HYPOTHESIS TESTING

Prepared by: Muhammad Athar

Assistant Professor of Statistics, Govt. Zamindar Graduate

College, Gujrat

Lecture-48
Testing of Hypothesis about Difference between Two
Population Means with known population standard
deviations (𝝈𝟏, 𝝈𝟐)
• General Procedure
• Step 1: Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses
• Possible null and alternative hypotheses:
• 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = ∆0 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ ∆0
• if ∆0 is zero, we can write null and alternative hypotheses
as
• 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 𝐻1 : 𝜇 1 ≠ 𝜇2
• 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≥ ∆0 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < ∆0
• 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ ∆0 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > ∆0
• Step 2: Specification of level of significance denoted by 𝛂
• Step 3: Test to be used to test the null hypothesis

x1 −x2 −∆0
•Z =
σ2
1 σ2
+ 2
n1 n2
• Step 4: Defining critical region / rejection region
• Critical region is always based on alternative hypothesis.
• If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ ∆0 the critical
region will be 𝑍 ≥ 𝑍𝛼/2
• If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > ∆0 the critical
region will be 𝑍 ≥ 𝑍𝛼
• If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < ∆0 : 𝜇 < 𝜇0 the
1
critical region will be 𝑍 ≤ −𝑍𝛼
• Where, 𝑍𝛼/2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍𝛼 are critical values that are calculated
using t-distribution table of critical values.
• Note: critical region tells us how to reject a null
hypothesis.
• Step 5: Draw a random sample and using sample
information calculate the value of Z test.
• Step 6: We draw our conclusion whether we accepted or
rejected our null hypothesis.
Example 1
• A random sample of size 𝑛1 = 25, taken from a normal
population with a standard deviation 𝜎1 = 5.2, has a mean
𝑥1 = 81. A second random sample of size 𝑛2 = 36, taken
from a different normal population with a standard
deviation 𝜎2 = 3.4, has a mean 𝑥2 = 76. Test the
hypothesis that 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 against the alternative, 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
Example 2
• A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of
thread A exceeds the average tensile strength of thread B
by at least 12 kilograms. To test this claim, 50 pieces of
each type of thread were tested under similar conditions.
Type A thread had an average tensile strength of 86.7
kilograms with a standard deviation of 6.28 kilograms,
while type B thread had an average tensile strength of
77.8 kilograms with a standard deviation of 5.61
kilograms. Test the manufacturer’s claim using a 0.05
level of significance.
Testing of Hypothesis about Difference between Two
Population Means with unknown population standard
deviations (𝝈𝟏, 𝝈𝟐) but assuming (𝝈𝟏 = 𝝈𝟐)
• General Procedure
• Step 1: Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses
• Possible null and alternative hypotheses:
• 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = ∆0 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ ∆0
• 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≥ ∆0 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < ∆0
• 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ ∆0 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > ∆0
• Step 2: Specification of level of significance denoted by 𝛂
• Step 3: Test to be used to test the null hypothesis
• Whenever we want to test population mean with the
condition that population standard deviations are
unknown but assumed to be same and sample sizes are
small then the test we use is:
𝑥1 −𝑥2 −∆0
•𝑡=
1 1
𝑠𝑝 . 𝑛 +𝑛
1 2
• With 𝑣 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 degrees of freedom
𝑛1− 1 𝑠21 + 𝑛2− 1 𝑠22
• Where 𝑠𝑝 =
𝑛1 +𝑛2 −2
𝑥1 −𝑥1 2 2 𝑥2 −𝑥2 2
• 𝑠21 = ,𝑠2 =
𝑛1 −1 𝑛2 −1
• Step 4: Defining critical region / rejection region
• Critical region is always based on alternative hypothesis.
• If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ ∆0 the critical region
will be 𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝛼,𝑣
2

• If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > ∆0 the critical region

