„MPA-Performance-Test“
Test method for determining the
acid resistance of concrete or mineral systems
accredited according to
DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
The accreditation is valid for the attachment document
D-PL-11217-01-01 listed test methods.
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
CONTENT
1 Acid resistance of concretes......................................................................................... 3
1.1 General information and areas of application ....................................................... 3
1.2 Major projects of Kiwa GmbH, MPA Berlin-Brandenburg ..................................... 4
2 “MPA-Performance-Test” .............................................................................................. 5
2.1 Specimen / Specimen fabrication ........................................................................... 7
2.2 Acid test (Part 1) ...................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Holistic Approach (Part 2) ..................................................................................... 10
2.3.1 Total porosity and pore radius distribution ............................................................................... 10
2.3.2 Chloride migration coefficient .................................................................................................... 10
2.3.3 Sulfate resistance ........................................................................................................................ 11
2.3.4 Testing the absence of microcracks by determining
the resistance to freezing and de-icingsalt (CDF) ................................................................... 11
2.3.5 Residual alkalinity related to the binder content ..................................................................... 12
2.4 Lifetime assessment (Part 3) ................................................................................. 13
3 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 14
4 Literature ...................................................................................................................... 15
2 / 14
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
1 Acid resistance of concretes
1.1 General information and areas of application
Among others, the following applications require acid resistance of concretes:
Figure 1 Application areas – acid resistance of concretes
One of the main areas of application is wastewater treatment plants. Approximately one-fifth of the total of
approx. 575,000 km of the public sewer network in Germany shows the damage that needs to be repaired
in the short to medium term. A large number of damages are due to biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion (BSC)
with a combined chemical-biological attack. The selection of suitable construction products, depending on
the respective stress scenarios, is of particular importance. Descriptive building material models often
reach their limits. This is especially true for projects where the performance of the products must be proven
for maximum exposure scenarios and for life expectancies of up to 100 years or when the exposure class
for a chemical attack is XA3 or even higher.
A variety of test methods can be used to evaluate the resistance, performance, and durability of the
construction products to the above-mentioned stresses in the area of the BSK. Long-term tests or time-
lapse tests in sulfuric acid with different pH values and stress scenarios are often used. The evaluation
criteria are determined depending on the material and the respective test procedure.
The “MPA-Performance-Test” of Kiwa GmbH, MPA Berlin-Brandenburg, is a widely used test method in
Europe for evaluating the acid resistance of concretes in wastewater treatment plants. This is a
"normatively" regulated test method that is recorded in the European Technical Assessment Document
EAD 180009-00-0704. Based on this document, European Technical Assessments (ETA's) are issued for
acid-resistant concrete pipes in extension of DIN EN 1916:2003-04.
3 / 15
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
1.2 Major projects of Kiwa GmbH, MPA Berlin-Brandenburg
Kiwa GmbH is the leader in Germany in terms of testing, monitoring and certification services in the
construction industry. With over 5,000 employees, Kiwa GmbH also has a leading position in Europe
and worldwide. MPA Berlin-Brandenburg, as an institute of Kiwa, is specialized in testing, monitoring,
and consulting services in the field of application of building materials in wastewater plants.
Kiwa GmbH, for example, has been involved in the planning of many major projects in this field over the
past 20 years:
• The “MPA-Performance-Test” was also used in the Emscher project, the largest construction
project in the field of wastewater facilities in Germany in the last 30 years (planned service life:
120 years, € 4.3 billion construction sum). We were involved in this project both as auditors and
in an advisory capacity.
• The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System II (DTSS Phase II) construction project in Singapore is
currently being monitored similarly.
• Other major projects were successfully implemented with the leading concrete manufacturers
and operators of wastewater treatment plants (e.g., Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Port of
Copenhagen HO- FOR), both in the in-site concrete and in the transport and precast concrete
industry.
• The last eight cooling towers of large power plants were accompanied in terms of material
technology and quality assurance, worldwide Kiwa GmbH is involved in the construction of these
cooling towers, which have an acidic environment as a permanent exposure.
