Modul

e1

I
mpor
tantquest
ion

1.Der
iveemfequat
ionofal
ter
nat
or(
6,7mar
ks)

2.Dr
awandexpl
aint
heconst
ruct
ional
det
ail
sofaal
ter
nat
or(
7mar
ks)

3.Writ
edownt headvant
agesofst
ati
onar
yar
mat
ureov
err
otat
ingar
mat
urei
n
al
ternat
or(
7mar ks)

4.Expl
aint
heef
fectofpfonar
mat
urer
eact
ionwi
thsui
tabl
edi
agr
am (
7mar
ks)

5.Drawthev
ectordi
agr
am ofl
oadedal
ter
nat
orunderl
aggi
ngandl
eadi
ngpower
fact
or(
8marks)

6.Expl
ainwi
ndi
ngf
act
or(
6mar
ks)

7.Descr
ibecy
li
ndr
ical
rot
orconst
ruct
ioni
nal
ter
nat
orwi
thneatsket
ch(
6mar
ks)

8.Der
ivet
heexpr
essi
onf
ordi
str
ibut
ionf
act
or(
6mar
ks)

9.Li
stoutmai
npar
tsofal
ter
nat
orandmat
eri
alsusedf
ort
hei
rmanuf
act
uri
ng(
7
marks)

10.
Probl
emsr
elat
edt
oemfequat
ion(
imp)8mar
ks

11.
Probl
emsr
elat
edt
owi
ndi
ngf
act
or(
imp)8mar
ks

EMFequat
ionofanal
ter
nat
or(
7mar
ks_
)

Let
s,
P=No.ofpol
es
Z=No.ofConduct
orsorCoi
lsi
desi
nser
ies/
phasei
.e.Z=2T…Wher
eTi
sthenumber
ofcoi
l
sort
urnsperphase(
Not
ethatonet
urnorcoi
lhast
woendsorsi
des)
f=f
requencyofi
nducedEMFi
nHz
Φ=Fl
uxperpol
e(Weber
)
N=r
otorspeed(
RPM)
Kd=Di
str
ibut
ionf
act
or=
Wher
eDi
str
ibut
ionf
act
or=Kd=

KcorKP =Cosα/
2

I
finducedEMFi
sassumedsi
nusoi
dal
then,

Kf=For
mfact
or=1.
11

I
noner
evol
uti
onoft
her
otori
.e.i
n60/
Nseconds,
eachconduct
ori
scutbyaf
lux
ofΦPWeber
s.
dΦ=ΦPandal
sodΦ=60/
Nseconds

t
heni
nducede.
m.fperconduct
or(av
erage)=
Butweknowt
hat
:

….
.1

f=PN/120orN=120f/P

Put
ti
ngt
hev
alueofNi
nEquat
ion(
1),
weget
,

Av
eragev
alueofEMFperconduct
or
 ∴(
N=120f
/P)

I
fther
ear
eZconduct
orsi
nser
iesperphase,
t
henav
eragee.
m.fperphase=2fΦZVol
ts=4fΦTVol
ts….
.(Z=2T)

Al
soweknowt
hat
;

For
m Fact
or=RMSVal
ue/Av
erageVal
ue

RMSv
alue=For
mfact
orxAv
erageVal
ue,

11x4f
=1. 44f
ΦT=4. ΦTVol
ts.

=4KcKdfΦT=4KfKcKdfΦTVol
ts.

2.
Drawandexpl
aint
heconst
ruct
ional
det
ail
sofaal
ter
nat
or(
7mar
ks)
Def
ini
ti
on:

Iti
samachi
net
hatconv
ert
sthei
nputmechani
cal
poweri
ntoanout
putal
ter
nat
ingel
ect
ri
cal
energy
.

I
twor
ksj
ustl
i
keagener
ator
.Hence,
iti
sal
socal
l
edasACgener
ator
.

I
tconsi
stsofaYoke,
pol
ecor
e,st
ator
,rot
or,
armat
ure,
sli
pri
ngs,
bear
ings,
andf
an.

Const
ruct
ionDet
ail
sOfThr
eePhaseAl
ter
nat
or
STATOR

STATORFRAME

• I
tIsTheOut
erMostPar
t

• MadeOfCastI
ronOrCastSt
eel

• Mai
nFunct
ionI
sPr
ovi
deMechani
cal

Pr
otect
ionToTheEnt
ir
eMachi
ne

• Hol
dCor
eInPr
operPosi
ti
on

St
atorcor
e

• Ar
mat
urecor
eisbui
l
dupofl
ami
nat
ionst
oreduceeddycur
rent

• St
ampi
ngsar
einsul
atedbyv
arni
sh

• Vent
il
ati
nghol
esar
epr
ovi
deont
hebot
tom ofst
ampi
ngs

• Sl
otsar
epr
ovi
dedf
orcar
ryar
mat
urewi
ndi
ng

SLOTS

• Mai
nlycl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hree

1.Wi
deopen
 2.Semi
closed

3.Cl
osedt
ype

Const
ruct
ionofr
otor

• Accor
dingt
oconst
ruct
ionofr
otoral
ter
nat
orsar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wo