will be 𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝛼,𝑣
• If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < ∆0 the critical region
will be 𝑡 ≤ −𝑡𝛼,𝑣
• Where, 𝑡𝛼,𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝛼,𝑣 are critical values that are calculated using
2
t-distribution table of critical values.
• Note: critical region tells us how to reject a null hypothesis.
• Step 5: Draw a random sample and using sample
information calculate the value of t test.
• Step 6: We draw our conclusion whether we accepted or
rejected our null hypothesis.
Example 3
• A study was conducted to see if increasing the substrate
concentration has an appreciable effect on the velocity of
a chemical reaction. With a substrate concentration of 1.5
moles per liter, the reaction was run 15 times, with an
average velocity of 7.5 micromoles per 30 minutes and a
standard deviation of 1.5. With a substrate concentration
of 2.0 moles per liter, 12 runs were made, yielding an
average velocity of 8.8 micromoles per 30 minutes and a
sample standard deviation of 1.2. Is there any reason to
believe that this increase in substrate concentration
causes an increase in the mean velocity of the reaction of
more than 0.5 micromole per 30 minutes? Use a 0.01
level of significance and assume the populations to be
approximately normally distributed with equal variances.
Example 4
• A study was conducted at the Department of Health and Physical
Education at Virginia Tech to determine if 8 weeks of training truly
reduces the cholesterol levels of the participants. A treatment group
consisting of 15 people was given lectures twice a week on how to
reduce cholesterol level. Another group of 18 people of similar age
was randomly selected as a control group. All participants’ cholesterol
levels were recorded at the end of the 8-week program and are listed
below.
• Treatment:
• 129, 131, 154, 172, 115, 126, 175, 191, 122, 238, 159, 156, 176, 175,
126
• Control:
• 151, 132, 196, 195, 188, 198, 187, 168, 115, 165, 137, 208, 133, 217,
191, 193, 140, 146
• Can we conclude, at the 5% level of significance, that the average
cholesterol level has been reduced due to the program? Make the
appropriate test on means.
Testing of Hypothesis About Difference Between Two
Population Means with unknown population standard
deviations (𝝈𝟏, 𝝈𝟐) but assuming (𝝈𝟏 ≠ 𝝈𝟐)
• General Procedure
• Step 1: Formulation of null and alternative hypotheses
• Possible null and alternative hypotheses:
• 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = ∆0 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ ∆0
• 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≥ ∆0 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < ∆0
• 𝐻0 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ ∆0 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > ∆0
• Step 2: Specification of level of significance denoted by 𝛂
• Step 3: Test to be used to test the null hypothesis
• Whenever we want to test population mean with the condition
that population standard deviations are unknown but assumed
to be same then the test we use is:
𝑥1 −𝑥2 −∆0
• 𝑡=
𝑠2 2
1 + 𝑠2
𝑛1 𝑛2

2
𝑠21 𝑛1 +𝑠22 𝑛2
• With 𝑣 = 2 2 degrees of freedom
𝑠2
1 1𝑛 𝑠2
2 2𝑛
𝑛1 −1
+ 𝑛2 −1
• Where
𝑥1 −𝑥1 2 2 𝑥2 −𝑥2 2
• 𝑠21 = ,𝑠2 =
𝑛1 −1 𝑛2 −1
• Step 4: Defining critical region / rejection region
• Critical region is always based on alternative hypothesis.
• If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ ∆0 the critical region
will be 𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝛼,𝑣
2

• If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > ∆0 the critical region

will be 𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝛼,𝑣
• If alternative hypothesis is 𝐻1 : 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < ∆0 the critical region
will be 𝑡 ≤ −𝑡𝛼,𝑣
• Where, 𝑡𝛼,𝑣 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝛼,𝑣 are critical values that are calculated using
2
t-distribution table of critical values.
• Note: critical region tells us how to reject a null hypothesis.
• Step 5: Draw a random sample and using sample
information calculate the value of t test.
• Step 6: We draw our conclusion whether we accepted or
rejected our null hypothesis
Example 5
• In a study conducted at Virginia Tech, the plasma ascorbic
acid levels of pregnant women were compared for
smokers versus nonsmokers. Thirty-two women in the last
three months of pregnancy, free of major health disorders
and ranging in age from 15 to 32 years, were selected for
the study. Prior to the collection of 20 ml of blood, the
participants were told to avoid breakfast, forgo their
vitamin supplements, and avoid foods high in ascorbic
acid content. From the blood samples, the following
plasma ascorbic acid values were determined, in
milligrams per 100 milliliters:
• Plasma Ascorbic Acid Values
• Nonsmokers Smokers
• 0.97 1.16 0.48
• 0.72 0.86 0.71
• 1.00 0.85 0.98
• 0.81 0.58 0.68
• 0.62 0.57 1.18
• 1.32 0.64 1.36
• 1.24 0.98 0.78
• 0.99 1.09 1.64
• 0.90 0.92
• 0.74 0.78
• 0.88 1.24
• 0.94 1.18
• Is there sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a difference between plasma
ascorbic acid levels of smokers and nonsmokers? Assume that the two sets of
data came from normal populations with unequal variances.
Example 6
• The following data represent the running times of films
produced by two motion-picture companies:
• Time (minutes)
• Company-1: 102, 86, 98, 109, 92
• Company-2: 81, 165, 97, 134, 92, 87, 114
• Test the hypothesis that the average running time of films
produced by company 2 exceeds the average running
time of films produced by company 1 by 10 minutes
against the one-sided alternative that the difference is less
than 10 minutes. Use a 0.1 level of significance and
assume the distributions of times to be approximately
normal with unequal variances.