ANIL.S.

C
JNNCE, SHIVAMOGGA

𝐑𝐄𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐅𝐔𝐍𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒

𝐂𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐚𝐧 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐞𝐭𝐬:

Let A and B be two sets, then the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a ∈ A, b ∈ B is

called cartesian product or cross product of A and B.

A × B = {(a, b): a ∈ A, b ∈ B}

 A × B is not same as B × A
 B × A = {(b, a): b ∈ B, a ∈ A}

𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐛𝐥𝐞𝐦𝐬:

1) Let A = {1,3,5}, B = {2,3}and C = {4,6}. Write down the following

a) A × B b) B × A c) B × C d) A × C e) (A ∪ B) × C f) A ∪ (B × C)
g)(A × B) ∪ C h) A ∩ (B × C) i) (A × B) ∪ (B × C) j) (A × B) ∩ (B × A)
k) (A × B) ∩ (B × C)

Solution: A × B = {(1,2)(1,3)(3,2)(3,3)(5,2)(5,3)}

B × A = {(2,1)(2,3)(2,5)(3,1)(3,3)(3,5)}

B × C = {(2,4)(2,6)(3,4)(3,6)}

A × C = {(1,4)(1,6)(3,4)(3,6)(5,4)(5,6)}

(A ∪ B) × C = {1,2,3,5} × {4,6} = {(1,4)(1,6)(2,4)(2,6)(3,4)(3,6)(5,4)(5,6)}

A ∪ (B × C) = {1,3,5} ∪ {(2,4)(2,6)(3,4)(3,6)} = {1,3,5, (2,4)(2,6)(3,4)(3,6)}

(A × B) ∪ C = {(1,2)(1,3)(3,2)(3,3)(5,2)(5,3), 4,6}

A ∩ (B × C) = ∅

(A × B) ∪ (B × C) = {(1,2)(1,3)(3,2)(3,3)(5,2)(5,3)(2,4)(2,6)(3,4)(3,6)}

(A × B) ∩ (B × A) = {(3,3)}

(A × B) ∩ (B × C) = ∅
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2) Let A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {3,4,5,6}, C = {2,4,6}. Find A × B, B × A, A × (B ∪ C)

(A ∩ B) × C, (A × B) ∩ (B × C) , (A × B) − (B × C)

Solution:

A×B
= {(1,3(1,4)(1,5)(1,6)(2,3)(2,4)(2,5)(2,6)(3,3)(3,4)(3,5)(3,6)(4,3)(4,4)(4,5)(4,6)}

B×A
= {(3,1)(3,2)(3,3)(3,4)(4,1)(4,2)(4,3)(4,4)(5,1)(5,2)(5,3)(5,4)(6,1)(6,2)(6,3)(6,4)}

A × (B ∪ C) = {1,2,3,4} × {2,3,4,5,6}
= {(1,2)(1,3)(1,4)(1,5)1,6)(2,2)(2,3)(2,4)(2,5)(2,6)(3,2)(3,3)(3,4)
(3,5)(3,6)(4,2)(4,3)(4,4)(4,5)(4,6)}

(A ∩ B) × C = {3,4} × {2,4,6} = {(3,2)(3,4)(3,6)(4,2)(4,4)(4,6)}

B × C = {(3,2)(3,4)(3,6)(4,2)(4,4)(4,6)(5,2)(5,4)(5,6)(6,2)(6,4)(6,6)}

(A × B) ∩ (B × C) = {(3,4)(3,6)(4,4)(4,6)}

(A × B) − (B × C) = {Set of all elements of A × B which are not in B × C}

= {(1,3)(1,4)(1,5)(1,6)(2,3)(2,4)(2,5)(2,6)(3,3)(3,5)(4,3)(4,5)}

3) Suppose A, B, C ⊆ Z × Z with A = {(x, y): y = 5x − 1} , B = {(x, y): y = 6x}

C = {(x, y): 3x − y = −7}. Find A ∩ B, B ∩ C, ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ∪ C̅ , B
A ̅ ∪ C̅

