s4 Seminar Question Answers 2024
s4 Seminar Question Answers 2024
Item five.
(a) - Leaves
- Phloem tissue
- Roots
- xylem tissues
(b) When leaves are removed, the trees fail to carryout photosynthesis, hence cannot
manufacture food.
Removal of tree barks destroys the phloem tissues which prevents translocation of
manufactured food from the leaves to the storage sites.
Debarking also exposes the xylem tissues which leads to drying or infection of the stem.
This affects the translocation of water and mineral salts from roots to aerial parts of the
plant.
Digging out the roots destroys them, affecting the process of absorption of water and
mineral salts by the trees. This may lead to wilting/drying of the crops.
(c) The trees have buds at nodes and internodes that sprout into new leaves and stem
structures.
The trees undergo mitotic cell division at the phloem and xylem tissues to replace the
removed structures.
Some trees develop more roots to replace those removed hence survival.
The remaining tree roots develop numerous root hairs for extra support and absorption.
Item six.
(a) The processes affected include;
- Gaseous exchange
- Photosynthesis
- Respiration
The organs affected include;
- Leaves
- Flowers
- Buds
(b) A lot of dust covered the leaves of crops reducing light absorption by chlorophyll in
chloroplasts of leaves which reduced the rate of photosynthesis leading to slow
accumulation of food/sugars hence stunted growth of crops.
(c) Mitotic division of damaged leaves, buds and flowers allowed regeneration of affected
parts to allow photosynthesis, growth and production of fruits.
Production of more flowers and leaves to replace what is destroyed by caterpillars.
Development of more prop roots to increase absorption of water and mineral salts.
Item seven.
(a) - Water shortage
- Deficiency of nitrogen or magnesium
- Reduced photosynthesis (due folding of leaves, closing of stomata and shedding of dry
leaves)
(b) Bees carried pollen grains from the anther heads to the stigma of bean flowers during
pollination. When the pollen grains land on mature stigma, they germinate and produce
pollen tubes which grow via the micropyle to the embryo sac. Its generative nucleus
divides by mitosis to form two male nuclei. One male nucleus fuses with the egg cell to
form the seed embryo comprising the plumule and radicle. The second male nucleus
fuses with the polar nucleus to form the seed primary endosperm. The ovary wall forms
the fruit wall and the integuments form the seed coat.
(c) - Production of more roots to increase surface area for water absorption.
- Elongation of tap roots to reach water in deeper layers of the soil.
- Production of more root hairs to increase surface area for water absorption.
- Having/Development of root nodules where the nitrogen-fixing bacteria oxidises nitrogen
to form nitrogen compounds used by the plants to recover from nitrogen deficiency.
Item eight.
Oloya has Kwashiorkor due to protein deficiency in his body which led to muscle wasting,
swollen abdomen etc and has poor/reduced immunity due to deficiency of vitamin C in his
body leading to wounds on the skin.
Feeding on fruits provided the body with vitamin C which was absorbed into the blood stream
and used by the body cells to improve on his immunity and recover from the wounds.
Milk contains proteins (caseinogen), vitamins, lactose (milk sugar) and fats (lipids) while millet
contains starch and iron.
In the mouth, starch is broken down into maltose by salivary amylase enzyme in saliva,
secreted from the salivary glands.
In the stomach, proteins are broken down to polypeptides by pepsin in gastric juice from the
gastric glands.
In the duodenum, bile from the liver or gall bladder and pancreatic juice from the pancreas are
released. Bile salts emulsify fats into small droplets. Pancreatic juice contains pancreatic
amylase which breaks down starch to maltose, trypsin which breaks down polypeptides to
peptides and lipase which breaks down lipids to fatty acids.
In the ileum, intestinal juice/succus entericus is released from the intestinal wall, it contains
maltase which breaks down maltose to glucose, lactase which breaks down lactose to
glucose and galactose, and peptidase which breaks down peptides to amino acids.
These are absorbed by the villi into the bloodstream and transported to the liver and other
body cells to be used. Glucose is used for respiration to produce energy; amino acids are
used to produce body proteins to gain weight and fatty acids and glycerol form stored fats
beneath the skin to gain weight.
Item nine
In the mouth, the food was broken down using teeth. Starch in the food was broken down to
maltose by salivary amylase in saliva secreted from the salivary gland. The food was rolled into a
ball-like structure called bolus by the tongue and then swallowed. The food moves down the
oesophagus by peristalsis.
In the stomach, no chemical digestion of starch occurs.