1.Sal
i
entpol
eal
ter
nat
or

2.Nonsal
i
entpol
eal
ter
nat
or(
cyl
i
ndr
ical
type)

1.
SALI
ENTPOLEROTOR

• Sal
i
entpol
erot
orar
eusedl
owandmedi
um speedal
ter
nat
or

• Theyhav
elar
gerdi
amet
erandshor
taxi
all
engt
h

• Ther
otorhasl
argenumberofpr
oject
edpol
es

• Pol
eandpol
ear
elami
nat
ed

• Forsmal
l
ermachi
net
hef
iel
dcoi
lar
emadeupi
nsul
atedcopperwi
re

• Forl
argermachi
necopperst
ri
psar
eused

• Damperwi
ndi
ngar
eusedt
opr
eventhunt
ingef
fect
2.
NONSALI
ENTPOLEROTOR

• I
tisal
socal
l
edt
urboal
ter
nat
or

• usedhi
ghspeedal
ter
nat
or

• Thi
srot
orhasl
ongaxi
all
engt
handsmal
l
erdi
amet
er

• I
nthi
sty
peofr
otort
hepol
esar
enotpr
oject
ed

• Hencei
tiscal
l
edsmoot
hcy
li
ndr
ical
type

• Copperst
ri
psar
eusedf
ort
hef
iel
dwi
ndi
ng

• Vent
il
ati
ngduct
sispr
ovi
dedundert
hebot
tom por
ti
onf
orcool
i
ng
 3.Descr
iber
otorconst
ruct
ioni
nal
ter
nat
orwi
thneatsket
ch(
8mar
ks)
Rot
or

 Therevol
vingfi
eldstructureoftheelect
ri
calmachinei
scal l
edastherot
or.
Inasynchronousgenerator,therot
orcarri
esafiel
dwindingwhichis
suppli
edbytheDCsour ce.
 T heDCsour ceisal
socal ledanexciterwhichi
sgeneral
lyasmal l
d.cshunt
orcompoundedgener atormount edontheshaftofthealter
nat
or.
Ther
ear etwotypesofrotorconst r
ucti
on

1.Sal
i
entPol
eType
2.Cyl
i
ndri
cal
Type(
non-
sal
i
entpol
e)
Sal
ient(
orpr
oject
ingPol
e)Ty
pe

 Thesali
entpol
etyper
otori
susedf
orlowandmedium speedmachines
(l
essthan1200rpm)andhavet
hel
argedi
ameterandsmallaxi
all
ength.

Sal
i
entPol
eRot
or
 Thepol esaremadeupoft hicksteell
ami nati
ont oreduceeddycur r
ent
heatinglossandi ti
sat tachedt oar otorbymeansoft hedov etai
l j
oint.
 I
nsal ientpol
er ot
or,thepol esar ealway sproject
edi ntheout war ddirect
ion
asshowni nthefigure.
 Thef iel
dwindingint hesal i
entpol ety
pei sconnect edinseriesi nsucha
wayt hatwhent hef i
eldwi ndingisener gi
sedbyt heexci t
er,t
henadj acent
poleswi l
lhaveopposi tepol ari
ti
es.Thenumberofpol esdoesnotaf fect
thenumberofphasesi ntheal t
ernat
orout put.
 Tor educetheef f
ectofhaunt ingdamperwi ndingisprovidedi nthepol e
 faces.Theydon’tletthemot ortooscill
ateabr uptly,
theydampthe
oscil
lat
ionsthusincreasingthest abi
li
tyofthemachi ne.
 Sali
entpol er
otorfoundappl icat
ionfordieselengi neandwatert
urbi
ne
becauset heybothrequiredmedi um speed( 120-1000r pm).
 Thepol eandPoleshoecov er2/3oft hepolepi tch.
 Ther at
ingofsali
entpol erotorislessthan500kW.
Di
sadv
ant
ageofSal
ientPol
eRot
or

Thesal
i
entpol
erot
orhasf
oll
owi
ngdi
sadv
ant
ages

1.Thesal i
entpol erot
orcauseexcessi vewindagel oosesi ftheyaredri
v enat
highspeedandi talsoi
ncreasesthenoi seproducedbyanal t
ernator
.
2.Theconst ructi
onofsal i
entpolerotorcannotwi thstandhighmechani cal
stress.
3.Thespeedofanal t
ernatorisi
nversel
ypr oporti
onal tothenumber sofpol e
required(Ns =120f/p)sot ooper
ateasal ientpolety pealter
nator,
alar ge
numberofpol esarerequiredwhichincreasest hediamet erofthe
gener at
orthusi ncr
easingspacerequirementf orinstall
ati
onandi nit
ial
costduet oext ramaterial
used.

