discussion. Each decision was taken either on the Art.20- Protection in respect of conviction of offenses. It says no person shall be punished for the same
Constitution: basis of consensus or voting. offense more than once and no person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.
 It provides a set of basic laws that coordinate the people of a given society.  Inheritance of the Nationalist Movement- The ideals of the national movement such as sovereignty, Art.21- Art. 21 protects right to life and personal liberty.
 It specifies which institution has the power to make laws and take decisions. democracy, equality, liberty etc. were the basis of our Constitution. Art.22- Protection against arbitrary arrest and detention.
 It limits the powers of the government and protects citizen’s rights.  Institutional arrangement- In our Constitution, there is separation of powers between Legislature, c. Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)

 It enables the government to fulfill the aspiration and goal of society. Executive and Judiciary. Besides, there is a clear demarcation between the powers of Centre and states. Art. 23- Prohibits traffic (selling and buying) in human beings and forced labor (slavery).

 It expresses the fundamental identity of a people. 5. What are the borrowed provisions in Indian Constitution? Art. 24- Prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 in hazardous jobs.

2. Describe about the Constituent Assembly of India.  British Constitution- Parliamentary System, Rule of Law, Role of Speaker, Law Making Procedure. d. Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25–28). These articles envisage secularism in India.

The Constitution of India was drafted by the Constituent Assembly. Its first session was held on 9  American Constitution- Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Judicial Review, Independent Judiciary. Art.25- Freedom to conscience and the right to freely profess, practice and propagate religion.

December 1946 at Delhi. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the President of the Constituent Assembly. Jawaharlal Nehru  Canadian Constitution- Quasi-Federal Form of Government, Idea of Residual Powers Art.26- Freedom to establish and maintain religious or charitable institutions.

introduced ‘Objective Resolution’ in the Constituent Assembly which defined the aims of the Constituent  French Constitution- Liberty, Equality and Fraternity Art.27- No person shall be compelled to pay religious taxes on the promotion of a religion.

Assembly. The total membership of the Constituent Assembly after the partition was 299. It had eight major  Irish Constitution- Directive Principles of State Policy Art.28- Prohibits imparting of religious instructions in state funded educational institutions.
e. Cultural and Educational Right (Article 29-30)
committees on different subjects. Each Committee drafted particular provisions of the Constitution. These were  Russian Constitution (USSR)- Fundamental Duties
presented in the Constituent Assembly for discussion. In 1949 Nov. 26, the Constitution of India was adopted Art.29- Protection of language, culture of minorities.
Objective type questions
by the Constituent Assembly. It came into force on 26 January 1950. Art.30- Right of ‘Religious and Linguistic Minorities’ to establish educational institutions.
1. Who was the President of the Constituent Assembly? Dr. Rajendra Prasad
3. Explain about the major items of Objective Resolution. f. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Art 32)
2. Who introduced ‘Objective Resolution’ in the Constituent Assembly? Jawaharlal Nehru
Jawaharlal Nehru introduced ‘Objective Resolution’ in the Constituent Assembly on 13 December, 1946. Art 32- Right to remedies for the enforcement of the fundamental right of an aggrieved citizen.
3. Who was the Chairman of Drafting Committee? Dr. B.R Ambedkar
It defined the aims of Constituent Assembly and also expressed the aspirations and values behind the 2. Explain the various writs issued by the Supreme Court and High Courts.
4. Who is known as the Architecture of Indian Constitution? Dr. B.R Ambedkar
Constitution. Major contents of ‘Objective Resolution’ are as follows 5. When did the Constitution of India adopted by the Constituent Assembly? 1949 November 26 The Supreme Court under article 32 and the High Court under article 226 can issue writs for the
 India is a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic. 6. When did the Constitution of India came into force? 1950 January 26. enforcement of fundamental rights. High court can also issue writs for the enforcement of ordinary legal rights.
 India shall be a Union of States CHAPTER 2 RIGHTS IN THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION  Habeas corpus: This writ orders that the arrested person should be presented before the court. It can also
 All the authority and powers of India shall flow from the people 1. Explain the Fundamental Rights in Indian constitution. order to set free an arrested person if the arrest is unlawful.
 Ensures socio-economic justice for all. Fundamental Rights are those rights which are protected and guaranteed by the constitution of a  Mandamus: This writ orders the public official who failed to perform his duty to resume his work.
 Ensure the protection of minorities and other backward classes. country. Part III of the Indian Constitution deals with Fundamental Rights. There are six categories of  Prohibition: This writ is issued when a lower court has considered a case going beyond its jurisdiction.
 Maintain unity of our nation. fundamental rights. These are:
 Quo Warranto: This writ prevents the illegal usurpation of a public office by a person.
 Ensure world peace and welfare a. Right to Equality (Article 14-18). It is the basic principle of Indian Constitution.
 Certiorari: This writ orders a lower court or another authority to transfer a matter pending before it to the
4. What is meant by Authority of a Constitution? Explain the factors determining the authority of Indian Art.14- Equality before law and equal protection of law.
higher court or higher authority.
constitution. Art.15- Prohibits discrimination in public places based on religion, caste, sex, place of birth
3. What is meant by Preventive detention?
Authority of a constitution means acceptance on the part of the people to abide and obey the Art.16- Equality of opportunity in public employment.
Preventive detention means detain or arrest a person if he can be a threat to law and order. It can be
Constitution. Following are the factors that determining the authority of Indian constitution. Art.17- It prohibits untouchability.
extended only for three months.
Art.18- Abolition of titles except military or academic distinction.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor

