BMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, BENGALURU - 560 019

Autonomous institute, Affiliated to VTU

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Course: Mathematical Foundation for Electrical Stream- 2 (23MA2BSMES)

Mathematical Foundation for Computer science Stream- 2 (23MA2BSMCS)

Unit 1: INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Fubini's Theorem (First form)

If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous on the rectangular region𝑅: 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑, then

𝑑 𝑏 𝑏 𝑑
∬ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑅 𝑐 𝑎 𝑎 𝑐

Fubini's Theorem (Second form)

If 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is continuous on the rectangular regionR.

(i) If R is defined by𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑔1 (𝑥) ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑔2 (𝑥), with 𝑔1 and 𝑔2 continuous on[𝑎, 𝑏], then
𝑏 𝑔2 (𝑥)
∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑎 ∫𝑔1 (𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥

(ii) If R is defined by𝑐 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑑, ℎ1 (𝑦) ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ℎ2 (𝑦), with ℎ1 and ℎ2 continuous on[𝑐, 𝑑], then
𝑑 ℎ2 (𝑦)
∬𝑅 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝐴 = ∫𝑐 ∫ℎ1(𝑦) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

The area of a closed, bounded region R in polar coordinate plane is 𝐴 = ∬𝑅 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃

The volume of a closed, bounded region D in space is 𝑉 = ∭𝐷 𝑑𝑉

Mass of the lamina corresponding to the region 𝑅 with variable density 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦) is given by 𝑚 =
∬𝑅 𝜌(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.

1. DOUBLE INTEGRALS
I. Evaluate the following: -
1 1 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝜋2
1. ∫0 ∫0 . 𝐴𝑛𝑠: .
√(1−𝑥 2 )(1−𝑦 2 ) 4

2 4 21+4(𝑒 4 −𝑒 3 )
2. ∫1 ∫3 (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: .
4
4 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 25
3. ∫3 ∫1 . 𝐴𝑛𝑠: log (24).
(𝑥+𝑦)2
2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝜋
4. ∫1 ∫0 . 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 2 log (2).
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

1 √1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝜋
5. ∫0 ∫0 1+𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 4 log (1 + √2).
1 √𝑥 3
6. ∫0 ∫𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: .
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ln 8 ln 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 ln(8)2 1
7. ∫1 ∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑠: − ln(8) + 2..
2

II. Evaluate the following over the specified region:-

1. ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, where R is the region bounded by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 in the first quadrant.
𝑎4
𝐴𝑛𝑠:
8
2. ∬𝐴 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝐴, where A is the area bounded by the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 and the line𝑦 = 𝑥.
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0.0536
3. ∬𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, where R is the domain bounded by 𝑥-axis, ordinate 𝑥 = 2𝑎 and the curve𝑥 2 =
4𝑎𝑦.
𝑎4
𝐴𝑛𝑠:
3
4. ∬𝐷 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, where D is the domain in the first quadrant bounded by the hyperbola𝑥𝑦 = 16,
and the lines 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 and𝑥 = 8.
3020
𝐴𝑛𝑠:
3

III. Change the order of integration and hence evaluate the following:-
𝑎 𝑎 𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝜋𝑎
1. ∫0 ∫𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑠: .
𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 4
𝑎 𝑎 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝜋𝑎2
2. ∫0 ∫√𝑎𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: .
√𝑦 4 −𝑎2 𝑥 2 6
1 1 1 𝜋
3. ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 8
1+𝑦 4

1 √𝑥 1
4. ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 24.
∞ ∞ 𝑒 −𝑦
5. ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑦
∞ 𝑥 2 /𝑦 1
6. ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 2.
3 √4−𝑦
7. ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 601/60.
1 𝑒 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
8. ∫0 ∫𝑒 𝑥 log 𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑒 − 1.

𝑎 √𝑥/𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎
9. ∫0 ∫𝑥/𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 28 + 20.
𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝜋𝑎3
10. ∫0 ∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: .
6
4𝑎 2√𝑎𝑥 16
11. ∫0 ∫𝑥 2/4𝑎 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑎(2√𝑎2 − 𝑎).
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1 2−𝑥 3
12. ∫0 ∫𝑥 2 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 8.
1 √2−𝑥 2 𝑥
13. ∫0 ∫𝑥 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 1 − 1/√2.
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2

IV. Evaluate the following by transforming into polar coordinates: -

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝜋𝑎4
1. ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: .
8
∞ ∞ 2 +𝑦 2 ) 𝜋
2. ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 −(𝑥 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 4 .
3 √9−𝑥 2
3. ∫−3 ∫0 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 9𝜋.
1 √1−𝑦2 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜋
4. ∫0 ∫0 𝑒 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 4 (𝑒 − 1)..
𝑎
√𝑎2 −𝑦 2 𝜋𝑎2
√2
5. ∫0 ∫𝑦 log 𝑒 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦, where (𝑎 > 0) 𝐴𝑛𝑠: (2𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 1)
8

V. Area of the region using double integral

1. Find the area lying inside the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) and outside the circle𝑟 = 𝑎.

3𝜋𝑎2
𝐴𝑛𝑠:
2
2. Find the area of Lemniscate 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 2𝜃.