• During the renaturation of opencast lignite mines, a topical issue in Germany, countless
investigations have been carried out. A concrete structure that comes into contact with acidic
water of flooded open- cast mines has been designed, tested and implemented according to their
planned service life.
In the context of such construction projects, far more than 300 concrete formulations have been included
in the evaluation of durability. Countless long-term tests with almost all variations of binders are available
to Kiwa GmbH, MPA Berlin-Brandenburg. The correlations between stress scenarios and the material-
specific resistances have been worked out or scientifically researched.
4 / 15
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
2 “MPA-Performance-Test”
The “MPA-Performance-Test” is a procedure for testing increased resistance of mineral systems to
chemicalattack (especially to acid) and is composed of:
• Acid test (part 1),
• Holistic approach - holistic description of performance (part 2),
• Lifetime assessment (part 3).
The test method is accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018 and defined within the
framework of a European Technical Assessment (ETA) and thus also normatively regulated.
The principle of the acid test (Part 1) is based in its entirety on the general characterization of the
impermeability of concrete as a material and the direct verification of resistance to attack by sulfuric
acid. A major strength of the method is that the depth of damage to the concrete is made directly visible
by microscopic methods and determined quantitatively in mm/stress period.
The method works with a constant pH value (pH-stat). Since a high-performance concrete was used as a
reference concrete for comparison purposes in all tests, Kiwa also provides directly comparable data for
the different pH values. The reference concrete is concrete with the highest possible acid resistance.
The acid test (part 1) in the “MPA-Performance-Test” provides for 12 weeks of exposure to sulfuric acid
at pH = 3.5. Only by means of suitable optical microscopy< / polarization microscopy or scanning
electron microscopy on thin sections is it possible to determine the depth of damage after the end of the
exposure. Concretes in general that are damaged by acid develop two damage fronts over time, which
are shown in figure 2. The total damage depth results from the removal depth determined on the ground
section and the damage depth determined by polarized light microscopy or scanning electron
microscopy.
Figure 2 First and second damage front (SEM image on thin section).
5 / 15
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
The pH value of 3.5 has been introduced in Germany for the proof of optimal acid resistance of concrete
and can be found in the requirements of the Additional Technical Terms of Contract (ZTV) for concretes
with increased acid resistance, e.g., of the water associations Emscher Genossenschaft or Berliner Was-
serbetriebe, the Lausitzer und Mitteldeutsche Bergbau-Verwaltungsgesellschaft (LMBV) or the Verband
der Großkraftwerksbetreiber (VGB).
Experience shows that even high-performance concretes optimized for chemical resistance are exposed
to a disproportionate increase in weathering below pH 3.5. Lower pH values (especially < 2.5) tend to
level out existing resistance differences between test concretes, i.e., quality differences can no longer be
differentiated so sharply.
The advantage of the method is the good reproducibility of the measurement results. The measurement
series of the reference concrete make this clear:
• Mean depth of damage: 1.14 mm
• Standard deviation: 0.09 mm (CV = 8 %)
The testing part of the holistic approach (part 2) also provides a holistic description of the performance
of the concrete; among other things, the "matrix quality" of the formulations is determined here. Matrix
quality refers to the freedom from microcracks of the binder matrix, which has a decisive influence on
long-term durability. The determination of the freedom from microcracking is carried out by determining
the frost (de-icing salt) resistance as an auxiliary variable. In each case, the tests must comply with limit
values that a concrete mix design must meet in its entirety without exception to be considered a mix
design of the highest durability and impermeability. The sulphate resistance (test duration: 91 days) and
the chloride penetration resistance (test duration depending on the impermeability of the microstructure)
are also an- alysed as fingerprints for describing the performance of the concrete in the holistic
approach.
The tests must comply with the limit values that a concrete mix design must meet in its entirety without
exception to be considered a mix design of the highest durability and impermeability.
Based on the results of the MPA performance test, a lifetime assessment (Part 3) can be carried out
according to a probabilistic approach, for example, if the performance of the products has to be proven
by testing for maximum stress scenarios and life expectancies of up to 100 years. In this way,
maintenance work can be reliably planned in the long term and downtimes can be reduced.