Solution:
Let (x, y) ∈ A ∩ B
 (x, y) ∈ A and (x, y) ∈ B
 y = 5x − 1 and y = 6x
 5x − 1 = 6x
 x = −1 and y = −6
 A ∩ B = {(−1, −6)}

Let (x, y) ∈ B ∩ C
 (x, y) ∈ B and (x, y) ∈ C
 y = 6x and 3x − y = −7
 6x = 3x + 7
7
 x = 3 , not possible because x ∈ Z
 B∩C=∅
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A A ∩ C and ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ∪ C̅ = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅ ∪ C̅ = ̿̿̿̿̿̿̿
A A∩C=A∩C
Let (x, y) ∈ A ∩ C
 (x, y) ∈ A and (x, y) ∈ C
 y = 5x − 1 and 3x − y = −7
 5x − 1 = 3x + 7
 x = 4 and y = 19
 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
̅ ∪ C̅ = A ∩ C = {(4,19)}
A

̅ ∪ C̅ = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
B B ∩ C but B ∩ C = ∅

̅ ∪ C̅ = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
 B B ∩ C = Z × Z, Universal set.

4) For any non empty sets A, B, C prove the following:

a) A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B)U(A × C) (JAN 2020)

Let (x, y) ∈ A × (B ∪ C) ⇔ x ∈ A and y ∈ (B ∪ C)

⇔ x ∈ A and y ∈ B or y ∈ C
⇔ x ∈ A and y ∈ B or x ∈ A and y ∈ C
⇔ (x, y) ∈ A × B or (x, y) ∈ (A × C)
⇔ (x, y) ∈ (A × B)U(A × C)
 A × (B ∪ C) = (A × B)U(A × C)

b) A × (B − C) = (A × B) − (A × C) (JAN 2020)

Let (x, y) ∈ A × (B − C) ⇔ x ∈ A and y ∈ (B − C)

⇔ x ∈ A and[ y ∈ B and y ∉ C]
⇔ x ∈ A and y ∈ B and x ∈ A and y ∉ C
⇔ (x, y) ∈ A × B and (x, y) ∉ (A × C)
⇔ (x, y) ∈ (A × B) − (A × C)
 A × (B − C) = (A × B) − (A × C)

c) (A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) ∪ (B × C) (JAN 2021)

Let (x, y) ∈ (A ∪ B) × C ⇔ x ∈ A ∪ B and y ∈ C

⇔ [x ∈ A or x ∈ B] and y ∈ C]
⇔ x ∈ A and y ∈ C or x ∈ B and y ∈ C
⇔ (x, y) ∈ A × C or (x, y) ∈ (B × C)
⇔ (x, y) ∈ (A × C) ∪ (B × C)
 (A ∪ B) × C = (A × C) ∪ (B × C)
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d) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C) (JAN 2021)

Let (x, y) ∈ A × (B ∩ C) ⇔ x ∈ A and y ∈ (B ∩ C)

⇔ x ∈ A and [y ∈ B and y ∈ C]
⇔ x ∈ A and y ∈ B and x ∈ A and y ∈ C
⇔ (x, y) ∈ A × B and (x, y) ∈ (A × C)
⇔ (x, y) ∈ (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
 A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)

e) (A ∩ B) × C = (A × C) ∩ (B × C)

Let (x, y) ∈ (A ∩ B) × C ⇔ x ∈ A ∩ B and y ∈ C

⇔ [x ∈ A and x ∈ B] and y ∈ C]
⇔ x ∈ A and y ∈ C and x ∈ B and y ∈ C
⇔ (x, y) ∈ A × C and (x, y) ∈ (B × C)
⇔ (x, y) ∈ (A × C) ∩ (B × C)
 (A ∩ B) × C = (A × B) ∩ (B × C)

𝐑𝐄𝐋𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍𝐒
Let A and B be two sets then A × B is a relation from A to B.

