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ASSERTION AND REASONING

SCIENCE
ASSERTIONS AND REASONING TYPE QUESTIONS
CLASS:10TH
Education source
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Chemical Reactions and Equations

Chapter: 1

Directions: In the following questions, two statements are given-one

labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the
correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d)
as given below:

(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is correct explanation of the
assertion.
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of
the assertion.
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.

Q1: Assertion (A): Stoichiometric coefficient are the numbers which

are put before compounds or elements to balance the chemical
equation.
Reason (R): Chemical equation is balanced to justify the law of
conservation of mass.

Q2: Assertion (A): When zinc rod is dipped into aqueous solution of
copper sulphate, the colour of the solution changes.
Reason (R): Zinc being more reactive displaces less reactive.
Copper from its aqueous solution resulting in the formation of zinc
sulphate which is colourless.

Q3: Assertion (A): Heat is required for the decomposition of lead

nitrate.
Reason (R): Decomposition reactions are endothermic.
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Q4: Assertion (A): During double displacement reactions,

precipitates are usually formed.
Reason (R): Precipitation reactions produce insoluble salt.

Q5: Assertion (A): Reactions also involve the gain or loss of oxygen
or hydrogen by substances.
Reason (R): Oxidation is the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
while reduction is the loss of oxygen or gain of hydrogen.

Q6: Assertion (A): Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction.

Reason (R): Energy from sunlight is absorbed in photosynthesis.

Q7: Assertion (A): All decomposition reactions are

generally endothermic reactions.
Reason (R): All decomposition reactions generally occur with the
adsorption of heat or light energy.

Q8: Assertion (A): Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) is a double

displacement reaction.
Reason (R): Two types of products are formed.

ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
Q9: Assertion (A): 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO is a redox reaction. Reason
(R): Mg is oxidised and O2 is reduced.

Q10: Assertion (A): Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq) It is

a double displacement reaction.
Reason (R): Two types of products are formed.

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Q11: Assertion (A): Reduction occurs with the gain of hydrogen

atoms.
Reason (R): Oxidation occurs with the loss of hydrogen atom.

Answers:
Q1: (b)
Q2: (a)
Q3: (a)
Q4: (b)
Q5: (a)
Q6: (a)
Q7: (a)
Q8: (d)
Q9: (a)
Q10:(b)
Q11:(a)

Acids, Bases and Salts

Chapter: 2

Q1: Assertion (A): When an acid reacts with a metal, hydrogen gas
is evolved and a corresponding salt is formed.
Reason (R): When a base reacts with a metal, along with the
evolution of hydrogen gas a salt is formed which has a negative
ion composed of the metal and oxygen.

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Q2: Assertion (A): When an acid reacts with a metal carbonate or

metal hydrogen carbonate, it gives the corresponding salt, carbon
dioxide gas and water.
Reason (R): Acidic and basic solutions in water conduct electricity
because they produce hydrogen and hydroxide ions respectively.

Q3: Assertion (A): Acid-base indicators are dyes or mixtures of dyes

which are used to indicate the presence of acids and bases.
Reason (R): Acidic nature of a substance is due to the formation of
H+(aq) ions in solution. Formation of OH-(aq) ions in solution is
responsible for the basic nature of a substance

Q4: Assertion (A): Mixing concentrated acids or bases with water is

a highly exothermic process.
Reason (R): Acids and bases neutralize each other to form
corresponding salts and water.
Q5: Assertion (A): The strength of an acid or an alkali can be tested
by using a scale called the pH scale (0-14) which gives the measure
of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
Reason (R): A neutral solution has a pH of exactly 7, while an
acidic solution has a pH less than 7 and a basic solution a pH more
than 7.

Q6: Assertion (A): Copper sulphate crystals turns white on heating.

Reason (R): Copper sulphate contains water of crystallisation.

Q7: Assertion (A): Plaster of Paris should be stored in moisture

proof container.
Reason (R): Plaster of Paris changes to gypsum in the presence of
moisture.
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Q8: Assertion (A): Ammonia is a base.

Reason (R): It does not contain OH- ions. It can donate a lone pair
of electrons (according to Lewis’s concept).

Q9: Assertion (A): Calcium sulphate hemihydrate,

1
CaSO4 . 2H2O is called plaster of Paris.
Reason (R): Plaster of Paris is used for producing moulds for
pottery and ceramics and casts of statues.