6 / 15
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
2.1 Specimen / Specimen fabrication
Cubes (150 x 150 x 150) mm³ aged 56 days are used for the tests. The number of specimens required
for each test method is listed in Table 1.
Table 1 Tests and number of cubes required
Testing Number of cubes
Acid-
Acid resistance after storage for 12 weeks at
Testing 5
pH = 3.5
(part 1)
Total porosity and pore radius distribution 1
Residual alkalinity 1
Holistic
Approach Chloride migration 3
(part 2) Test for absence of microcracks via
determination of freeze-thaw and de-icing salt 5
resistance(CDF)
Sulphate resistance *
Total 15 Cube (edge length= 150 mm)
*) For the determination of the sulphate resistance of the binder
Flat prisms (160x40x10) mm³ are produced according to DIN EN 196-1 (w/c = 0.5).
The approach, as well as the test conditions for part 1 (acid test) and part 2 (holistic approach) in the
“MPA-Performance-Test”, are described below.
2.2 Acid test (part 1)
As test specimens for the determination of the acid resistance via the microscopic determination of the
total damage depth, plates with dimensions of (100 x 150 x 40 mm³) are sawed out from the concrete
cubes with an edge length of 150 mm using diamond technology. The exact dimensions are recorded
with the caliper gauge before storage to be able to determine the exact material removal after acid
exposure. Four plates are used for acid storage. Furthermore, two similar slabs are stored in tap water.
A control concrete mix of known damage depth is tested.
The further steps of the preparation are summarized in the following:
1. measuring and weighing the test specimens as received,
2. water saturation of the test specimens over three days and subsequent weighing,
3. placing in the racks (e.g., made of PE-HD),
4. placing the racks in the containers with acid in the order of numbering,
5. set the controller for continuous electrometric checking of the pH value.
The test facility for determining acid resistance consists of an acid-resistant container with a volume of at
least 45 l and a reservoir tank with a volume of at least 80 l (see figure 3). The acid is constantly circulated
by a centrifugal pump and homogeneously distributed in the container via nozzles distributed at regular
intervals in the container. To compensate for possible inhomogeneities between the containers, the
samples are transferred within the containers at weekly intervals.
7 / 15
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
Figure 3 Test facility for storing the specimens in acid
Acid resistance is determined by storage in sulfuric acid at pH = 3.5 for 12 weeks. The pH value is
continuously monitored; if the pH value increases, sulfuric acid is immediately added. Every two weeks,
the entire sulfuric acid is replaced, including readjustment of the pH value.
After one week, any growth on half of the test specimens is removed under running water with a brush
under slight pressure. The remaining test specimens of a formulation are briefly rinsed with water without
pressure and then carefully dabbed dry with a cloth. After the drying step, the mass of the test specimens
is determined by weighing.
Finally, stereomicroscopy and polarization microscopy are used to determine the removal rate and the
damage depth of the specimens with the simulation of an additional abrasive attack. The optically
detectable maximum concrete erosion of the respective acid-bearing concrete mix (binder matrix) is first
determinedwith the aid of stereomicroscopy on polished sections. For this purpose, a segment of approx. 4
cm x 5 cm is cut off from one specimen (brushed specimens in each case) of the concrete mixtures by
precision cutting with a diamond disk. Each of the six ground segments produced in this way is thus
stressed or tested both from the upper side of the specimen and from two narrow sides (see figure 4).
8 / 15
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
Figure 4 Schematic representation of how the specimens
are obtained for the thin sections (A) and the ground sections (B1 and B2)
While stereomicroscopy reveals the maximum depth of erosion, only the examination of the concrete thin
sections with the aid of a polarized light microscope or a scanning electron microscope reveals the exact
type and depth of damage (see figure 2). The respective thin sections are produced, for example, in an
area of approx. 2 cm x 4 cm with a thickness of 30 µm and evaluated in the transmitted light method with
darkfield illumination in polarized light.