4. Explain the features of Directive Principles of State Policy 7. Who was considered Article 32 as heart and soul of the constitution. Dr. B.R Ambedkar representation of minorities. In India Proportional Representation system used for the election of President,
Part IV of Indian constitution deals with Directive Principles of State Policy. These are the guidelines for 8. Which article made Fundamental Rights legal and justifiable. Article 32 Vice President and for the election to the Rajya Sabha.
the government to ensure socio- economic and political justice for all. It aims to make a welfare state. However, 9. Which article deals with ‘Right to Education’? Article 21 A (added by 86th amendment in 2002) 2. Difference between First Past The Post System (FPTP) and Proportional Representation (PR)
these are ‘non-justiciable’. This means they cannot be enforced by the judiciary. These are classified in to three 10. Which amendment inserted Fundamental duties in the Indian constitution? 42nd Amendment (1976)  In the FPTP System the country is divided into number of small constituencies. But in Proportional
categories- 11. Which Committee recommended the insertion of Fundamental Duties? Swaran Singh Committee Representation large geographical areas are demarcated as constituencies.
 Socialist principle- Equal pays for equal work, right to work, fair distribution of resources, removal of 12. Which article of the Indian constitution deals with fundamental duties? Art 51 A  In the FPTP System the voters vote for a candidate while in Proportional Representation the voters vote for
inequality etc. are socialist principles. 13. Which amendment incorporated 11th fundamental duty in our constitution? 86th amendment (2002) the party. So each party prepares a list of candidates for each constituency.
 Gandhian principle- The formation of gram panchayat, encourage cottage industries, protect the weaker 14. How many duties are given in Indian constitution? 11 Fundamental Duties.  In the FPTP System every constituency elects one representative. But in Proportional Representation more
section, abolition of intoxicants, organize agriculture and animal husbandry etc. are Gandhian Principles. 15. What does the 11th fundamental duty says? Parents/Guardians should provide education for their children than one representatives are elected from a single constituency.
 Liberal principle – To make uniform civil code, provide free and compulsory education, maintain between the ages of 6 to 14.  In the FPTP System candidate who gets highest votes only elected to the legislature. But in Proportional
international peace and security, separate judiciary from executive etc. are the liberal principles. 16. Which Part of the Indian constitution deals with Directive Principles of State Policy? Part IV Representation even small party’s representatives get seats in the legislature.
5. What is the major differences between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles? 17. The idea of Directive Principles of State Policy borrowed from- Irish constitution.  In the FPTP System a party may get more seats in the legislature than the proportion of its votes. But in
Fundamental rights protect the rights of individuals while directive principles ensure the well-being of 18. What is the chief aim of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)? To make a welfare state Proportional Representation every party gets seats in proportion to their voting percentage.
the entire society. Fundamental rights are justiciable rights which can be protected by the court. Directive 19. When was National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) established in India? 1993. 3. What is meant by Universal Adult Franchise?
Principles are non-justiciable that cannot be enforced by the court. 20. Who was the first chairman of National Human Rights Commission? Ranganadha Mishra Universal Adult Franchise means right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of their, religion, caste,
6. Explain the functions of National Human Rights Commission (NHRC). 21. Which day is celebrated as ‘Human Rights Day’? December, 10 income, gender, social status, race etc. Article 326 of the Indian constitution says about universal adult franchise.
National Human Rights Commission set up in 1993. It consists of 5 members-−the former chief justice of 22. In which year UN General Assembly declared Human rights? 10th December 1948. 4. Why did India adopt the First Past The Post System (FPTP) or Simple Majority System?
Supreme Court, the former judge of Supreme Court, the former chief justice of High Court and two members CHAPTER – III- ELECTION AND REPRESENTATION  It is a simple electoral system. Hence ordinary people can easily understand it.
who have knowledge and practical experience in matters related to human rights. Its functions are as follows 1. What is election? What are the different methods of election?  India is a large country. So it is very difficult to represent each and every group in the legislature through
 Makes awareness about human rights In modern democracy people choose their representatives for governing the country. The method proportional representation.
 Conduct study about human rights followed to choose these representatives is called election. There are different methods of elections. Among  In this system voters can choice their favorable candidate.
 Investigate about the human rights violation these most important are the First Past The Post System and the Proportional Representation  In FPTP representatives are more responsible to the people in a constituency.
 a. First Past The Post System (FPTP) or Simple Majority System- In this system the entire country is divided into
Receive petition from the victims of human rights violation  This system coordinates different sections and groups in the society.
 a number of small constituencies. Voters in the constituency casts their vote to the candidates. Candidate who
Visit different place of human rights violation and make report.  FPTP provide a stable government.
gets highest votes from the constituency gets elected. In this method the winning candidate need not secure a
5. Explain the functions of Election Commission.
Objective type questions
majority of the votes. This method is also called the Plurality System. In India simple majority system followed
Article 324 of the Indian Constitution deals with the Election Commission of India. It is an autonomous
1. Which committee report recommended the inclusion of Fundamental Rights? Motilal Nehru report (1928)
in the elections of Lok Sabha, state Legislative Assemblies and Panchayats. For example, in Lok Sabha election
body. Election Commission is a multi-member body consists of Chief Election Commissioner and 2 other Election
2. Which articles cannot be suspended during emergency? Art. 20 and Art.21 (by the 44th amendment in 1978)
the entire country is divided into 543 Parliamentary constituencies. Each constituency elects one representative.
Commissioners. The members of the commission are appointed by the President of India. The term of the
3. Which Fundamental Right was abolished in 1978 by 44th amendment? Right to property (Right to Property
b. Proportional Representation- In Proportional Representation the country is divided Large geographical areas
Election Commissioner is 6 years or up to the age of 65. However, they can be removed from the office by the
is a legal right now under Article 300 A).
even the entire country may be a single constituency. More than one representatives elect from a single
President of India for proved misbehavior or incapacity if both Houses of Parliament make such a
4. The concepts ‘equality before law’ is borrowed from - British constitution
constituency. Votes are casted for the party not for candidates. After the election, each party gets seats in the
recommendation with a special majority.
5. The concepts ‘equal Protection of law’ is borrowed from - U.S constitution
legislature in accordance with the proportion of their voting strength. In Proportional Representation the
Functions of Election Commission in India.
6. The practice of making provision for the reservation of appointments under Article 16 known as- Protective
representation of various classes of people can be ensured. It is the best method for ensuring sufficient
 Conduct free and fair elections to Parliament and State Legislatures
Discrimination.
 To give approval to political party and provide symbol.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor

 Prepare electoral rolls for the elections. Power and Function of Indian President- The President has wide ranging executive, legislative, judicial and  He acts as mediator between President and Council of ministers
 Notify the date and schedule of election emergency powers. These include  He acts as mediator between the President and the Parliament.
 Prepare code of conduct for political parties at the time of elections.  All executive actions of the government of India are formally taken in his name.  Prime Minister decides the policies and programmes of the government.
 Settle election disputes.  He has the right to be informed of all important matters discussed in the Council of Ministers. 5. Explain the role of Permanent Executive (Civil service) in modern period.
 Counting the vote and announcement of result.  Every bill passed by the Parliament should be signed by the President to becomes a law. The officials who assists the political executives in their policy making and carries out the policies of the
6. Explain the major suggestions for Electoral Reforms in India.  He has the power to withhold or refuse a Bills other than Money Bill. government is known as permanent executive or bureaucracy. To underline the difference between this
 Election must be changed from First Past The Post System to proportional representation.  He has the power to announce ordinance under Article 123 (valid for maximum 6 months) machinery and the military service, it is described as civil service. They are recruited on the basis of merit for a

 Sufficient representation should be given to women.  The President appoints Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, Judges of Supreme Court and High Court, long period (until the age of retirement). These trained and skilled civil servants assisting the ministers in

 Election expenses should be paid from the special fund of the government. State Governors, Finance Commissioner, UPSC members, Election Commissioners etc. formulating policies and implementing these policies. The welfare policies of the government can be reach the

 Money and muscle power should be controlled.  President has the power to give pardon to the prisoner. people through the civil servants.