Q10:Assertion (A): Bleaching powder reacts with dilute acids to

evolve chlorine.
CaOCl2 + H₂SO4 → CaSO4 + H2O + C₁₂↑
Reason (R): The chlorine liberated by the action of dilute acids on
bleaching powder is called available chlorine.

Q11:Assertion (A): The strength of an acid or an alkali can be tested

by using a scale called the pH scale (0-14) which gives the measure
of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
Reason (R): A neutral solution has a pH of exactly 7, while an
acidic solution has a pH less than 7 and a basic solution a pH more
than 7.

Answers:
Q1: (a)
Q2: (b)
Q3: (b)
Q4: (b)
Q5: (b)
Q6: (b)
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Q7: (a)
Q8: (b)
Q9: (b)
Q10:(b)
Q11:(b)

Metals and Non metals

Chapter: 3

Q1: Assertion (A): Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile and are
good conductors of heat and electricity. They are solids at room
temperature, except mercury which is a liquid.
Reason (R): Metals can form positive ions by losing electrons to
non-metals.

Q2: Assertion (A): Metals combine with oxygen to form basic

oxides. Aluminium oxide and zinc oxide show the properties of
both basic as well as acidic oxides. These oxides are known as
amphoteric oxides.
Reason (R): Non-metals combine with oxygen to form acidic
oxides (CO₂, NO2, SO₂) or neutral oxides (H2O, CO, N₂O).

Q3: Assertion (A): A list of common metals arranged in order of

their decreasing reactivity is known as an activity series.
Reason (R): Metals above hydrogen in the Activity series can
displace hydrogen from dilute acids.
A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt
solution.

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Q4: Assertion (A): The extraction of metals from their ores and then
refining them for use is known as metallurgy.
Reason (R): An ore is the mineral from which metal can be
obtained.

Q5: Assertion (A): The surface of some metals, such as iron, is

corroded when they are exposed to moist air for a long period of
time. This phenomenon is known as corrosion.
Reason (R): Corrosion of Aluminium is advantageous as it forms a
layer of oxide which protects the metal underneath from further
corrosion.

Q6: Assertion (A): Potassium and sodium are kept immersed in

kerosene oil.
Reason (R): Potassium and sodium react so vigorously that they
catch fire if kept in the open.

Q7: Assertion (A): Some metal oxides, such as Aluminium oxide,

zinc oxide shows both acidic as well as basic behaviour.
Reason (R): Acidic or basic behaviour depends upon the
temperature of the oxide.

Q8: Assertion (A): All metals react with oxygen at the same rate.
Reason (R): Silver and gold do not react with oxygen even at high
temperature.

Q9: Assertion (A): Different metals have different reactivities with

water and dilute acids.

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Reason (R): Reactivity of a metal depends on its position in the

reactivity series. The metals placed at the top of the series are
most active.

Q10:Assertion (A): Iron does not burn on heating but iron filings
burn vigorously when sprinkled in the flame of the burner.
Reason (R): At ordinary temperature, the surfaces of metals such
as magnesium, aluminium, zinc, lead etc. are covered with a thin
layer of oxide. The protective oxide layer prevents the metal from
further oxidation.

Q11:Assertion (A): Ionic compounds have low melting and boiling

points.
Reason (R): A considerable amount of energy is required to break
the strong inter-ionic attraction.

Q12:Assertion (A): Ionic compounds conduct electricity in molten

state.
Reason (R): Movement of ions in the solid state is not possible
due to their rigid structure.

Q1: (b) Q2: (b) Q3: (a)

Q4: (b) Q5: (b) Q6: (a)
Q7: (c) Q8: (d) Q9: (a)
Q10:(b) Q11:(d) Q12:(b)

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Carbon And Its Compounds

Chapter: - 4
Q1: Assertion (A): Carbon is a versatile element that forms the basis
for all living organisms and many of the things we use.
Reason (R): This large variety of compounds are formed by carbon
because of its tetravalency and the property of catenation that it
exhibits.
Q2: Assertion (A): Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of
electrons between two atoms so that both can achieve a
completely filled outermost Shell.
Reason (R): Carbon forms covalent bonds with itself and other
elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen and
chlorine.

Q3: Assertion (A): Carbon also forms compounds containing double

and triple bonds between carbon atoms. These carbon chains may
be in the form of straight chains, branched chains or rings.
Reason (R): The ability of carbon to form chains gives rise to a
homologous series of compounds in which the same functional
group is attached to carbon chains of different lengths.