The total damage depth, which is composed of the removal depth determined on the ground joint and the
damage depth determined by polarized ion microscopy, must be less than 1.3 mm.
9 / 15
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
2.3 Holistic approach (Part 2)
2.3.1 Total porosity and pore radius distribution
The porosity is decisive for the impermeability of the concrete to dissolved pollutants. The total porosity
of the concretes used is determined from the raw and solid densities, the determination of cumulative
pore volume of the concretes used and the pore size distribution in the pore range < 100 µm (0.1 mm) by
means of mercury pressure porosimetry.
The total porosity is determined according to DIN EN 1936:2007-02 and must be less than 11 % by
volume. The cumulative pore volume of the concrete in the pore range < 100 µm (0.1 mm) is determined
by mercury pressure porosimetry according to DIN 66133:1993-06 and must be smaller than 40 mm³/g.
In addition, the mean pore volume must be less than 0.1 µm.
2.3.2 Chloride migration coefficient
For the investigation, the chloride migration method is used as described by Tang1 und Schießl2 or in the
BAW Code of Practice "Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete" by the Federal Waterways
Engineering and Research Institute (BAW) (see figure 5).
Figure 5 Schematic diagram of the measurement setup (taken from the working instruction
Quick determination of chloride diffusion coefficients for concrete test specimens,
ibac) and photo of the measuring cell with power supply unit and distributor box.
The principle of the method is based on the acceleration of ion transport by applying a DC electrical
voltage (migration). The cathode chamber contains a chloride solution from which the chloride ions
migrate into the concrete to be tested under the effect of the applied voltage. The migration rate
depends, among other things, on the applied voltage, the chloride ion concentration, the dimensions of
the test specimens, the temperature and, as an essential variable to be evaluated, the diffusion
resistance of the concrete used.
__________________________
1 Tang, L.; Nilsson, L.-O.: Chloride Binding Capacity, Penetration and Pore Structures of Blended Cement Pastes wtih Slag and Fly Ash. London: Elsevier Applied Science,
1991. - In: International Conference on Blended Cements in Construction, held at the University of Sheffield, 9-12 September 1991; Ed.: Swamy, R. N.
2 Schießl, P., Wiens, U.: Neue Erkenntnisse zum Einfluß von Steinkohlenflugasche auf die chlorinduzierte Korrosion von Stahl in Beton. In: ibausil Tagungsbericht - Band 1;
Hrsg.: F. A. Finger-Institut für Baustoffkunde, Stark, J.
10 / 15
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
The migration times, initial and final voltage and current at the individual measuring cells, the temperatures
of the solutions and the penetration depth of the chloride front are measured at a total of 12 points on the
two halves of the core.
The chloride front is detected after exposure by spraying with fluorescein and silver nitrate solution. Under
the effect of UV light, a sharp migration front is formed, recognizable by its pink, violet colour. The chloride
migration coefficient determined in this way must be less than 1.0 * 10-12 mm²/s.
2.3.3 Sulfate resistance
The sulfate resistance of the binder composition used is tested after 91 days on mortar flat prisms with
the dimensions (10 x 40 x 160) mm³ of the planned binder composition, standard mortar and a w/zeq
value of 0.5 using the SVA method 3.
1. Production of flat mortar prisms according to DIN EN 196-1:2016-01, w/c = 0.5
2. Storage in the mold for two days in a humid environment, after removal from the mold further stor-
age in a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution for another 12 days // Two days of moist storage in the mould,
after demoulding a further 12 days of storage in a saturated Ca(OH)2 solution.
3. Storage in 4.4% Na2SO4 solution at 20 °C or in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution as comparative stor-
age. The solutions are renewed monthly.
4. Assessment of the sulfate resistance based on the strain difference (∆ ≤ 0.5) after 91 days.
2.3.4 Testing the absence of microcracks by determining
the resistance to freezing and deicingsalt (CDF)
The test of microcrack resistance of the binder matrix is performed by determining the freeze-thaw
resistance of the concretes used, following CEN/TS 12390-9:2017-05 with 56 freeze-thaw cycles. In
addition, the test specimens are not manufactured with Teflon inserts but are cut out (halved) from cubes
with the dimensions (150 x 150 x 150) mm³ in the middle, so that the concrete matrix and not the formed
surface is tested.