 Caste and religious forces should not be allowed to influence election.  President has the power to declare emergency 6. Explain the structure of Civil Service in India.

 Criminals should not be allowed to contest in elections. 2. What is meant by ‘Pocket Veto’?  All India Service- All India Services are common to both Central and State governments. They are elected

 Certain number of votes and seats should be secured for the recognition of national or state party. The President can withhold or refuse to give assent to Bills (other than Money Bill) passed by the Parliament. through the civil service exam conducted by Union Public Service Commission (UPSC). Indian Administrative

Objective type questions However, there is no mention in the Constitution about the time limit within which the President has to give his Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS) etc. are the examples of All India Services

1. Who was the first Election Commissioner of India? – Sukumar Sen assent. So, the President can keep the bill pending with him without any time limit. This is referred as ‘Pocket  Central Service- The Central Services works under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Central government.

2. Who was the first woman Election Commissioner of India? – V.S. Ramadevi Veto’.  State service- The administration of the State is looked after by officers appointed through the State Public

3. First Past The Post System is also known as- Simple Majority System (SMS). 3. Explain the powers and functions of the Vice President. Service Commissions. The state government determines the service conditions of them.

4. Which amendment of the Indian Constitution reduced the voting age from 21 to 18? 61 st amendment (1989) Article 63 deals with Vice President of Indian constitution. The vice president is elected by Electoral Objective type questions

5. Who decides the redrawing the boundaries of the various Assembly and Lok Sabha constituencies? College consists of the Members of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Minimum age to contest in the vice presidential 1. Who is the ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha? Vice President

Delimitation Commission of India election is 35 years. The term of Vice President is 5 years. But the parliament can remove the Vice President CHAPTER –V LEGISLATURE

6. Which article of the Indian Constitution deals with the Election Commission? Article 324 from the office in the case of the violation of constitution. Following are the powers and functions of Vice- 1. Explain the powers and functions of the Parliament?

7. Expansion of NOTA –None Of The Above President. Indian legislature is known as Parliament. It is a bicameral legislature consists of Rajya Sabha (also known

8. The practice of redrawing the electoral districts by a party in power in its electoral prospects is known as –  He is the ex-official chairman of Rajya Sabha. as Council of States) and Lok Sabha (also known as House of People). Following are the powers of the parliament

Gerrymandering  He presides over the sittings of the Rajya Sabha.  Legislative Function- The Parliament enacts laws on subjects included in the union list and concurrent list.

9. Who conduct election to the local bodies (Panchayats and Municipalities)? State Election Commission.  He can act as president when a vacancy occurs in the office of president (Maximum six months)  Control of Executive- Parliament control the executive through question hour, zero hour etc.

CHAPTER – IV- EXECUTIVE 4. Explain the powers and functions of the Prime Minister.  Financial Function- No tax can be imposed by the executive without the approval of the Parliament.
1. Explain the Powers and Functions of the President of India. The President appoints the leader of the majority party or coalition of parties in Lok Sabha as Prime  Approval of emergencies: It approves the emergencies proclaimed by the President.
In India President is the formal head of the state. All the executive power of the Union government minister. The Prime Minister is the real executive. He is the head of the government. The President exercises his  Representation: Parliament represents the divergent groups from different parts of the country.
formally vested with him. He exercises these powers through the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime powers only on the advice of the Council of Ministers. The powers and functions of the Prime Minister are as  Debating Function: Members of the Parliament are free to speak on any matter without fear.
Minister. The term of the President is 5 years. Minimum age to contest in presidential election is 35 years. The follows.  Constituent Function: The Parliament has the power to amend the constitution.
president is elected by Electoral College. It consists of all the elected members of both the houses Parliament  Prime Minister is the chairman of the cabinet.  Electoral functions: Its members are participated in the election of the President and Vice President.
and State Legislative Assemblies. The President can be removed from office through the process impeachment.  He has the power to aid and advise the President.  Judicial functions: It has the power to remove the President, Vice-President and Judges of the Supreme
 He has the power to distributes the portfolio of the ministers. Court and High Courts etc.
 Prime Minister decide the cabinet meeting.
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POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor

2. Explain the special powers of Lok Sabha members present and voting in the joint sitting approves the bill, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both CHAPTER 6- JUDICIARY
Lok Sabha is the lower house of the parliament. Its members are directly elected by the people. The present the houses. 1. Analyse the functions of Judiciary in a country.
strength of the Lok Sabha is 543. The term of Lok Sabha is 5 years. Followings are the powers and functions of e. Assent of the President -When a bill is passed by both Houses, it is sent to the President for his assent. If the Judiciary is one of the important organ of the government. Followings are the chief functions of judiciary.
Lok Sabha president gives his assent the bill become a law.  Interpret the constitution
 Money bill can be introduced only in Lok Sabha. 5. How does the parliament control the executive?  Interpret the law of the land
 It approves proposals for taxation, budgets and annual financial statements. In India the executive is drawn from the party or coalition of parties that has majority in Lok Sabha.  Protect the rights of the citizens
 Lok sabha can pass no confidence motion against the Council of Ministers. Hence, Parliament can effectively control the executive and ensure a more responsive government. Followings  Examine the constitutionality of the law passed by the legislature or ordinances issued by the executive
3. Explain the special powers of Rajya Sabha are the major instruments of parliamentary control on the executive.  Settles the disputes between individuals, between individual and organizations, and between
Rajya Sabha (Council of states) is the upper house of the Parliament. The Rajya Sabha represents the a. Deliberation and discussion: During the law making process, members of the legislature get an opportunity individual/organizations and government
States of India. It is an indirectly elected body. The elected members of State Legislative Assembly elect the to deliberate on the policy direction of the executive. Besides, control may also be exercised during the general  Punish the law breakers.
members of the Rajya Sabha. Each state has given representation according to their population. The term of the discussions in the House. 2. Explain how does the Indian constitution ensure the independence of the Judiciary.
Rajya Sabha member is six years. However, it is a permanent house in which one third retire every two years.  Question hour- The first hour of every parliamentary sitting is slotted for Question Hour. During the Question Independence of judiciary means that the other organs of the government like executive and legislature
The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is 250 including 12 nominated members. The President of India Hour, the members ask questions and the ministers usually give answers. must not restrain the functioning of the judiciary. It means judiciary should be free from encroachments and
nominate 12 members to the Rajya Sabha.  Zero Hour- The zero hour starts immediately after the question hour. In zero hour, members are free to raise pressures. Then only Judges can perform their responsibilities without fear or favor. Indian Constitution has
 It can alone initiate the procedure for removal of Vice President. any matter that they think is important (though the ministers are not bound to reply). ensured the independence of the judiciary through a number of measures.
 It has the power to authorize the parliament to make laws on matters included in the State list.  Half-an-hour discussion- It is meant for discussing a matters of public importance. The speaker can allot  The legislature does not have any role in the appointment of judges. Thus it is free from party politics.
 Any matter that affects the States must be referred to it for its consent and approval. three days in a week for such discussion.  The judges have a fixed tenure.
 It has the power to authorize the parliament to create new All India Services.  Adjournment motion- It aims to draw attention of the house to a definite matter of urgent public  The Constitution prescribes a very difficult procedure for the removal of judges.
4. How does the Parliament make laws? importance. It needs the support of 50 members to be admitted.  Salaries and allowances of the judges are not subjected to the approval of the legislature.
Followings are the different stages of ordinary law making in India. b. Approval and ratification of laws: A bill can become a law only with the approval of the Parliament.  The actions and decisions of the judges are immune from personal criticisms.
a. First reading (Introduction of bill)- A bill is a draft of the proposed law. An ordinary bill can introduce in either c. Financial control: Preparation and presentation of budget for the approval of the Lok Sabha is constitutional  It has the power to punish the contempt of court.
house of the Parliament. Usually a bill is introduced by a minister of the concerned ministry. obligation of the government. Before granting money, the Lok Sabha can discuss the reasons for which the  Parliament cannot discuss the conduct of the judges except during the procedure of their removal.
b. Second reading- this stage consist of three more stages government requires money. 3. Explain the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India.
 General discussion- General discussion on the principles and provisions of the bill. d. No-Confidence Motion- The Lok Sabha has the power to remove the ministry from office by passing a no- The Constitution of India provides for a single integrated judicial system in which Supreme Court stands
 Committee stage- The Bill refer to the select committee (consist of the members of the where the bill is confidence motion. at the top, High Courts below it and district and subordinate courts at the lowest level. Followings are the
originated) or joint committee (consist of the members of both houses). A large part of the discussion on Objective type questions jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
1. What should be the minimum age to contest in the Rajya Sabha election? 30 years
the bills takes place in the committees. It can amend the provisions of the bill.  Original jurisdiction- The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction on the dispute between union government
 Consideration stage- The house after receiving the bill from the committee considering the provisions of 2. What should be the minimum age to contest in the election of Lok Sabha? 25
and one or more states and dispute between states. It is called original jurisdiction because the Supreme
the bill clause by clause. The members can also move amendments. 3. What should be the minimum age to contest in the election of State Legislative Assembly? 25
Court alone has the power to deal with such cases.
4. How long can a person continue to be a Prime Minister or minister without being a member of either house
c. Third reading- A debate is confined to the acceptance or rejection of bill. If the majority of the members  Appellate Jurisdiction- The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal in constitutional, civil and criminal
present and voting accept the bill is regarded as passed. Then the bill sent to other house. of the parliament? Six months
matters. A person can appeal to the Supreme Court against the decisions of the High Court.
d. Bill in other house- If a Bill is passed by one House, it is sent to the second House where it goes through 5. How many ministers can be appointed in the council of ministers? Maximum 15 % of total strength of the
 Writ Jurisdiction- A person can directly move to supreme court if the fundamental right is violated. The
exactly the same procedure. If the bill passes the second house, the bill is deemed to have been passed by both Lok Sabha (91st Amendment Act of 2003).
Supreme Court has the power to issue orders or writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights under
the houses. In case of deadlock the president can summon Joint session of both houses. If the majority of 6. Money bill can be introduced only in- Lok Sabha.
article 32.
10 11 12

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POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor POLITICAL SCIENCE- CLASS XI Dr.Tenny Varghese, GHSS Ayroor