Q4: Assertion (A): The heteroatoms which confer specific properties

to the organic compounds, regardless of the length and nature of
the carbon chain are called functional groups.

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Reason: The functional groups such as alcohols, aldehydes,

ketones and carboxylic acids bestow characteristic properties to
the carbon compounds that contain them.

Q5: Assertion (A): The action of soaps and detergents is based on

the presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups in the
molecule and this helps to emulsify the oily dirt and hence its
removal.
Reason (R): The cleansing action of detergent is better than soap.

Q6: Assertion (A): C2H4 is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Reason (R): Unsaturated hydrocarbon can be tested by using
Bromine water.

Q7: Assertion (A): C2H6, C3H8 and C4H10 form a homologous series of
alkane.
Reason (R): Homologous series can be represented by same
general formula and can be prepared by same general method.

Q8: Assertion (A): CH3-CH2OH + 2[0] → CH3COOH is an oxidation

reaction of alcohol.
Reason (R): Concentrated H2SO4 acts as an oxidising agent.

1700 𝑐
Q9: Assertion (A): CH3CH2OH → CH2=CH2 represents a
dehydration reaction of alcohol.

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Reason (R): Concentrated H2SO4 acts as dehydrating agent and as

a catalyst also.

Q10: Assertion (A): CH4 + Cl2 → CH3CI+ HCl represents a substitution

reaction.
𝑁𝑖/𝑝𝑑
Reason (R): CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3-CH3 is an addition reaction
which is commonly used in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils.

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐.𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
Q11:Assertion (A): CH3COOH + CH3-CH2OH → CH3COO-CH2-
CH3 + H₂O represents an esterification reaction which results in
the formation of esters which are used in making perfumes and as
flavouring agents.
Reason (R): CH3-COO-CH2-CH3 + NaOH → CH3COONa+ CH3-CH2OH
represents a reaction which is used in the preparation of soap.

Q12: Assertion (A): Esterification is a process in which a sweet-

smelling substance is produced.
Reason (R): When esters react with sodium hydroxide an alcohol
and sodium salt of carboxylic acid are obtained.

Ans:
Q1: (b) Q2: (b) Q3: (a) Q4: (b)

Q5: (b) Q6: (a) Q7: (c) Q8: (c)

Q9: (a) Q10:(b) Q11:(b) Q12:(b)

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Chapter: 6
Life process

Q1: Assertion (A): Saprotrophic mode of nutrition is required for the

decomposition process.
Reason (R): During saprotrophic nutrition food is digested outside
the body.

Q2: Assertion (A): Left ventricle of heart has a thicker wall than that
of the right ventricle.
Reason (R): Left ventricles need to pump blood to nearby lungs
only.

Q3: Assertion (A): Blood and Lymph both are circulatory fluid.
Reason (R): Blood flows in both direction but lymph flows in one
direction.

Q4: Assertion (A): The colour of blood is red.

Reason (R): It is due to oxidation of haemoglobin with oxygen.

Q5: Assertion (A): Transpiration is the process which is associated

with ascent of sap.
Reason (R): Transpiration process helps in lowering temperature of
plant.

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Q6: Assertion (A): Amoeba always produces two daughter Amoebae

while Plasmodium divides into many daughter cells.
Reason (R): Amoeba undergoes binary fission while Plasmodium
undergoes multiple fission.

Ans:
Q1: (b) Q2: (c) Q3: (b)

Q4: (a) Q5: (b) Q6: (a)

Control and Coordination

Chapter: 7

Q1: Assertion (A): Nervous control is through cranial and spinal

nerves.
Reason (R): For complete coordination in an organism both
nervous and hormonal coordination is required.

Q2: Assertion (A): Brain is the main coordinating centre in body.

Reason (R): Brain contains both sensory and motor neuron for
working.

Q3: Assertion (A): Activities like walking in a straight line, riding a

bicycle, picking up a pencil are controlled by cerebellum.
Reason (R): It is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and
maintaining the posture and balance.

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Q4: Assertion (A): Plants show both tropic and nastic response.
Reason (R): Nastic response are of one type always whereas tropic
response is towards or away from stimulus.

Q5: Assertion (A): Auxin is known as a growth hormone

Reason (R): Concentration of Auxin is maximum at root and shoot
tips. It also helps in photo prism and formation of tendrils.