The test procedure includes the following three steps:
1. Dry storage,
2. Pre saturation due to capillary action,
3. Freeze-thaw change with a de-icing salt attack (56 freeze-thaw changes).
Before starting the freeze-thaw cycles, loosely adhering particles and dirt are removed from the test sur-
face of the specimens by treatment in an ultrasonic bath as described in Figure 6.
3 Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik: Prüfplan für die Zulassungsprüfung eines von DIN 1045
abweichenden Betons mit hohem Sulfatwiderstand, DIBt, Berlin, Februar 1998
11 / 15
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
Figure 6 Messaufbau zur Bestimmung der Ultraschalllaufzeit
The fluid absorption, weathering and dynamic modulus of elasticity are determined after 0, 8, 14, 28, 42,
50 and 56 freeze-thaw cycles. The test liquid is a de-icing salt solution consisting of 97 wt.% demineralized
water and 3 wt.% NaCl.
After 56 cycles, the weathering must be less than 1,500 g/m² and the drop in dynamic modulus of elasticity
must not be more than 40 % compared to the initial condition.
2.3.5 Residual alkalinity related to the binder content
The determination of the residual Ca(OH)2 content of the concretes used to check the corrosion
protection of the steel reinforcement is carried out by thermogravimetry following DIN EN ISO 11358-
1:2014-10.
The residual Ca(OH)2 content in the concrete is determined after 91 days of hydration. For the test, a test
cube is crushed under the hydraulic press and material is removed from the center of the cube. The
removed concrete is crushed, triturated twice with 25 ml of isopropanol each in a mortar, the isopropanol
is filtered off through a frit and then washed with 25 ml of acetone in two parts. The sample is then dried
at max. 40 °C for one hour and stored in a desiccator over sodium hydroxide solution (CO 2 free) until
analysis.
The Ca(OH)2 content is then determined thermogravimetrically on the "stopped" sample. Approx. 0.5 g
of the sample material is placed in the thermobalance and subjected to a temperature program from 25
°C to 900 °C with a heating rate of 5 K/min. The mass loss of the mass removal step at 450 °C, which is
assigned to the dehydration of the Ca(OH)2, is evaluated. From the mass loss, the Ca(OH) 2 content is
calculated back stoichiometrically.
The residual Ca(OH)2 content relative to the binder content must be at least 3 wt.%.
12 / 15
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
2.4 Lifetime assessment (part 3).
As part of a research project funded by RWE, the acid resistance of concrete with increased acid
resistance was tested at different pH values (2.5 / 3.5 / 4.5) over 12 months. The erosion and damage
depths of the test specimens determined with the aid of a stereo and polarisation microscope are shown
in Figure 7.
The difference between pH 4.5 and pH 3.5 is small compared to the high difference between pH 3.5 and
pH 2.5. These results again prove the above-mentioned critical value of pH 3.5 for concrete with
increased acid resistance.
Development of the depth of damage
6
Depth of damage in mm (brushed)
4
pH 2,5
3 pH 3,5
pH 4,5
2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Months of exposition
Figure 7 Erosion and damage depths of concrete with increased acid resistance
depending on the duration of exposure
The erosion and damage depths can be characterised with good approximation by a square root from the
time equation. Thus, the depth of thr damage can be calculated and evaluated as a function of pH and
time, as explained below by way of example for pH 4.5:
Curvature fitting, e.g. for pH 4.5 gives:
d=0.5348√t+0.0414
d: depth of damage, t: Time in months
For t = 1200 months (100 years):
d = 0.5348 √1200 + 0.0414 = 18.6 mm
d = 18.6 mm < 25 mm = cnom
The results of long-term tests already carried out are consistent with practical experience: Concrete
specimens stressed with low pH values in a Berlin wastewater pumping station show comparable erosion
and damage depths. The results of the specimens tested in our "MIC-Performance-Test" (previously
called ODOCO-Pilot-Plant) also correspond to the calculated erosion and damage depths of the long-
term test.
