Stuck: on your homework? nat do you need ele wih? Fathima Lana K-12 | Whatdoyouwan... Q Subjects v Explore V© Donate 2.1 Parts of the Cell FlexBooks 2.0 > CK-12 Biology For High School > Parts ofthe Cell Written by: Douglas Wilkin, Ph.D. | Jean Brainard, Ph. Fact-checked by: The CK-12 Editorial Team Lesson @ Review BW AskedonFiexi @ Related Content Lesson What you will learn + How and when cells were discovered + The cell theory + How diverse are cells + What parts are common among all living cells, Treure ‘What do a bacterial cell and one of your cells have in common? «PracticaThere are many different types of cells, but they all have certain parts in common. As this image of human blood shows, cells come in different shapes and sizes. The shapes and sizes directly influence the function of the cell. Yet, all cells -cells from the smallest bacteria to those in the largest whale - do some similar functions, so they do have parts ‘Common Parts of Cells Discovery of Cells ‘The first time the word cell was used to refer to these tiny units of life was in 1665 by a British scientist named Robert Hooke, Hooke was one of the earliest scientists to study living things under a microscope. The microscopes of his day were not very strong, but Hooke was still able to make an important discovery. When he looked at a thin slice of cork under his microscope, he was surprised to see what looked like a honeycomb, made up of many tiny units, which Hooke called cells. (Poute 2 Iustration of cork cells. What type of material s cork? Do you know where cork comes from? Soon after Robert Hooke discovered cells in cork, Anton van Leeuwenhoek in Holland made other important, discoveries using a microscope. Leeuwenhoek made his own microscope lenses, and he was so good at it that his microscope was more powerful than other microscopes of his day. In fact, Leeuwenhoek's microscope was almost as strong as modern light microscopes. Using his microscope, Leeuwenhoek discovered tiny animals such as rotifers. Leeuwenhoek also discovered human blood cells. He even scraped plaque from his own teeth and observed it under the microscope. What do you think Leeuwenhoek saw in the plaque? He saw tiny living things with a single cell that he named animalcules (‘tiny animals") Today, we call Leeuwenhoek’s animaleules bacteria. ‘The Cell Theory The cell theory is one of the fundamental theories of biology . For two centuries after the discovery of the microscope by Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek, biologists found cells everywhere. Biologists in the early part of the 19" century suggested that all living things were made of cells, but the role of cells as the primary building block of life was not discovered until 1839 when two German scientists, Theodor Schwann, a zoologist (studies ‘SnIMals), ANG Wattnias JaKO SCHIEIGEN, a DOTANIST (STUMIES plants), SUGGESTEG that Cells WETE TE ASIC UNIT oT StUCUTE and function of all life, Later, in 1858, the German doctor Rudolf Virchow observed that cells divide to produce morecells. He proposed that all cells arise only from other cells. The collective observations of all three scientists form the cell theory, which states that: + all organisms are made up of one or more cells, «+ all the life functions of an organism occur within cells, + all cells come from preexisting cell Cell Diversity Cells with different functions often have different shapes. The cells pictured in the Figure below are just a few examples of the many different shapes that cells may have. Each type of cell nthe figure has a shape that helps it do Its job, For example, the job of the nerve cell is to carry messages to other cells. The nerve cell has many long extensions that reach out in all directions, allowing it to pass messages to many other cells at once. Do you see the tail like projections on the algae cells? Algae live in water, and their tails help them swim. Pollen grains have spikes that, help them stick to insects such as bees, How do you think the spikes help the pollen grains do their job? (Hint: Insects ex we (Fgue 3} (Fgue 4 (Powe s Powe 6) (Figure 7) ii Red blood cells Bacteria Bone cell ‘Smooth muscle cells Skeletal muscle cells e* e etate 6% es) = = (Figwe 8) Foes) [Figure 10) [Figure 1) (Figure 2] CColumnar epithelial ia Cardiae muscle cells ‘Algze Pollen grains Nerve cell ‘Common Parts of a Cell Although cells are diverse, all cells have certain parts in common. The parts include a plasma membrane, cytoplasm ribosomes , cytoskeleton , and DNA 1. The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane) is a thin coat of lipids that surrounds a cell. Itforms the physical boundary between the cell and its environment, so you can think of itas the “skin” of the cell 2. Cytoplasm refers to all of the cellular material inside the cell membrane, other than the nucleus . Cytoplasm is made up of a watery substance called cytosol and contains other cell structures such as ribosomes. 3. Ribosomes are structures in the cytoplasm where proteins are made. 4, The eytoskeleton consists of flaments and tubules that crisscross the cytoplasm and help maintain the cell's shape. 5, DNAs a nucleic acid found in cells, It contains the genetic instructions that cells need to make proteins, QThese parts are common to all cells, from organisms as different as bacteria and human beings. How cid all known, organisms come to have such similar cells? The similarities show that all life on Earth has a common evolutionary history. Introduction to Cells: The Grand Cell Tour Summary + The cell theory is one of the fundamental theories of biology. It states that all organisms are made up of one or more cells, all the life functions of an organism occur within cells, and all cells come from preexisting cells. + Cells come in many different shapes. Cells with different functions often have different shapes. + Although cells come in diverse shapes, all cells have certain parts in common. These parts include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and DNA. Review 1. Who coined the term cell, in reference to the tiny structures seen in living organisms? 2. Who Identified animalcules? What are animalcules? 3, What are the three main parts of the cell theory? 4. List the four parts common to all cells. 5, What are the cell structures where proteins are made? 6, What is the role of DNA? GB Image attibutions Asked by StudentsHere are the top questions that students are asking Flexi for this concept What are the basic needs of al cells? ‘What is the role of cholesterol in the plasma membrane? ‘What Ife processes need to occur in a cell to keep it alive? Why the colls have different shapes? Does bacteria have a plasma membrane? SUPPORT By ck12 ow do I translate this fymeP &