Q6: Assertion (A): Plant hormones are chemicals produced in plants

which help to coordinate growth, development and response to
stimulus and environment.
Reason (R): Abscisic acid is a plant hormone that promotes cell
division.

Answers:

Q1: (b) Q2: (a) Q3: (a)

Q4: (b) Q5: (a) Q6: (b)

How do Organisms Reproduce?

Chapter: 8

Q1: Assertion (A): Two modes of reproduction are sexual and

asexual.
Reason ®: No genetic variations occur in asexual reproduction but
it occurs during sexual reproduction.

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Q2: Assertion (A): Fertilization is the fusion of male gamete and

female gamete.
Reason ®: After fertilization the zygote divides several times to
form an embryo within the ovule.

Q3: Assertion (A): Testes are located outside the abdominal cavity
in scrotum.
Reason ®: The sperm formation requires a lower temperature
than the normal body temperature.

Q4: Assertion (A): Reproduction involves creation of DNA copy and

additional cellular apparatus by the cell involved in the process.
Reason ®: DNA copying mechanism creates variations which are
useful for ensuring the survival of the species.

Q5: Assertion (A): The reproduction of Rhizopus is by spore

formation.
Reason ®: These spores are covered by thick walls that protect
them until they come into contact with another moist surface and
can begin to grow.
Q6: Assertion (A): Sexual reproduction involves two parents of
different sexes, (a male and a female) which produce male and
female gametes respectively.
Reason ®: The male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote in
sexual reproduction, which develops into a new individual.

Answers:
Q1: (b) Q2: (a) Q3: (d)
Q4: (a) Q5: (b) Q6: (b)

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Heredity and Evolution

Chapter: 9th
Q1: Assertion (A): Variation arising during the process of
reproduction can be inherited.
Reason (R): These variations may lead to increased survival of the
individuals.

Q2: Assertion (A): Sexually reproducing individuals have two copies

of genes for the same trait.
Reason (R): If the copies are not identical, the trait that gets
expressed is called the dominant trait and the others is called the
recessive trait.

Q3: Assertion (A): Sex is determined by different factors in various

species.
Reason (R): In human beings the sex of the child depends on
whether the paternal chromosome is X or Y.
Ans:
Q1: (a) Q2: (a) Q3: (b)

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Light Reflection and Refraction

Chapter: 10th

Q1: Assertion (A): A convex mirror is used as a driver's mirror.

Reason (R): Images formed in a convex mirror
are diminished.

Q2: Assertion (A): In going from a denser to a rarer medium, a ray

of light bends away from normal.
Reason (R): This occurs because light travels faster in a rarer
medium than in a denser medium.

Q3: Assertion (A): For total internal reflection, angle of incidence in

rarer medium must be greater than critical angle for the pair of
media in contact.
1
Reason (R): n= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 where the symbols have
standard meaning.

Q4: Assertion (A): When a convex lens of power + 2D is held in

contact with a concave lens of power - 4 D, the combination has a
focal length of -0.5 m.
Reason (R): P = P1 + P₂

Q5: Assertion (A): Refractive index of a medium decreases with the

rise in temperature of the medium.
Reason (R): Refractive index of a medium varies directly as the
density of medium and density decreases with the rise in
temperature.
Q6: Assertion (A): A concave lens of a very short focal length causes
higher divergence than one with a longer focal length.
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Reason (R): The power of a lens is directly proportional to its focal

length.

Q7: Assertion (A): The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre. Reason

(R): The power of a concave lens is positive and that of a convex
lens is negative.

Answers:
Q1: (b) Q2: (a) Q3: (d)
Q4: (b) Q5: (b) Q6: (c)
Q7: (c)

The human eye and the colourful world

Chapter: 11

Q1: Assertion (A): The stars twinkle while the planets do not.
Reason (R): The stars are much bigger in size than the planets.

Q2: Assertion (A): Owls can see clearly during night.

Reason (R): They have large number of rods on their retina.

Q3: Assertion (A): In a movie, ordinarily 24 frames are projected per

second from one end to the other of the complete film.
Reason (R): The image formed on the retina of eye is sustained up
1
to 10 of a second after the removal of stimulus.

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Q4: Assertion (A): The colour of the sky is blue due to scattering of
light.
Reason (R): Blue colour has shortest wavelength in visible
spectrum and hence it is scattered the most.