If |A| = m and |B| = n then A × B has 2mn relations from A to B and |A × B| = mn

Problems:

1) Let A and B be finite sets with |B| = 3. If there are 4096 relations from A to B,
then what is|A|?

Let |A| = m and |B| = n = 3

2mn = 4096

=> 23m = 4096

=> 3m × log e 2 = log e 4096

loge 4096
=> m = =4
3loge 2
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Functions
A function f from a non empty set A to a non empty set B is a relation from A to B
such that for each a ∈ A there is a unique b ∈ B and (a, b) ∈ f ie b = f(a).
Here b is called image and a is called preimage of b.

* Every function is a relation, every relation need not be a function.

* A is called domain and B is called codomain.
* The range of f: A → B is given by f(A) = {f(x): x ∈ A}
* If there are m elements in A and n elements in B the f: A → B has nm
elements.

1) Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {−1,0} and R is a relation from A to B defined by

R = {(1, −1)(1,0)(2, −1)(3,0)}. Is R a relation from A to B

Here 1 is related to − 1 and 0, two different elements hence R is not a function

2) Let A = {1,2,3}, B = {−1,0} and S be a relation from A to B defined by

R = {(1, −1)(2, −1)(3,0). Is R a function?

Each element of A is related to a unique element of B, R is a function from A to B

3) Let A = {1,2,3,4}, determine whether or not the following relations on A are

functions?
a) f = {(2,3)(1,4)(2,1)(3,2)(4,4)}
b) g = {(3,1)(4,2)(1,1)}
c) h = {(2,1)(3,4)(1,4)(2,1)(4,4)}
a) Here 2 is related to two different elements, f is not a function.

b) Here 2 is not related to any element of A, g is not a function.

c) Every element of A is related to a unique element of A, h is a function from A to A

4) Let {1,2,3,4,5,6}, B = {6,7,8,9,10}, if a function f: A → B is defined by (JAN 2021)

f = {(1,7)(2,7)(3,8)(4,6)(5,9)(6,9)}
−1 (6), −1 (9).
Determine f f
If B1 = {7,8}, B2 = {8,9,10} find f −1 (B1 ), f −1 (B2 )

f −1 (6) = {x ∈ A: f(x) = 6} = {4}, f −1 (9) = {x ∈ A: f(x) = 9} = {5,6}

f −1 (B1 ) = {x ∈ A: f(x) ∈ B1 } = {1,2,3}
f −1 (B2 ) = {x ∈ A: f(x) ∈ B2 } = {3,5,6}
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3x − 5, x > 0
5) Let f: R → R be defined by f(x) = {
−3x + 1, x ≤ 0
(JAN 2020, APR 2022, AUG 2021)
5 5
a) Determine f(0), f(−1), f (3) , f (− 3)

b) Find f −1 (0), f −1 (1), f −1 (−1), f −1 (3), f −1 (−3), f −1 (−6)

c) What are f −1 ([−5,5]) and f −1 ([−6,5])

5 5
a) f(0) = 1, f(−1) = 4 , f (3) = 0, f (− 3) = 6

5
b) f −1 (0) = {x ∈ R: f(x) = 0} = {3}

f −1 (1) = {x ∈ R: f(x) = 1} = {2,0}

4
f −1 (−1) = {x ∈ R: f(x) = −1} = { }
3

8 2
f −1 (3) = {x ∈ R: f(x) = 3} = { , − }
3 3

2
f −1 (−3) = {x ∈ R: f(x) = −3} = { }
3

f −1 (−6) = {x ∈ R: f(x) = −6} = ∅

c) f −1 ([−5,5]) = {x ∈ R: f(x) ∈ [−5,5]} = {x ∈ R: −5 ≤ f(x) ≤ 5}

If x > 0, −5 ≤ 3x − 5 ≤ 5
or 0 ≤ 3x ≤ 10
10
or 0≤x≤
3

If x ≤ 0, −5 ≤ −3x + 1 ≤ 5
or − 6 ≤ −3x ≤ 4
4
or − 2 ≤ −x ≤
3
4
or −3≤x≤2
4 10
f −1 ([−5,5]) = {x ∈ R: [− ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ }
3 3
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4 10 4 10
= {x ∈ R: [− ≤ 𝑥 ≤ ]} = [− , ]
3 3 3 3