13 / 15
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
3 Summary
The “MPA-Performance-Test” was designed for testing high-performance concretes (including concrete
with increased acid resistance), but also for testing other mineral systems. The procedure is accredited
according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018 and defined within the framework of a European Technical
Assessment (ETA) and thus also "normatively" regulated. The test method has been used in countless
construction projects for the best possible evaluation of concrete formulations.
The „MPA-Performance-Test“ is divided into three parts, as follows:
• Part 1 Acid test (storage at pH = 3.5 for 12 weeks),
• Part 2 Holistic approach (holistic description of the performance),
• Part 3 Lifetime assessment (probabilistic approach).
The tests must comply with the limit values that a concrete mix design must meet in its entirety without
exception to be considered a mix design of the highest durability and impermeability. The limit values are
described in the respective test sections in chapter 3 and summarized in the following Table 2 as follows:
Table 2 Test methods and limit values for the determination of a
concrete formulation highest possible durability and impermeability
Test method Requirements (limit values)
Evaluation by depth of damage ≤ 1,3 mm
Test to evaluate the microcracking tendency via Reduction of the modulus of elasticity: 40%.
determination of the freeze-thaw resistance
(CDF) after 56 cycles. Mass loss: 1,500 g/m2
Sulfate resistance via the SVA process < 0,5 mm/m
Total porosity < 11 Vol.-%
Cumulative pore volume in the range < 110 µm < 40 mm3/g
Average pore radius < 0,1 µm
Chloride migration coefficient < 1,0*10-12 mm2/s
Residual alkalinity, based on the binder > 3 g Ca(OH)2/100 g Bindemittel
The requirements (limit values) are specified in the Additional Technical Terms of Contract (ZTV) for con-
cretes with increased acid resistance, e.g., by the Emscher Genossenschaft water board or the Berliner
Wasserbetriebe, the Lausitzer und Mitteldeutsche Bergbau-Verwaltungsgesellschaft (LMBV) or the
Association of Large Power Plant Operators (VGBPowerTech) specified.
For the overall “MPA-Performance-Test”, a processing time of max. five months (incl. documentation)
can be assumed after receipt of the sample in our laboratory.
14 / 15
“MPA-Performance-Test”
accredited according to DIN EN ISO/IEC 17025:2018
Literature
1 Rieck, C.; Hüttl, R.: Beton mit erhöhtem Säurewiderstand für Rohre und Schächte – Prüfung,
Entwicklung und Anwendung – BWI BetonWerk International, 2011
2 Röben, R.; Hüttl, R.; Waschnewski, J: Beständigkeitsuntersuchungen von Betonen für
Abwasserrohre und -schächte. BWI – BetonWerk International, issue 5, 2014; pp. 12-15.
3 Rieck, C.; Hüttl, R.: Concrete with increased acid resistance for pipes and manholes – testing,
development and application. CPI – Concrete Plant International, issue 3, 2011; pp. 138-144.
4 Bergmeister K., Wörner J.D.: Beton Kalender 2006, 2006, pp. 521 – 534
5 Rieck, C.; Hüttl, R.; Busch, D.: Quality Assurance and Durability of Concrete with Increased Acid
Resistance for Cooling Towers. Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial
Structures (IASS) Symposium 2013. 23. bis 27. September 2013, Wroclaw University of Technology.
Tagungsband herausgegeben von Obrębski, J.B. und Tarczewski, R.
15 / 15
■ Berlin
Voltastraße 5 | 13355 Berlin
T +49 (0)30 / 46 77 61 0
F +49 (0)30 / 46 77 61 10
[email protected]
■ Your contact persons:
M.Sc. Tom von Minding
T +49 163 546 77 02
[email protected] Dr Ronny Stadie
T +49 163 546 09 79
[email protected]
Dipl.-Ing. Carsten Rieck
T +49 163 546 77 01
[email protected]