Answers:
Q1: (a) Q2: (a)
Q3: (c) Q4: (a)

Electricity
Chapter: 12
Q1: Assertion (A): The relation V = IR is valid even in the case of
devices which do not obey Ohm's law.
𝑽
Reason (R): 𝑰 = R = a constant.

Q2: Assertion (A): Stretching a wire to triple of its length, makes its
resistivity three times.
𝐿
Reason (R): R= ρ𝐴

Q3: Assertion (A): If a wire is stretched to three times its length, its
resistance will become 9 times.
𝐿
Reason (R): R= ρ𝐴

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Q4: Assertion (A): If a wire is stretched such that its area is halved,
its resistance would become 4 times.
Reason (R): The data is insufficient to predict.

Q5: Assertion (A): Effective resistance in series increases and in

parallel, it decreases.
Reason (R): In series combination, effective length increases and R
α I. In parallel combination, effective area of cross-section
1
increases and R α 𝐴.

Q6: Assertion (A): Bending a wire does not affect electrical

resistance.
Reason (R): Resistance of wire is proportional to resistivity of
material.

Q7: Assertion (A): The connecting wires are made of copper.

Reason (R): The electrical conductivity of copper is high.

Q8: Assertion (A): Time for which current is passed is significant

while calculating electric energy, whereas it is insignificant while
calculating electric power.
Reason (R): Electric energy = Electric Power x Time.

Q9: Assertion (A): The wires supplying current to an electric heater

are not at all heated.
Reason (R): Resistance of connected wires is very small and H α R.

Q10:Assertion (A): A fuse wire has a high resistance but low melting
point.
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Reason (R): Fuse wire will melt and break the circuit to safe guard
the appliances as H α R.

Q11:Assertion (A): The metals and alloys are good conductors of

electricity.
Reason (R): Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin and it is not a
good conductor of electricity.

Answers:
Q1: (b) Q2: (d) Q3: (b) Q4: (c) Q5: (a)
Q6: (a) Q7: (a) Q8: (b) Q9: (a) Q10: (a)
Q11:(c)

Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Chapter: - 13
Q1: Assertion (A): A proton enters a strong magnetic field along the
field direction. Its path and velocity do not change.
Reason (R): In this situation, field exerts no force on the proton.

Q2: Assertion (A): A proton moving vertically upwards enters a

magnetic field directed towards south. It will be deflected towards
east.
Reason (R): Apply Fleming's right-hand rule.

Q3: Assertion (A): A wire carrying current differ from a wire which
carries no current.
Reason (R): A magnetic field is generated only around current
carrying conductors.

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Q4: Assertion (A): It is not necessary that every magnet has one
North Pole and one South Pole.
Reason (R): It is a basic fact that magnetic poles occur in pairs.

Q5: Assertion (A): Electric appliances with metallic body have three
connections, whereas an electric bulb has a two-pin connection.
Reason (R): Three pin connections reduce heating of connecting
wires.

Answer:
Q1: (a) Q2: (c) Q3: (a) Q4: (d) Q5: (c)

Our Environment
Chapter: - 15

Q1: Assertion (A): The trophic level in a food chain should be

limited.
Reason (R): There is a loss of energy as we go from one trophic
level to the next, this limits the number of trophic levels in a food
chain.

Q2: Assertion (A): The use of chemicals like CFCs have endangered
the ozone layer.
Reason (R): The ozone layer protects against the ultraviolet rays of
the sun; this could damage the environment.

Q3: Assertion (A): The waste we generate may be biodegradable or

non-biodegradable.

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Reason (R): The disposal of the waste use generate is causing

serious environment problems.

Q4: Assertion (A): The green plants in a terrestrial ecosystem

capture about 1% of the energy of sunlight that falls on their
leaves and convert it into food energy.
Reason (R): An average of 10% of the food eaten is turned into its
own body and made available for the next level of consumers.

Q5: Assertion (A): Harmful chemicals are washed into the soil or
into the water bodies. From the soil these are absorbed by the
plants along with water and mineral and from the water bodies
these are taken up by aquatic animals and plants.
Reason (R): This is one of the ways in which they enter the food
chain. As these chemicals are not degradable, these get
accumulated progressively at each trophic level.

Answers:
Q1: (a) Q2: (a) Q3: (b) Q4: (b) Q5: (a)

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