3. Find the area of the cardioid𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃).

4. Find the area which is inside the circle 𝑟 = 3𝑎cos 𝜃 and outside the cardioid 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 +
cos 𝜃)

𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝜋𝑎2

5. Find the area lying inside the circle 𝑟 = 𝑎sin 𝜃 and outside the cardioid𝑟 = 𝑎(1 − cos 𝜃).
𝜋
𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝑎2 (1 − )
4

2. TRIPLE INTEGRALS
VII. Evaluate the following:-

1 2 2 7
1. ∫0 ∫0 ∫1 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 3
𝑐 𝑏 𝑎 4
2. ∫−𝑐 ∫−𝑏 ∫−𝑎 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 )𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 3 𝑎𝑏𝑐(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ).
2 𝑧 𝑦𝑧
3. ∫0 ∫1 ∫0 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0
6 6−𝑥 6−𝑥−𝑧
4. ∫0 ∫0 ∫1 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 18

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1
4 𝑥2 1
5. ∫0 ∫02 ∫0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0.5113.
√𝑥 2 −𝑦 2

𝑎 √𝑎2 −𝑧 2 √𝑎2 −𝑦 2 −𝑧 2
6. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧.
1 𝑥 𝑥+𝑦 7
7. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 8.
1 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 1
8. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 48
1 √1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 𝜋2
9. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝐴𝑛𝑠:
√1−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 −𝑧 2 8
1 𝑧 𝑥+𝑧
10. ∫−1 ∫0 ∫𝑥−𝑧 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0
1 1 2−𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 1
11. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑧 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 4 (𝑒 − 2).
4 2√𝑧 √4−𝑥2
12. ∫0 ∫0 ∫0 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑧

VIII. Evaluate the following over the region 𝐑 bounded by the planes
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1.

1. ∭𝑅 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧.
1
2. ∭𝑅 𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 720.
𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 1 5
3. ∭𝑅 (1+𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)3 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 8).

IX. Volume of the region using triple integral

𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
1. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the plane 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 1 and the co-ordinate
𝑎𝑏𝑐
planes. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 6

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2 4
2. Find the volume of the ellipsoid𝑎2 + 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 = 1. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 3 𝜋𝑎𝑏𝑐

𝜋 √3
3. Find the volume of the sphere𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 = 𝑎2 . 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 4(12 + ( 2 − 1))

3. BETA AND GAMMA FUNCTIONS

I. Express the following in terms of Gamma functions: -
∞ 𝛾(𝑝)
1. ∫0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 𝑥 𝑝−1 𝑑𝑥, 𝑘 > 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠: .
𝑘𝑝
∞ 𝑥4 3
2. ∫0 𝑑𝑥. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 4(𝑙𝑜𝑔2)5.
4𝑥
∞ 2
3. ∫0 3−4𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
1
4. ∫0 𝑥 𝑚 [log 𝑒 𝑥]𝑛 𝑑𝑥, where 𝑛 is an integer and 𝑚 > −1. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: (−1)𝑛 𝑛!/(𝑚 + 1)𝑛+1 .
1 1 𝑝−1
5. ∫0 𝑥 𝑞−1 [log 𝑒 (𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 (𝑝 > 0, 𝑞 > 0).
∞ 2 1
6. ∫0 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 2𝑛−1 𝑑𝑡. 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 𝛾(𝑛)
2

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II. Express the following in terms of Gamma functions: -

𝜋/2
1. ∫0 √cot 𝜃𝑑𝜃.
𝜋/2
2. ∫0 (√tan 𝜃 + √sec 𝜃)𝑑𝜃.
1
3. ∫0 𝑥 𝑚 (1 − 𝑥 𝑛 )𝑝 𝑑𝑥.
1 𝑑𝑥
4. ∫0 .
√1−𝑥 4

III. Prove the following: -

𝜋 ∞ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝜋 ∞ 𝑑𝑦
1. Γ(𝑛)Γ(1 − 𝑛) = sin 𝑛𝜋, given ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑛𝜋 and hence deduce the value of ∫0 .
1+𝑥 1+𝑦 4
∞ 8 ∞ 4 𝜋
2. ∫0 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 × ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 16√2.
𝜋/2 𝜋/2 𝑑𝜃
3. ∫0 √sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 × ∫0 = 𝜋.
√sin 𝜃
1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑥 𝜋
4. ∫0 × ∫0 = 4√2.
√1−𝑥 4 √1+𝑥 4
𝛽(𝑚+1,𝑛) 𝛽(𝑚,𝑛) 𝛽(𝑚,𝑛+1)
5. = = .
𝑚 𝑚+𝑛 𝑛

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