Smoot
hCy
li
ndr
icalTy
pe|Non-
Sal
ientPol
eAl
ter
nat
or

 Thi
sty
peofRotori
susedforst
eam dr
ivenal
ter
nat
ori
.et
urboal
ter
nat
or
whi
chrunsatv
eryhi
ghspeed.

Cy
li
ndr
ical
TypeRot
or
  TheRot ori
smadeupofsmoot hsolidforgi
ngsofal loyst eelcylinder
havingthenumberofsl otsal ongtheout erper i
phery.
 Thef i
eldwindingsofcy li
ndrical t
yper ot
orareconnect edi nseriestothe
sli
pr i
ngsthroughwhi cht heyar eexcitedbyt heDCexci ter.
 Thet opporti
onoft hesl oti scov eredwiththehel pofst eel or
manganesewedgesandt heunsl ot t
edpor t
ionoft hecy linderact sasthe
polesofanal ter
nator .
 Thef i
eldwindingsar ear rangedi nsuchawayt hatit
sf luxdensi tyis
maxi mum ont hepol arcent ralli
ne.
 Incyli
ndri
cal r
otor,thepol edoesn’ tpr oj
ectoutf r
om t hesmoot hsur f
aceof
therotorhencet heymai ntaintheuni for
m airgapbet weenst atorandr ot
or.
 Sincesteam turbiner unsatv eryhighspeed, theref
ore, theyrequi r
edless
numberofpol eshencet hedi ameteroft herotorissmal landaxi alorrot
or
l
engt hisl
arge.
Advant
agesofCy
li
ndr
icalRot
ort
ypeAl
ter
nat
or

 Themai nadv ant

agesofthecy l
indri
calrotorar
ethatthei
rconst r
ucti
onhas
mechani cal r
obustnessandgivesnoiselessoperati
onatv eryhi
ghspeed
(1500-3000r pm) .
 Thefluxdi str
ibuti
onisnearl
yuni f
orm si
newav ehencebet terwaveformis
obtai
ned.
 Thehunt ingef f
ectisver
yrareinthecy l
i
ndr i
calr
otor,t
herefore,
thereisno
needtopr ovi
dedamperwi ndingexceptincaseofassi st
ingthealternat
or
forsynchr oni
singpurpose.

4.
Wri
tedownt headvat
agesofst
ati
onar
yar
mat
ureov
err
otat
ingar
mat
ure
i
nalt
ernat
or(
7mar ks)
1)WeuseACpoweri nourdai
l
ylif
ewhichhasgenerat
ionlev
elaround11kVt
o33kV,iti
s
dif
ficultt
ogeti
nducedemfi
narmatur
ebecausewecan'tmountasmanyasconduct
orsas
requiredonr
otat
ingar
matur
ehencewepref
erstat
ionar
yarmatur
e.

2)Assai dinabovepoi
ntl
argeconductor
sposseshighcentri
fugalf
orceswhil
erot
ati
ng.
So
therewil
lbechanceofconductorssli
ppingoutfr
om slot
s.Sobyusi ngrot
ati
ngfi
eldover
rotat
ingarmatur
ewecanreducemechanicalandel
ectr
ical
stresses.
3)Thepr
oblem ofsparki
ngatthesl
ipr
ingscanbeavoi
dedbykeepi
ngf
iel
drot
ati
ngwhi
ch
i
slowvol
tageci
rcuitandhighv
olt
agear
mat ur
easst
ati
onar
y.

4)Iti
snott
hatmucheasyt
ocol
l
ectl
argercur
rent
satv
eryhi
ghv
olt
agesf
rom r
otat
ing
armatur
e.

4)Iti
seasiert
ocol
lectl
argercurr
entsatveryhighvolt
agesfr
om astat
ionar
ymemberthan
fr
om thesli
pri
ngandbrushassembly.Thevolt
agerequir
edtobesuppli
edtothef
iel
disver
y
l
ow (110Vt o220Vdc. )andhencecanbeeasi lysuppl
iedwit
hthehelpofsli
pringand
brushassembl
ybykeepingitr
otat
ing.

5)Thev
ent
il
ati
onar
rangementf
orhi
ghv
olt
agesi
decanbei
mpr
ovedi
fiti
skeptst
ati
onar
y.