f −1 ([−6,5]) = {x ∈ R: f(x) ∈ [−6,5]} = {x ∈ R: −6 ≤ f(x) ≤ 5}

If x > 0, −6 ≤ 3x − 5 ≤ 5
or − 1 ≤ 3x ≤ 10
1 10
or − ≤x≤
3 3

If x ≤ 0, −6 ≤ −3x + 1 ≤ 5
or − 7 ≤ −3x ≤ 4
7 4
or − ≤ −x ≤
3 3
4 7
or −3≤x≤3
4 7 1 10
f −1 ([−6,5]) = {x ∈ R: [− ≤ x ≤ or − ≤ x ≤ }
3 3 3 3

4 10 4 10
= {x ∈ R: [− ≤ x ≤ ]} = [− , ]
3 3 3 3

6) If there are 2187 functions from A to B and |B| = 3, what is |A|?

If there are m elements in A and n elements in B the f: A → B has nm elements.

 2187 = 3m
 mlog3 = log(2187)
log(2187)
 m= =7
log3
 |A| = 7

Types of functions:
1) Identitiy function: A function f: A → A such that f(a) = a, ∀a ∈ A is called identity
function.

2) Constant function: A function f: A → A such that f(a) = c ∀a ∈ A where c is a fixed

element of B, is called a constant function (All the elements of A have the same image
in B)

3) Onto function: A function f: A → B is said to be onto function if ∀ b ∈ B, ∃a ∈ A such

that f(a) = b is called onto function. Onto function is also called Surjective function.

4) One to One function: A function f: A → B is said to be one to one function if different

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elements of A have different images in B. One to one function is also called injuctive function.

5) One to one correspondence: A function which is both one to one and onto is called a
one to one correspondence or a Bijective function or Bijection.

Properties of functions:

1) Let A and B be finite sets and f be a function from A to B, then the following are true.
a) If f is one to one then |A| ≤ |B|
b) If f is onto then |B| ≤ |A|
d) If f is a one to one correspondence, then |A| = |B|
e) If |A| > |B| then atleast two different elements of A have the same image.

2) Suppose |A| = |B| and f: A → B then f is one to one iff f is onto

3) Suppose |A| = |B| and f: A → B then f bijective iff f is one to one and onto
4) Suppose |A| = m, |B| = n and f: A → B then there are nm functions from A to B and if
n!
m ≤ n then there are one to one functions from A to B
(n − m)!
5) Suppose |A| = m, |B| = n and f: A → B then there are nm functions from A to B and if
m ≥ n then the number of onto functions from A to B is given by
n

p(n, m) = ∑(−1)k (ncn−k )(n − k)m

k=0
If m < n, there will be no onto functions from A to B

Problems:

1) Find the nature of the following functions defined on A = {1,2,3}

1) f = {(1,1)(2,2)(3,3)}
2) g = {(1,2)(2,2)(3,2)}
3) h = {(1,2)(2,2)(3,1)}
4) p = {(1,2)(2,3)(3,1)}

Solution:

1) ∀a ∈ A, (a, a) ∈ f, a = f(a) , therefore f is the identity function on A

2) ∀a ∈ A, 2 is the image. Every element of A has 2 as its image. g is a constant
function.
3) We note that 3 has no pre image under h , hence h is not onto.
Further, 1 and 2 have the same image under h, hence h is not one to one.
4) Every element of A has a unique image and every element of B has a preimage,
hence p is both one one and onto. Also a one to one correspondence.
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2) Let A and B be finite sets, if there are 60 one to one functions from A to B and
|A| = 3, what is |B|?

