SESSION 2024-2025

SUBJECT: PHYSICS
TOPIC: PHOTO ELECTRICITY

SUBmITTEd BY SUBmITTEd TO:

NamE: PRIYaNk PaTEL mR. aNSHUmaN
CLaSS : 12TH
gaUTam

CBSE ROLL NO. :

 Certificate

This is to certify that PRIYANK PATEL of class 12th has

completed his investigatory project on the topic of Photo
Electricity under the guidance of Mr. Anshuman Gautam for
the academic session 2024-2025.

Signature of Principal

Signature of external examiner Signature of subject teacher

 Acknowledgment

I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to my

subject teacher Mr. Anshuman Gautam for their guidance,
and my honourable principal Mrs. Shanthi Ramesh for
providing me with all the facilities that were required.
I would also like to express special thanks to my parents
and friends for helping me to complete this project.

Date: Name of student – PRIYANK PATEL

Class: 12th
Morden Physics
Energy of photon

According to Einstein, each photon of a light wave of

frequency has the energy E is given by,
E= hv ......

where E= energy of photon (joule)

h= planks constant-6.626 x 10-34 ].s
v=frequency of photon(Hz)
Properties of photon

*A photon does not have any mass.

*A photon does not have any charge and are not
deflected in electric field or magnetic field.
* All the quantum numbers are zero for a photon
* In empty space, the photon moves at speed of
light.
* In the interaction of radiation with matter,
radiation
behaves as if it is made up of particles called
photons.
* The energy and momentum of a photon are related
as
follows E=p.c where p- magnitude of momentum
and
c is the speed of light.
* Photon is called as a virtual particles.
* The energy of a photon is directly proportional to
frequency and inversely proportional to its
wavelength.
Photoelectric effect

*When a beam of light

sufficiently high frequency
onto a clean metal surface
then the light will cause
electrons to leave the
Surface
*Definition: the
phenomenon of emission
of electrons by the metals
when they are exposed to
light of suitable frequency
is called as the photo
electric effect and emitted
electrons are called photoelectrons.
Photoelectric effect – construction and
working

Construction: 1)the Hertz experimental

setup used for studying the photoelectrode
effect is shown in the above fig.
2) the setup consists of an evacuated glass
tube that has a photosensitive metal plate C
and another metal plate A as shown.
A monochromatic light source emerging from
source S of sufficiently short wavelength
enters the glass window W and falls on
photosensitive plate C, is called an emitter.
Photoelectric effect working

Working: when a beam of light falls on

photosensitive metal plate c which is called an
emitter
The plate c emits photoelectrons due to the
photoelectric effect. The photoelectrons emitted
by plate c will be attracted towards the positive
plate A. These electron flows in the eternal ckt to
cause an electric current in the ckt.
Such a current is known as the photoelectric
current and is measured by the micrometer
connected in the ckts.
Lenard’s Photoelectric Apparatus
Characteristic of photoelectric effect

Photoelectric effect When light of suitable

frequency is incident on metal surface then
electrons are emitted from surface called as
Photolectric effect.
Characteristics of the photoelectric effect
1. Threshold frequency is different for different
materials.
2. Photoelectric current is directly proportional to
the intensity of light.
3. The K.E. of photoelectrons is directly
proportional to the frequency of light.
4. Stopping potential is directly proportional to
frequency.
5. The process is instantaneous.
Einstein photoelectric equation

Einstein's photoelectric function- According to quantum

theory, radiation is considered as a shower of particles
called protons.
The energy of photon absorbed by the atom. (hu) s
1. Used to detach the electron (WO) and
2. KE. is given to electron.
hu = WO + K.E.
hu = WO + 1/2 MV2
hu-wo Where D= Photoelectric work function hu0
hu – hu0
h(u-u0)
Where, m= Mass of electron v= Velocity of electron h=
Planck's constant
u=Frequency of radiation u0= Threshold frequency
Significance-
1. If u < u0 • Kinetic energy is negative. I.e. No emission.
2. If u = u0 - Kinetic energy is zero, I.e. Emission just
begins.
3. If u > u0 - Kinetic energy is positive. i.e. Emission takes
place.
 Photoelectric cell and LDR

PHOTOELECTRIC CELL PRINCIPLE AND CONSTRUCTION

Principle; a photoelectric cell

is a device that converts light
energy into electrical energy.

Construction: It consists of an
evacuated glass tube. Inside
this tube photosensitive
metal plate which is called an
emitter and a wire loop A
which acts as the collector.
Working of photoelectric cell

The high-tension battery and micro ammeter (UA) are

connected to plate c and loop A as shown in Fig.
Working: when the light of suitable frequency Is
incident on the emitter C, it starts emitted the
photoelectrons are attracted towards collector A.
APPLICATION OF PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT: - 1) photoelectric cell used in
camera for exposure meter.
Photoelectron

The photoelectric effect is commonly used to

measure light.
• Camera light meter
lt can also generate electricity.
• Photovoltaic cell
3) Photoelectric cells are also used for
burglar alarms.
Photo resistor (light dependent resistor)

Principle: A photoresistor or LDR is a resistor

whose resistance decreases with increasing
incident light intensity,
Symbol for LDR
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
OF LDR

Construction; a light-sensitive material such as

cadmium sulphide (CDs) is deposited on a ceramic
substrate.
Then the substrate along with the photosensitive layer
of CDs is enclosed in a metal container.
Light is incident on the light-sensitive material through
the glass cap or lens which is added at the top of this
assembly.
OPERATION: when light is incident on the
photosensitive semiconductor material, the incident
photons collide with the atoms of light-sensitive
material and impart energy to them.
Due to this energy, the valence electron will cross the
forbidden energy gap and enter into the conduction
band.
Due to more number of electrons entering the
conduction band, conductivity increases and resistivity
decreases. Thus the resistance of the photosensitive
material decreases with Increases in the Intensity of
light.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.wekipedia.com
Physic Text Book
Verma Class 12
Thank you