Rotational Motion and System of Particles (ISC/NCERT)
Rotational Motion and System of Particles (ISC/NCERT)
Class : 11-A
Roll No : 10
‘Mr. Neeraj Pant’ as well as our dignified school Principal ‘Dr. Sanjay Sachdeva’, who
gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic “System of
Particles and equilibrium”, which also helped me in doing a lot of research, develop
critical thinking skills, and exploring so many new things. I am really thankful to them.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame and motivated me to work hard and efficiently.
INDEX
Introduction
Centre of mass of body
Motion of center of mass
Linear momentum of system of Particles
Vector Product
Angular Velocity
Radius of gyration
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Work Done By Torque
Comparison of linear and rotational motion
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
In this chapter, we will understand the motion of extended bodies, i.e., a system of particles. We shall
consider the motion of a system as a whole. The main concept here would be the centre of mass of a system
of particles.
A large class of problems with extended bodies can be solved by considering them to be rigid bodies. Ideally
a rigid body is a body with a perfectly definite and unchanging shape. The distances between all pairs of
particles of such a body do not change.
Any real body which we encounter in daily life has a finite size. In dealing with the motion of extended
bodies (bodies of finite size) often the idealised model of a particle is inadequate. In this project we shall try
to go beyond this inadequacy. We shall attempt to build an understanding of the motion of extended bodies.
Under this topic we shall also study about topics like Moment of Inertia, Torque, multiplication of vectors
but first to begin we shall start with Types of Motion
Types of Motion:
Motion can be classified under 3 different categories:
– Pure Translational Motion – Under this type of motion a body moves in a straight line without
changing its orientation or direction of motion
– Pure Rotational Motion – Under this type of motion, a body does not in fact move. The body is
attached to a point which is fixed and the body rotates about that pivoted point. Under this type of
motion,
– Combined Rotational and Translational motion- Under this type of motion a body both rotates about
a point and performs translational motion
Note:
In pure translational motion at any instant of time, all particles of the body have the same velocity. While, in
rotation of a rigid body about a fixed axis, every particle of the body moves in a circle, which lies in a plane
perpendicular to the axis and has its centre on the axis.
Centre of mass of a body
The centre of mass of a body or a system of particles is defined as the point where the entire mass of the
body or system appears to be concentrated. In physics, the center of mass is the point at the center of the
mass distribution in space, also known as the balance point, where the weighted relative positions of the
distributed mass sum to zero. In simpler terms, the centre of mass is a specific position relative to an object
that represents the average location of all parts of the system. It is the mean position of a mass distribution in
space. When a force is applied at this point, it causes linear acceleration without inducing any angular
acceleration.
Consider two particles 1 and 2 of mass m1 and m2 let x1 and x2 be the distance between the two particles at
which the weight acts.
The point at which the whole weight of the body consisting of particles 1 and 2 acts is known as Centre of
Mass and it is defined
m1 x 1+ m2 x 2
C=
m1+ m2
X=
∑ mi x i
∑ mi
Y=
∑ mi y i
∑ mi
Z=
∑ mi z i
∑ mi
^
Taking R as the position vector of centre of mass R=X i+Y ^j+ Z k^
1
R=
m
∫ r dm where M =∑ mi
MOTION OF CENTRE OF
MASS
Motion of centre of mass is simply defined as the project of M with R where R stands for ∑ r i.
dR
Differentiating both sides w.r.t time, we get MV where V = . By double differentiation we get MA where
dt
2
d R
A= 2 . Now we know by Newton’s Second law of motion, F = m × a. So, MA = F1 + F2 + F3 + … + Fn.
dt
Thus, the total mass of a system of particles times the acceleration of its centre of mass is the vector sum of
all the forces acting on the system of particles. i.e. the summation of the product of the mass and
acceleration of each particle gives us the Total Force of the body or the summation of force exerted by every
particle.
For each particle, Fi is not only the force exerted due to its mass and acceleration but also includes all
external forces acting on it. So, F = Fi + Fexternal.
Note: the centre of mass of a system of particles moves as if all the mass of the system was concentrated at
the centre of mass and all the external forces were applied at that point.