 Advisory Jurisdiction- The President of India can refer any matter that is of public importance or that which  Independent Judiciary- If there is any dispute between the Union and the State on the division of powers, CHAPTER 8- LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
involves interpretation of Constitution to Supreme Court for advice. this can be resolved by the Judiciary on the basis of the constitutional provisions. 1. Explain the need of Local Government.
4. What is meant by Judicial Activism? 2. Explain about the Division of Powers in India Local government is government at the village and district level. Followings are the benefits of local
Judicial activism denotes an active judiciary that takes up public issues. Judiciary began to considering The constitution of India made a clear division of powers between Centre and the states. The VII governments.
many cases merely on the basis of newspaper reports and postal complaints received by the court. The schedule of the Indian Constitution consists of three lists. They are  Local governments are close to common people.
important instrument of judicial activism is public interest litigation.  Union list- It consist of 97 items such as defense, atomic energy, foreign affairs, war and peace, citizenship,  It involves the day-to-day life and problems of people.
5. What is meant by Public Interest Litigation (PIL) or Social Action Litigation (SAL)? railways, communication, banking, insurance, currency, income tax, post and telegraph, airways, ports,  It ensured people’s participation in the administration.
Public Interest Litigation means that any person or organization can approach the court for enforcing foreign trade etc. Legislation on these subjects is exclusively for the Union Government.  Local interests are considered in decision making.
the rights of other person. Thus, public spirited citizens or voluntary organizations can approach the court for  State list- It consists of 61 items such as police, law and order, public health, land, fisheries, local  It helps to strengthen the sense responsibility among the local people.
the protection of existing rights, betterment of life conditions of the poor, protection of the environment, and government, agriculture, prison, liquor, trade and commerce, livestock and animal husbandry, state public 2. Explain the evolution of the Panchayat Raj Institutions in India.
many other issues in the interest of the public. PIL brings judiciary within the reach of ordinary people. services etc. Legislation on these subjects is assigned to the state government. In 1882 Lord Rippon, Viceroy of India, took the initiative in creating local bodies. They were called the
6. What is meant by Judicial Review?  Concurrent list- It consist of 52 items such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, population control, local boards. Following the Government of India Act 1919, village panchayats were established in a number of
Judicial review means the power of the Supreme Court and high courts to examine the constitutionality price control, electricity, newspapers, transfer of property other than agricultural land, adulteration, provinces. This trend continued after the Government of India Act of 1935. In 1952 Community Development
of any law passed by the legislature or ordinance issued by the executive. adoption and succession etc. Both Union government and State government has the power to made Programme started to promote people’s participation in local government. In 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta
7. Briefly explain the appointment of the Judges of the supreme court? legislation on these subjects. committee recommended a three tier panchayat raj system- village level, Panchayat Samiti and Zilla Parishad.
The Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President after ‘consulting’ the Chief Justice of 3. Examine why it’s says that India is a federation with a strong Central Government. Rajasthan was the first Indian state introduced Panchayati Raj system in 1959. Many states introduced
India. However, the Chief Justice should recommend names of persons to be appointed in consultation with the Indian Constitution has created a strong central government. The framers of the Constitution wanted to Panchayati Raj system but those local bodies did not have enough powers to look after the local development.
collegium of four senior-most judges of the Supreme Court. create a strong Centre to stem disintegration and bring about social and political change. Following are the They were very much dependent on the State and central governments for financial assistance. In 1989, P.K
Objective type questions provisions which made a strong Central Government. Thungon Committee recommended constitutional recognition for the local government bodies. In 1992, the
1. The retirement age of the Supreme Court Judge- 65 years  The parliament can create a new state by separation of territories from other state or states or by uniting 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments were passed by the Parliament. The 73rd Amendment is about rural
2. In which case, Supreme Court said that the basic structure of the constitution cannot be changed even with two or more states. local governments (Panchayat Raj Institutions) and the 74th amendment is about urban local government
constitutional amendments? Kesavananda Bharati case  The President can declare emergency in the state on the recommendation of the State Governor. (Nagarpalikas). The 73rd and 74th Amendments came into force in 1993.
3. The most important instrument of judicial activism is- Public interest litigation.  During emergency parliament can make laws on subjects within the jurisdiction of the States. 3. Explain the features of 73rd amendment in the functioning of Panchayat Raj Institutions.
CHAPTER 7- FEDERALISM  Central government has many revenue sources and the states are mostly dependent on the grants and 73rd Amendment provides for the structure, composition and powers of the rural local governments.
1. What is federalism? Explain the features of federalism in India. financial assistance from the Centre.  Three tyre system- It provided for a uniform three tier Panchayat Raj system at the village level (Gram
In Federalism, there are two sets of governments- one at national level and other at regional level. Both  Central government appoints the Governor of the state. The Governor has the power to reserve a bill passed Panchayat), intermediate level (Mandal or Block) and district level (Zilla Panchayat) in all states.
the governments are autonomous in their respective area. It means there is a division of powers between Center by the State legislature for the assent of the President.  Gram Sabha- The Gram Sabha would comprise all the registered voters in the Panchayat area.
and the States. India is a federation because all the features of the federations are there. These are given below.  Parliament can make laws on any matter enumerated in the state list if the move is ratified by the Rajya  Direct election- All the three levels of Panchayat Raj institutions are elected directly by the people.
 Two sets of government- There are two sets of governments- one at the central level and another at state Sabha.  Term- The term of each Panchayat body is five years.
level.  All India Services like IAS, IPS are common to the entire territory. State government has limited powers over  Reservation of seats- Seats should be reserved for women, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes at all the
 Division of Powers- There is division of powers between Center and the States. The VII schedule of the Indian these officers. three levels.
Constitution consists of three lists- Union List, State List and Concurrent List.  Transfer of subjects- It added 11th schedule to the constitution which contains 29 functional items of the
 Supremacy of the Constitution- The powers of both the Central government and State governments are Panchayati Raj institutions. It includes the items such as agriculture, land improvement, minor irrigation,
derived from the constitution.
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animal husbandry, fisheries, small scale industries, drinking water, education etc. The panchayat raj bodies parliament may ‘by law’ admit into the union or establish new states on such terms and conditions as it thinks 3. Write the criticism of Indian Constitution.
can take decisions on these 29 subjects. fit.  Indian constitution is a bulky constitution
 State Election Commission-The State government is required to appoints the State Election Commission for b. Special Majority of the Parliament in both the houses separately (Art.368)- Majority of the provisions of the  The members of the Constituent Assembly were not elected based on adult franchise
conducting election to the local governments. constitution can be amended by a special majority of the parliament in both the houses separately. It requires  Most of the members of the Constituent Assembly came from the upper class.
 State Finance Commission- The State government should appoint a State Finance Commission once in five two different kinds of special majorities:  Indian constitution is a borrowed constitution. Hence it doesn’t reflect the culture of our country.
years to examine the financial position of the local governments.  Majority of total strength of each House (more than 50 percent). CHAPTER 11- POLITICAL THEORY: AN INTRODUCTION
Explain the importance of 74th amendment in the functioning of Urban Local Governments.  Majority of two-thirds of the members of each house present and voting. 1. What is Political Theory? What do we study in political theory?
74th Amendment provides for the structure, composition and powers of the urban local bodies. c. Special Majority of the Parliament and the ratification of not less than half of the state’s legislatures Political theory examines the basic values, ideas and principles that shape constitutions, governments
 It provided for three forms of urban local bodies- Municipal Corporation, Municipality and Nagar Panchayat. (Art.368)- Some provisions can be amended by a special majority of the both the houses of the parliament and and social life in a systematic manner. It clarifies the meaning and significance of concepts such as freedom,
 All the seats to these bodies shall be filled by direct elections. also with the consent of not less than half of the state legislatures by a simple majority. equality, justice, democracy, secularism and so on. Thus the objective of political theory is to train citizens to
 The councilors are elected from wards. CHAPTER 10- THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE CONSTITUTION think rationally about political questions and assess the political events of our time.
 Seats should be reserved for women, scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. 1. Explain the philosophy of Indian constitution.  Political theory train citizens to think rationally about political questions and assess the political events of
 The term of the urban local body is 5 years. Indian constitution consists of certain moral values and good ideals. These are aims to make a liberal, our time.
 The minimum age for contest in election is 21 years. democratic, egalitarian and secular society. So we should have philosophical approach to identify these moral  Political theories present new meanings and interpretations to political ideas or concepts in the new
 State Election Commission conducts elections to Urban Local Bodies. contents in our constitution. Some of them are as follows circumstances. For example, the rights guaranteed by our Constitution are continually being reinterpreted

