Farming has Lost the Ability to be a Source of Subsistence
for Majority of Farmers in India
“If agriculture goes wrong, nothing else will have a chance to go right in the country”
— M. S. Swaminathan
India, a country with a rich agricultural heritage, has historically relied on farming as the backbone of its
economy. The majority of the population, for centuries, have depended on agriculture for their livelihood.
However, in recent decades, farming has increasingly lost its ability to provide subsistence for the majority
of Indian farmers. Between 2004-05 and 2011-12, National Sample Survey Office data indicates that
approximately 34 million farmers transitioned out of agriculture, representing a 2.04% annual rate of
departure from the farming sector.
India's agricultural system has always been deeply rooted in its cultural and social framework. Traditional
practices, often sustainable and eco-friendly, have evolved over thousands of years, adapting to local
climates and resources. Farmers relied on mixed cropping, crop rotation, and organic
fertilizers, which ensured soil fertility and food security.
The introduction of the Green Revolution in the 1960s marked a significant turning point. High-yield
variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilizers and pesticides were introduced to increase food production.
While it initially succeeded in transforming India from a food-deficit to a food-surplus nation, the long-
term consequences were detrimental. Soil degradation, depletion of water resources,
and increased dependency on chemical inputs ensued, making farming more expensive and less
sustainable.
The fragmentation of land holdings is a critical issue in Indian agriculture. With each generation,
land is divided among heirs, resulting in smaller and smaller plots. These small plots are often
economically unviable, preventing farmers from achieving economies of scale. According to
the Agricultural Census 2015-16, the average size of land holdings in India is just 1.08
hectares, which is insufficient for sustaining a family's livelihood.
The cost of agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery has increased
over the years. Farmers, particularly smallholders, find it increasingly difficult to afford these essentials.
The dependence on HYV seeds and chemical fertilizers, a legacy of the Green Revolution, has exacerbated
this issue. Additionally, the need for irrigation infrastructure, often privately funded through tube wells,
adds to the financial burden.
Indian farmers face significant challenges in accessing markets. The Agricultural Produce Market
Committees (APMCs), intended to facilitate fair trade, often do the opposite due to inefficiency.
Farmers receive only a fraction of the final market price for their produce, with middlemen taking
substantial cuts. Moreover, lack of infrastructure such as storage facilities forces farmers to sell their
produce immediately after harvest, often at lower prices.
Climate change has a profound impact on agriculture in India. Unpredictable weather patterns, increased
frequency of extreme events like droughts and floods, and temperature fluctuations affect crop
yields adversely. Farmers, especially those reliant on rain-fed agriculture, are particularly vulnerable.
The traditional agricultural calendar, based on predictable monsoons, is now unreliable.
Intensive farming practices have led to severe soil degradation. The overuse of chemical fertilizers and
pesticides has reduced soil fertility, leading to declining yields. Water scarcity is another pressing
issue. Groundwater levels have plummeted due to over-extraction for irrigation, particularly in states
like Punjab and Haryana. Contaminated water sources further exacerbate the problem, making water
unsuitable for irrigation.
Farmers in India also grapple with significant social issues. Indebtedness is rampant, with many farmers
taking loans at exorbitant interest rates from informal lenders. The inability to repay these loans leads
to a vicious cycle of debt and despair, often resulting in farmer suicides. According to the National
Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), in 2022, India saw 11,290 suicides in the farming sector, a 3.75%
rise from the 10,881 suicides reported in 2021.
The Indian government has implemented various policies to support farmers, including subsidies on
fertilizers, seeds, and electricity, as well as Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for certain crops. While
MSPs aim to ensure farmers receive a fair price for their produce, in practice, they benefit only a small
fraction of the farming community. The procurement system is riddled with inefficiencies and
corruption, leaving many farmers out of its purview.
Loan waivers are another measure frequently employed by state governments to alleviate farmers'
financial distress. However, these are short-term solutions that do not address the underlying issues.
Moreover, repeated loan waivers strain the financial resources of state governments and
discourage credit discipline among farmers.
Recent agricultural reforms, such as the Farmers' Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and
Facilitation) Act, 2020, and the Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price
Assurance and Farm Services Act, 2020, aim to liberalize the agricultural market. These reforms seek
to remove middlemen and allow farmers to sell their produce directly to buyers. However, they have been
met with widespread protests from farmers who fear that the dismantling of APMCs and MSPs will
leave them at the mercy of corporate buyers.
Diversification of crops can help reduce the dependency on a few staples like rice and wheat, which are
water-intensive and prone to market fluctuations. Encouraging farmers to grow a variety of crops,
including fruits, vegetables, and pulses, can enhance their income and nutritional security.
Additionally, value addition through food processing and agro-industries can create new revenue
streams and employment opportunities.
Promoting organic farming and sustainable practices such as integrated pest management,
agroforestry, and conservation agriculture can restore soil health and reduce dependency on
chemical inputs. Government incentives and training programs can help farmers transition to these
practices. States like Sikkim have successfully adopted organic farming on a large scale, demonstrating
its feasibility and benefits.
Technological advancements can play a crucial role in revitalizing Indian agriculture. Precision farming,
using technologies like GPS, remote sensing, and IoT, can optimize resource use and increase
productivity. Mobile apps and digital platforms can provide farmers with real-time information on weather,
market prices, and best practices. Additionally, developing drought-resistant and high-yield crop
varieties through biotechnology can help mitigate the impacts of climate change.
Farmer cooperatives can empower small and marginal farmers by providing collective bargaining power,
access to credit, and shared resources. Successful models like the Amul dairy cooperative can be
replicated in other sectors of agriculture. Cooperatives can also facilitate direct marketing, reducing
dependency on middlemen and ensuring better prices for farmers.
Comprehensive policy and institutional reforms are essential to address the structural issues in Indian
agriculture. Ensuring fair and transparent functioning of APMCs, expanding the reach of MSPs, and
implementing land reforms to consolidate small holdings can improve the economic viability of farming.
Strengthening rural infrastructure, including roads, storage facilities, and irrigation systems, is crucial for
enhancing agricultural productivity and market access.
The decline of farming as a viable source of subsistence for the majority of Indian farmers is a complex
issue with economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Addressing this crisis requires a multifaceted
approach that includes policy reforms, technological innovation, and sustainable agricultural practices. By
empowering farmers, diversifying agriculture, and ensuring fair market access, India can revitalize its
agricultural sector and restore its role as a sustainable source of livelihood for millions. The path forward is
challenging, but with concerted efforts from the government, private sector, and civil society, a resilient
and prosperous agricultural future for India is attainable.
“Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan”
—Lal Bahadur Shastri
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