In the duodenum, secretion of bile juice from the gall bladder or liver and pancreatic juice from
the pancreas occurs. Bile salts in the bile juice emulsify fats in to tiny droplets. Pancreatic juice
secreted contains pancreatic amylase which breaks down starch to maltose.
In the ileum, intestinal juice/succus entericus from intestinal wall is secreted containing maltase
enzyme which completes the breakdown of maltose to glucose. Glucose is then absorbed into
the bloodstream by the villi found in the ileum and transported to the liver muscle cells where
excess glucose is converted to glycogen for storage. During the race glycogen is converted to
glucose that is used for respiration to produce energy. The energy was used for contraction of leg
muscles to enable Nagenda run fast enough to win the race.
During the race, oxygen supply was less than the demand, so anaerobic respiration occurred
producing lactic acid that accumulated to cause muscle clumps.
After the race, lactic acid diffused from muscles and was carried by blood to the liver were much
oxygen inspired was used to oxidise this lactic acid fully to water, carbon dioxide and energy
lowering its amount in muscles which allowed recovery.
Item ten
Daniel has lung cancer which causes short breath, chest pain, coughing blood and dry cough.
This is because tobacco smoke inhaled contains tar which causes cancer of the lungs.
Lung cancer causes narrowing/blockage of the airway tubes and accumulation of fluid in lungs
reducing entry of air into alveoli/short breath.
This reduces gaseous exchange across alveoli hence less oxygen is absorbed in to blood and
less oxygen is supplied to tissues reducing energy formation by tissue which caused body
weakness.
Treatment
➢ Going for lung transplant to replace affected lungs.
➢ Feeding on a balanced diet so that the body obtains enough vitamins to boost immunity
and enough proteins to allow repair of damaged tissues
➢ Sticking to medical treatment given e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy or immunotherapy.
➢ Taking on regulated physical exercises to improve on gaseous exchange.
Item eleven.
(a) Heat stimulated thermoreceptors of the skin which generated impulses fired to the spinal
cord via sensory neurones. In the spinal cord, impulses from the sensory neurone pass
via a synapse to the relay neurones then via another synapse to the motor neurones
which carry the impulses to the muscles of the arm, causing them to contract to release
the hot pan.
illustration
Score 3: If all and only the relevant materials have been listed
Score 2: If 1 irrelevant material has been mentioned among the relevant ones
Score 1: If 2 or more irrelevant materials have been mentioned among the relevant ones
Score 0: If only irrelevant materials mentioned or none mentioned.
E1
Score 2: If the procedure is completely relevant
Score 1: If the procedure is partially relevant
Score 0: If the procedure is irrelevant/wrong/not there
E2
Score 2: If the procedure is completely coherent
Score 1: If the procedure is partially coherent
Score 0: If the procedure is irrelevant/wrong
E3
Score 2: If all variables were completely managed
Score 1: If some variables are managed
Score 0: If no variable is managed
F2
Score 2: Data presented appropriately
Score 1: Data partly appropriate
Score 0: Data inappropriately presented
ITEM 2
HYPOTHESIS; soil sample L has more air than M/ soil sample M has more air than L
Apparatus: Measuring cylinders (2), dry soil samples L and M, water, and glass rod.
PROCEDURE;
1. Measure 100 cm3 of dry soil sample L in a measuring cylinder and tap the container to
level out the soil.
2. Measure 100 cm3 of water in another measuring cylinder.
3. Add the two together (observe carefully as you pour the water onto the soil)
4. Allow the mixture to stand until no more bubbles appear.
5. Read and record the final level of water plus soil in the measuring cylinder.
6. Calculate the air content in terms of percentage.
7. Repeat the same procedures for dry soil sample M
Results
soil L
Soil sample L has more soil air compared to the soil sample M
RECOMMENDATION
I advise Namusisi to plant her ground nuts in the plot from which soil sample L was got
because it has more air than soil sample M, which is needed by the plants. Having more air is
also an implication that the soil sample has large particles and therefore better drainage
b) Specimen X was able to spread all over the land because of its mode of dispersal.
It is small and light, has a pappus that help it to float in air and easily blown by air to all parts of
the land.
Specimen Y was only found in specific places because its mode of dispersal is not as efficient as
the one of specimen X.
It is has sutures, so it splits open to release its seeds, which does not move the offsprings very
far from the mother plant.
c) The drawing should have:
A tittle, magnification, be neatly drawn. At least Epicarp / pericarp and Pappus / persistent
calyx should be labelled.