 It inserted 12th schedule to the constitution which contains 18 functional items of the urban local bodies. It  Individual freedom- Incorporation of fundamental rights in the constitution ensures individual freedom. in response to new circumstances.

includes urban planning, regulation of land, planning for economic and social development, roads, bridges,  Social justice- Indian constitution contains certain provisions for the reservation of scheduled caste and  As our world changes, we may discover new dimensions of freedom as well as new threats to freedom.

water supply, public health, fire service, slum improvement, urban poverty alleviation etc. The urban local Scheduled Tribes. It also protects the interest of weaker sections and minorities in the society. Political theory examines these and teach us about possible answers to these questions.
bodies can take decisions on these subjects.  Respect for diversity and minority rights- In order to protect the rights of the backward classes, tribal people CHAPTER 12- FREEDOM
Objective type questions and minorities from other dominant communities’ certain rights are given to them 1. What is Freedom?
1. Which committee recommended a three tier panchayat raj system? Balwant Rai Mehta committee (1957)  Secularism- Indian constitution provides right to religious belief to all. Not only that each religious Freedom in its restricted sense is absence of constraints. But in our social life some forms of social
2. Which was the first Indian state introduced Panchayati Raj system? Rajasthan (1959) community have the right to establish and maintain their institutions. constraints are necessary. In its positive dimension freedom is about expanding the ability of the people to freely
3. Which Amendment was prescribed the structure, composition and powers of the Urban local government  Universal franchise- Indian constitution provides universal adult franchise to all adult citizens irrespective express themselves and develop their potential. In this sense freedom is a condition in which people can develop
(Nagarpalikas)? 74th Amendment Act. of their religion, caste, sex, place of birth etc. their creativity and capabilities.
4. What is the minimum age to contest in local government bodies? 21  Federalism- Indian constitution adopted a federal form of government to accept the geographical and 2. What is called Harm Principle?
CHAPTER- 9 CONSTITUTION AS A LIVING DOCUMENT cultural diversities of India. Besides, special status is given to some areas in order to protect their identity. John Stuart Mill in his essay ‘On Liberty’ distinguish the actions of an individual into two- Self-regarding
1. What is Amendment? Explain the procedure for the Amendment of the Indian constitution.  National identity- India constitution balancing regional identity as well as national identity. At the same time actions and Other regarding actions
Amendment means to remove or include a new law in the constitution or to modify the existing laws. preference is given to common identity.  Self-regarding actions- Self-regarding actions are those actions that have consequences only for the
Article 368 of the Indian Constitution outlines the two procedures for the amendment of the constitution. 2. Limitations of the Indian constitution individual himself. Thus, state or any other external authority has no power to interfere on these actions.
However, there are three ways to amend the constitution. These are  The Indian Constitution has a centralized idea of national unity.  Other regarding actions- Other regarding actions are those actions that have consequences for others. Thus,
a. Simple Majority of the Parliament- There are many articles in the Constitution which mention that these  It neglects some important issues of gender justice, particularly within the family. the state can impose certain constrain on these actions.
articles can be amended by a simple law of the Parliament. It means these provisions can be amended by the  It does not exactly provide certain basic socio-economic rights as fundamental rights.
majority of the members of each house present and voting (Simple majority). For example, Article 2 says that