6)Itisbet
tertorot
atelowiner
ti
asy st
em thanhi
ghinert
iasystem soweuselowvol
tageon
rotorsi
desot hati
nerti
acanber educedalongwi
thinsulat
ionont her
otorsi
dewhi
chalso
reducescostofthesystem

7)Aswecol lectpowerfr
om armat
urearot
ati
ngf
iel
dtypemakesi
teasi
ertocol
l
ectpower
from thearmature,
andgreat
erout
putcanbecol
l
ectedatl
ow l
ossescompar
edtothatof
rotat
ingarmature.

8)Iff
iel
di sr
otat
ing,t
oexci
teitbyanext er
nald.c.suppl
ytwosl
i
pr i
ngsar eenough.
One
eachforposi
ti
veandnegati
veterminal
s.Asagainstthi
s,i
nthr
eephaserotati
ngarmatur
e
themini
mum numberofsli
pringsrequi
redarethr
eeandcannotbeeasil
yinsulat
eddueto
highv
oltagel
evel
s.

Byconsi
deri
ngtheallabovereasonswecansayf orver
yhi
ghvol
tages,
rot
ati
ngf
iel
dtypeof
arr
angementin al
ternat
orsi s bett
er than st
ati
onaryfi
eldtype.For smallvolt
age
rat
ingal
ter
nator
srotati
ngarmaturearr
angementmaybeused.

5.Expl
aintheef
fectofpfon ar
mat
urer
eact
ionwi
thsui
tabl
edi
agr
am
(7marks)
• Theeff
ectofArmat
ure(st
ator
)fl
uxont
hef
luxpr
oducedbyt
her
otorf
iel
dpol
esi
s
cal
ledArmat
ureReact
ion.
1.Ar
mat
ureReact
ionatUni
tyPowerFact
or

2.Ar
mat
ureReact
ionatLaggi
ngPowerFact
or

3.Ar
mat
ureReact
ionatLeadi
ngPowerFact
or

Ar
mat
ureReact
ionatUni
tyPowerFact
or

Thuswecansaythat
,ar
matur
ereact
ionfl
uxl
agsbehindthef
iel
dfluxby90degree.
Therefor
e,ar
mat
urer
eact
ionmmfatunit
ypowerf
actorisent
ir
elycross-
magnet
izi
ngin
nature.

Ar
mat
ureReact
ionatLaggi
ngPowerFact
or

Thusunderpowerfact
orl
aggingl
oadi
ngcondi
ti
onofal
ter
nat
or,
theef
fectofar
mat
ure
react
ionmmfispur
elydemagneti
zi
ng
Ar
mat
ureReact
ionatLeadi
ngPowerFact
or

Therefor
e,t
hedi
rect
ionoffi
eldmmfandar
mat
uremmfwi
l
lbesame.Hencear
mat
ure
react
ionmmfismagnetizi
nginnat
ure.
6.TYPESOFARMATUREWI
NDI
NGS(
8mar
ks)

Theyar
etwobasi
cphysi
calt
ypesf
orthewi
ndings.Theydealdi
ff
erent
lywitht
he
mechani
cal
probl
em f
orar
rangi
ngcoi
l
sinsequencearoundthearmature.

 Ther
ear
e

1.Si
ngl
elay
erwi
ndi
ngand

2.Doubl
elay
erwi
ndi
ng

3.Concent
ri
cwi
ndi
ngs

4.Di
str
ibut
edwi
ndi
ng

5.Ful
lpi
tchwi
ndi
ng

6.Shor
tpi
tchwi
ndi
ng
 SI
NGLELAYERWI
NDI
NG

DOUBLELAYERWI
NDI
NG

 I
ndoubl
elay
erwi
ndi
ng,
eachsl
otshousest
wocoi
lsi
des

Concent
ri
cwi
ndi
ngs

I
fal
lthecoi
lsidesofanyonephaseunderonepol
ear
ebunchedi
n1sl
ots,
thent
hewi
ndi
ng
i
scal
ledconcentr
icwindi
ng
For3phase

Di
str
ibut
edwi
ndi
ng

• Whenthecoil
sarenotconcentr
atedorbunchedtoget
heri
n1slot
sbutar
edi
str
ibut
edi
n
sev
eralnumberofsl
otstheniti
scall
edasdistr
ibut
edwindi
ng

Ful
lpi
tchwi
ndi
ng

Coi
lspan=pol
epi
tch
6.
Shor
tpi
tchwi
ndi
ng

12.
Drawthev
ectordi
agr
am ofl
oadedal
ter
nat
orunderl
aggi
ngandl
eadi
ngpower
fact
or(
8marks)

Laggi
ngPowerFact
orLoad
Uni
tyPowerFact
orLoad

Leadi
ngpowerFact
or

13.
Expl
ainwi
ndi
ngf
act
or(
6mar
ks)
Pi
tchf
act
or=

Di
str
ibut
ionf
act
or=

14.
Der
ivet
heexpr
essi
onf
ordi
str
ibut
ionf
act
or(
6mar
ks)