LINEAR MOMENTUM OF
A SYSTEM OF PARTICLES
Linear momentum is a product of the mass (m) of a particle and the velocity (v) of the particle. If a particle has
higher momentum, then it harder to stop it. The formula for linear momentum is p = mv. The total amount of
momentum never changes, and this property is called conservation of momentum. Let us study more about
Linear momentum and conservation of momentum.
We know F = kg m s-2 p = kg m s-1 .
dp
⇒ F= dt
As done earlier, P = p1 + p2 + p3 …
Thus, V =
∑ mi v i
M
⇒ m v = ∑ mi v i
⇒P=MV
Thus, we can say that the total linear momentum of a system of particles is equal to the product of the total mass
of the system and the velocity of its center of mass.
Further Differentiating the above equation w.r.t time we get,
dp
=F
dt
If external force acting on the body = 0, P is constant. i.e momentum does not change with respect to time.
For Second Case, i.e. – Cross Product , The Vector forces are multiplied by method of cartesian table. The
Direct Formula For Cross Product is ab sinθ n^
The cartesian table is used as
Special Cases:
When two perpendicular lines are taken
i.j = j.k = k.i = 0 Whereas,
i × j = k, j × k = i and k × i = j
On the Other hand, when the vectors are taken parallel to each other
i.i = j.j = k.k = 1
and i × i = j × j = k × k = 0
ANGULAR VELOCITY
In previous grades, we have studied about linear velocity of a particle, in this project we will be explaining
angular velocity as well.
ds
Linear velocity = v = since it deals with the relation of displacement with time
dt
dθ
Angular velocity = ω = since it deals with the rate of change of the angle with respect to time.
dt
The formula for the relation between angular velocity and linear velocity is ωR = v where R = radius of the
circular motion
On further differentiating the angular velocity we get angular acceleration α which is split into 2 components
αt which is tangential acceleration and αc which is centripetal acceleration.
α = √ α 2t + α 2c
2
d θ
The formula for αt is given as αt = 2 and,
dt
2
v
The formula for αc is given as αc = ω R or
2
R
Radius of gyration
The radius of gyration of a body about its axis of rotation is defined as the distance
from the axis of rotation at which, if the whole mass of the body were concentrated,
its moment of inertia about the given axis would be the same as with the actual
distribution of mass.
The radius of gyration of a body about an axis of rotation may also be defined as the root mean square
distance of its particles from the axis of rotation.
k depends on (i) Position and direction of the axis of rotation(ii) Distribution of mass about the axis of
rotation.
Conservation of angular
momentum
When the net external torque acting on a body is zero, the total angular momentum of the body is
constant. This is the law of conservation of angular momentum.
Suppose the external torque acting on a rigid body due to external force is zero, Then Torque = dL/dt = 0
Hence,
L= constant
Iω = constant
I1ω1 = I2ω2
∫ ΔΘ
Θ1
Power delivered by a torque.
We know that ΔW = τ ΔΘ
Dividing both sides by Δt, we get ΔW/Δt = τ x (ΔΘ/ Δt)
P = τω
Power = Torque × Angular velocity.
COMPARISION OF LINEAR
AND ROTATIONAL MOTION
CONCLUSION
From this chapter we have learnt the theory and application of system of particles. Up until
now we had only studied motion of one or two particles, this chapter helped us imagine
every body as a system of particles with its individual mass, force, velocity, etc. This chapter
help in explaining change in speed of rotation by changing orientation of body. It explained
Rotation of body and its application to us and also helped us understand the multiplication of
vectors and how it changes the direction of vector. Although we had learnt basics of torque
in earlier classes this helped us understand the relation of torque, angular velocity, angular
acceleration, moment of inertia etc. It also helped us in understanding the law of
conservation of angular momentum, under this chapter my basics of calculus –
differentiation and integration have also improved as it has played a major role in this
chapter. This project has helped me gather how replacing displacement with an angle can
form a whole new branch of mechanics. Under this chapter I have learnt to relate linear
mechanics with angular mechanics. I would like to once again thank my physics teacher –
‘Mr. Neeraj Pant’ for providing me with the opportunity to present a project on such a
unique topic and thank my parents for cooperating and supporting me during this time.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Wikipedia
2. Britannica
3. Gemini
4. Ncert
5. Physics Modules
6. UCF pressbooks
7. Geeks for geeks
8. Doubtnut
9. Physics Wallah – Alakh Pandey (YouTube)
10.Chegg
11.Quora
… and many more