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3. What's the difference between Negative Liberty and Positive Liberty?  Economic Equality- Economic equality means all should enjoy the wealth of the state equally. It means and actions and not on the ground of class, caste, race or gender. Therefore, if two persons from different
In political theory, there are two dimensions of freedom as Negative Liberty and Positive Liberty. economic resources of a country should not be concentrated in few hands. It is argued that the state should castes perform the same kind of work, they should receive the same kind of reward. Otherwise it would be
 Negative Liberty- Negative liberty considered freedom as absence of external constraints. Negative liberty ensure a minimum standard of living to all and equal opportunities for all. It involves equal opportunity in unjust and unfair.
seeks to define an area in which the individual could do whatever he wished do. This is an area in which no education and employment, equal pay for equal work, abolition of poverty etc.  Proportionate Justice- Equal treatment would not be fair in all situations. It is unfair if we reward workers
external authority can interfere. In other words, human beings need an inviolable area of non-interference 2.What is socialism? equally when different jobs require different skills and efforts without considering risks involved. In such
in which the individual can express himself or herself. Socialism is emerged as a reaction against the inequalities existing in the capitalist economy. The main cases justice would mean rewarding people in proportion to the effort, skills and possible dangers involved
 Positive Liberty- Positive Liberty recognize the relationship between individual and society and concern that concern of Socialism is to minimize existing inequality and to distribute resource justly. Although advocates of in that work.
one can be free only in society. Positive Liberty concerned that positive conditions in material, political and socialism are not entirely opposed to the market, they favor some kind of government regulation, planning and  Recognition of Special Needs- In certain cases, equal treatment and proportionate justice may not enough
social domains help an individual to develop his or her capabilities. Thus people must have adequate control over certain key areas such as education and health care. to ensure justice in the society. It is not fair to treat deprived classes equally with socially and economically
material resources to pursue their wants and needs. They must have voice in the decision making process. 3. How can we promote Equality? forward people. Physical disabilities, social backwardness, age, lack of access to good education or health
Then only laws reflect their choices.  Official Establishment of Equality- Inequalities can be abolished by law. For example, Indian Constitution care etc. are usual factors considered for special needs. So, we should consider the special needs of people
Objective type questions abolishes the practice of untouchability. while distributing rewards or duties. For example, Indian constitution provides reservation for people
1. Who said that equality was as crucial as freedom? Karl Marx  Equality through Differential Treatment- Sometimes formal equality is not sufficient to realise the principle belongings to SC/ST to maintain equal justice.
2. Who fought against apartheid policy of South Africa? Nelson Mandela of equality. Hence, it is necessary to treat people differently. Certain differences between people may have 2. What is meant by ‘just distribution’?
3. Who was the author of the book ‘Long Walk to Freedom’. Nelson Mandela to be taken into account for this purpose. Some countries have used policies of affirmative action to enhance In some societies serious social and economic inequalities are prevailing. In such a society, social justice
4. Who was the author of the book ‘Freedom from Fear’? Aung San Suu Kyi equality of opportunity. In our country we have relied on the policy of reservations. demands not only equal treatment in terms of laws and policies but also equality of life conditions and
5. Who made the famous statement “Swaraj is my birth right and I shall have it.”? Tilak 4. What is meant by Affirmative Action? opportunities. It concerns just distribution of goods and services among different sections in the society. So it is
6. Who wrote the book ‘Hind Swaraj’ in 1909? Mahatma Gandhi Affirmative action means positive measure taken to increase the representation of disadvantaged necessary to redistribute some of the important resources of the society. This is known as just distribution. This
7. Who was the author of the novel ’The Satanic Verses’? Salman Rushdie sections in areas in which they are underrepresented. Most policies of affirmative action are aimed to correct is seen as necessary for each person to be able to pursue his/her objectives and express himself.
8. Who was the author of the work ‘On Liberty’? John Stuart Mill the cumulative effect of past inequalities. Affirmative action can however take many forms from preferential 3. Explain John Rawls’s theory of justice.
CHAPTER 13- EQUALITY spending such as scholarships to special consideration for admissions to educational institutions and jobs. In John Rawls argues that the only way we can arrive at a fair and just rule is if we imagine ourselves to be
1.What is meant by Equality? Explain the three dimensions of Equality. India, we have adopted a policy reservation in education and employment to provide equality of opportunity to in a situation in which we have to make decisions about how society should be organised although we do not
Equality means all human beings have an equal worth regardless of their color, gender, race, or deprived sections. know which position we would ourselves occupy in that society. Rawls argues that if we do not know who we
nationality. All human beings deserve equal consideration and respect. Hence they are entitled to same rights Objective type questions will be and what options would be available to us in the future society, we will be likely to support a decision
and opportunities to develop their skills and talents. There are mainly three dimensions of equality which we 1. What was the slogan of French revolutionaries? ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ about the rules and organization of that future society which would be fair for all the members. Rawls describes
need make a just and equal society. These are CHAPTER 14- SOCIAL JUSTICE this as thinking under a ‘veil of ignorance’. He expects that in such a situation of complete ignorance about our
 Political Equality- Political equality means that all citizens have an equal voice in the government and equal 1. What is justice? Explain the three principles of justice. possible position and status in society, each person would decide in the way they generally do, that is, in terms
access to all offices of the government. It involves right to vote, right to contest elections, right to hold the Justice implies fulfillment of the legitimate expectations of the individual under the existing law and to of their own interests. But since no one knows who he would be, and what is going to benefit him, each will
public offices, right to criticize the government etc. These rights are enable the citizens to participate in the provide him protection against any violation of his rights. The essence of justice is common good which involves envisage the future society from the point of view of the worst-off. When people think under a veil of ignorance
affairs of the state. the well-being of all people. Ensuring the well-being of the people includes giving each person his due. In order they think from the perspective of the most disadvantages and the weakest sections of the society. It will ensure
 Social Equality- Social equality means that all are enjoying equal status and equality of opportunity in the to maintain justice in the society the government should harmonies following three principles. that laws and policies will benefit society as a whole.
society. There is no discrimination to any sections of the society on the ground of religion, caste, gender,  Equal Treatment for Equal- All individuals share deserve equal rights and equal treatment. Therefore, some Objective type questions
race, wealth, color and so on. Social equality concerned that inequalities are the creation of the society. So of the important rights such as civil rights, political rights, social rights etc. should be deserved for all. The 1. Who was the author of the book ‘The Republic’? Plato
the state should have significant role to prevent discrimination against neglected sections in the society. principle of treating equals equally would require that individual should be judged on the basis of their work 2. Who was the author of the book “The theory of Justice”? John Rawls
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3. The concept “veil of ignorance” related to- John Rawls 3. Define the concept of Universal Citizenship.  Intra-religious domination-Intra religious domination means discrimination within a religion. One religious
CHAPTER 15- RIGHTS Universal Citizenship means full membership of a state should be available to all those who ordinarily group tries to keep domination over other groups within the religion. For example, dalits have been barred
1. What is a right? Explain the different types of rights. live and work in the country as well as to those who apply for citizenship. The concept of universal citizenship is from entering Hindu temples. In some parts of the country, Hindu woman cannot enter temples.
Rights are primarily those legitimate claims that an individual regard to be necessary for leading a life of more inclusive which accepting the claims of migrants and even the refugees. 2. What is secularism?
respect and dignity. It means rights are the claims recognized by the state. These rights are necessary for leading 4. Define the concept of Global Citizenship. It is a normative doctrine which seeks to realise a secular society based on inter-religious or intra-
a life of dignity and self-respect. Followings are the different types of rights Global Citizenship is a feeling that we are not only the citizen of a particular country but citizen of a global religious equality. It promotes freedom within religions and equality between religions as well as within
 Political right- Political rights give to the citizens the right to equality before law and right to participate in society. It reminds us that we are living in an interconnected world and need to strengthen our links with people religions. In other words, all religions are considered as equal and no privilege is given to any particular religion.
the political process. It includes the right to vote, the right to contest elections, the right to form political in different parts of the world. This has helped to develop sympathies and shared concerns among people in 3. What is meant by secular state?
parties, right to join in political parties etc. Political rights are supplemented by civil liberties such as right to different countries of the world. The support of people from different parts of the world for the victims of the A secular state should not have an official religion. It should not make legal alliance with any religion.
a free and fair trial, right to express one’s views freely, the right to protest and express dissent. tsunami and other major calamities is a sign of the emergence of a global society. The concept of global The essence of secularism lies in the basic principle of separation of religion from politics. It should promote
 Economic right- Economic rights are concerned with making adequate facilities to meet the basic needs and citizenship would enhance the interdependence and cooperation among the people and governments of many peace, religious freedom, freedom from religious oppression, discrimination, inter-religious and intra-religious
reasonable conditions of work. It includes right to work, right to equal pay for equal work, right to rest etc. states. Today states are facing many problems which cannot be solved by an individual state alone. Thus, these equality etc.
 Cultural rights- Today, democratic governments are recognizing the cultural claims of their citizens. It problems can be solved by the cooperative endeavor of the people and governments of many countries. 4. Difference between western model of secularism and Indian model of secularism.
includes right to education in mother tongue, right to keep one's language and culture, right to protect and CHAPTER 17- NATIONALISM  Western model of secularism- Western model secularism is based on mutual exclusion that is separation of
preserve one’s language, culture and script etc. 1. What is nationalism? Explain the factors affecting nationalism. state from religion. The state will not intervene in the affairs of religion and, in the same manner, religion
2. Difference between Rights and Responsibilities. Nationalism is a feeling of oneness among the people of a country. It imparts a sense of unity among the will not interfere in the affairs of the state. Religious classification will not be the basis of any public policy.
Rights are essential for leading a good life. These rights place obligation on the state as well as on people of a country. Following are the factors affecting Nationalism- The state never aids financial support to any religious institution. The state never hinders the activities of
individual to act in a certain way. These rights compel the citizen to think not only of his own interest but also  History- Each country has its own historical background which makes a sense of historical identity. religious communities, as long as they are within the broad limits set by the law of the land.
certain things as being good for others. So everyone has the responsibility to enjoy their rights without  Territory - The state should have a particular territorial area. Living together on a territory for several years  Indian model of secularism- Indian model of secularism is fundamentally different from Western
endangering the right of other. It means every citizen should have the responsibly to act in accordance with the make the people a sense of collective identity. secularism. Indian secularism considered not only the religious freedom of the individuals but also the
common good.  Common Belief (Shared Belief) - The common belief, customs, tradition, law etc. make sense of oneness religious freedom of the minority communities. Every individual has the right to profess the religion of his
CHAPTER 16- CITIZENSHIP among the people. or her choice. Likewise, religious minorities also have a right to maintain their own culture. Moreover, the
1. Define citizenship?  Common Political Ideas (Shared Political Ideas)- The major political ideas like democracy, secularism, state supports the religious reformation. It means that state interfere in religious matters positively and
Citizenship has been defined as full and equal membership of a political community. Equality of rights parliamentary system etc. makes them together. negatively. The Indian state has enacted several laws in this respect. Thus the idea of inter-religious and
and status is one of the basic aspect of citizenship. In a democratic country, citizens enjoyed certain political,  Common language, common decent and common religion- These factors can also make sense of oneness intra-religious equality is crucial to the Indian concept of secularism.
civil, social and economic rights. However, citizenship involves certain obligations of citizens to each other and among the people. 5. What is meant by secular state?
to the society. These would include not only the legal obligations but also a moral obligation to the social life. Objective type questions Secular state means a state which recognizes every citizen as equal and does not recognize any social
Citizens are considered to be the inheritors and trustees of the culture and natural resources of the country. 1. Who was the author of the book ‘Discovery of India’? Jawaharlal Nehru religious discrimination for exercising political right. The essence of secularism lies in the basic principle of
2. Explain the ways of attaining Indian citizenship. CHAPTER 18- SECULARISM separation of religion from politics. The state must not run by the heads of any particular religion and it should
In India, the provisions about citizenship can be found in Part II (Article 5 to 11) of the constitution and 1. Difference between inter-religious domination and intra-religious domination. not have official religion
in subsequent laws passed by Parliament. The Citizenship Act (1955) prescribes five ways of acquiring Indian  Inter-religious domination- Inter religious domination means one religion try to keep domination over 6. Write the criticisms of Indian Secularism
citizenship. These are birth, descent, registration, naturalization and incorporation of territory. another religion. For instance, several thousands of Hindu Kashmiri pandits have been forced to leave their  Anti-Religious- It is argued that secularism is against the institutionalized religious domination.
homes in the Kashmir valley.  Western Impact- Indian secularism is the copy of western model and not suitable for Indian situation
 Vote Bank Politics- Party used religion as weapons for getting more vote.
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 Not practical- The practice of secularism is not possible in India because there are different religions. 4. Different approaches to the pursuit of peace
 Minoritism- Give importance to minorities and their rights.  Increasing the power of the nation and make alliances with other nations. It made balance of power
 Interventionist- Excessive intervention of Government in religious matters. between nations.
CHAPTER 19- PEACE  Promotes interdependence and cooperation between nations in social and economic spheres.
1. What's the meaning of peace?  Formation of global community will foster world peace.
Some define peace is the absence of War, riots and massacre. Some others defined the peace as absence
of conflict. But both definitions have some deficient. Sometimes violence emerges as response to inequalities CHAPTER 20- DEVELOPMENT
and exploitation inherent in certain societies. Hence, the absence of inequality and exploitation can also be 1. What is meant by Development?
In the broadest sense of the term development conveys the ideas of improvement, progress, well-being

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defined as peace.
2. What is meant by Structural Violence? Explain the forms of Structural Violence. and an aspiration for a better life. It aims to enhancing the quality of life of the people. However, the term
Various types of inequalities, discriminations and exploitations are inherent in the social structure. These development is also often used in a narrower sense to refer to more limited goals such as increasing economic
are the sources of many violence in our society. Thus, the inequalities, discriminations and exploitations existing growth, achieving some pre-set targets or completing projects like dams, factories, hospitals etc. In this process
in the social structure or social institution is referred as ‘structural violence’. Followings are the different forms some sections of society may have benefited while others may have to suffer such as loss of their homes or
of structural violence. lands or way of life without any compensatory gains.
 Caste- In a caste ridden society certain groups of people treated as untouchable. It leads to their social 2. Explain the social costs of development.
exclusion and deprivation. In such a situation they even denied the benefits of education and social mobility. Development has economic benefits such as higher employment, higher incomes etc. But the major projects

 Class- In the developing countries majority of the labor classes are confined to the informal sector. Their such as construction dams, large industries, highways etc. has its social cost. It means these activities adversely

wages and conditions of work are abysmal. It generates a great deal of inequality and oppression. affect the life of the people in these areas. These are referred as social costs of development. These are

 Patriarchy- In patriarchal society women are subordinated and discriminated. It leads to sexual harassment,  Displacement of people from their living places

child marriage, denial of education to girls, abortion of female foetuses, undernourishment of the girl child,  Loss of livelihood

dowry system, sexual harassment, rape etc.  Loss of traditional skill

 Colonialism- Colonial powers conquered the territories of other countries and exploit them in several ways.  Movement of displaced people to urban areas leading to growth of slums
 Racism- Racial discrimination was prevalent in many countries. Negro slavery in USA, massacre of Jews in  Adverse impact on their culture
Germany, apartheid policy of South Africa are the examples. 3. Explain the environmental costs of development.
 Communalism- Communalism may be seen as the South Asian counterpart of racism. Conflicts between Developmental activities are adversely affect the environment. These are referred as environmental costs
different religious communities are causing lots of violence. Minority religious groups become the victims of of development. These are
such violence  Air Pollution
3. What are the challenges of world peace?  Water Pollution
 Powerful countries are resorting to unilateral military action over other nations  Global warming due to the ozone depletion by the release of chlorofluorocarbons
 Terrorism  Soil Pollution due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
 Genocides in various parts of the world  Destruction of plant life, birds and animal
 Regional military alliances of the Nations

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