n!
Here m = 3 and = 60, n is to be determined.
(n − m)!
n!
 (n−3)!
= 60

n(n−1)(n−2)×(n−3)!
 (n−3)!
= 60

 n(n − 1)(n − 2) = 60

 n=5

 |B| = 5

3) If A = {1,2,3,4,5} and there are 6720 one to one functions from A to B. What is |B|?
(AUG 2020)
n!
Here m = 5 and = 6720, n is to be determined.
(n − m)!
n!
 (n−5)!
= 6720

n(n−1)(n−2)(n−3)(n−4)×(n−5)!
 (n−5)!
= 6720

 n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)(n − 4) = 6720

 n=8

 |B| = 8

4) If A = {2,6,9}, B = {p, q, r, s, t}, find the number of one to one functions from A to B

Here m = 3, n = 5

n! 5!
Number of one to one functions from A to B = = = 5 × 4 × 3 = 60
(n − m)! 2!
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5) If A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}, B = {w, x, y, z}, find the number of onto functions from A to B

Here m = 7, n = 4

p(n, m) = ∑(−1)k (ncn−k )(n − k)m

k=0

= ∑(−1)k (4c4−k )(n − k)7

k=0

= [4C4 × 47 ] + [−4C3 × 37 ] + [4C2 × 27 ] + [−4C1 × 17 ] = 8400

6) If A = {w, x, y, z}, B = {1,2,3}, find the number of onto functions from A to B (Ans: 36)

7) Let A = {a, b, c, d}and B = {1,2,3,4,5,6} (AUG 2021)

a) How many functions are there from A to B?
How many of these are one to one?
How many are onto?
b) How many functions are there from B to A?
How many of these are one to one?
How many are onto?

Here m = 4, n = 6

a) The number of functions possible from A to B is = nm = 64 = 1296

n! 6!
The number of one to one functions from A to B is = = = 360
(n − m)! 2!

There is no onto functions from A to B (n > m)

b) The number of functions possible from A to B is = mn = 46 = 4096

There is no one to one functions from B to A (m < n)

The number of onto functions from A to B is,

4

p(n, m) = ∑(−1)k (ncn−k )(n − k)m

k=0
4

= ∑(−1)k (4c4−k )(n − k)6

k=0
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= [4C4 × 46 ] + [−4C3 × 36 ] + [4C2 × 26 ] + [−4C1 × 16 ] = 1560

There is no onto functions from A to B (n > m)

8) Let A = {1, b, c, d, e}and B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}

c) How many functions are there from A to B?
How many of these are one to one?
How many are onto?
d) How many functions are there from B to A?
How many of these are one to one?
How many are onto?

Ans: a) 85 , 160,0 b) 58 , 0,126000

9) Let f, g: Z + → Z + , ∀x ∈ Z + , f(x) = x + 1, g(x) = max(1, x − 1)

a) what is the range of f?
b) Is f 1 − 1?
c) Is f onto?
d) what is the range of g
e) Is g 1 − 1?
f) is g onto?

a) Range of f = {2,3,4 … . . } = Z + − {1}

b) f is 1 − 1
c) f is not onto
d) Range of g = {1,2,3 … . . } = Z +
e) g is not 1 − 1
f) g is onto
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COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
Let f: A → B, g: B → C be two functions then (g ∘ f)(x) = g[f(x)] for all x ∈ A

1) Let A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {a, b, c}, C = {w, x, y, z} with f: A → B, g: B → C given by

f = {(1, a)(2, a)(3, b)(4, c)}, g = {(a, x)(b, y)(c, z)}. Find (g ∘ f)

(g ∘ f)(1) = g[f(1)] = g(a) = x

(g ∘ f)(2) = g[f(2)] = g(a) = x
(g ∘ f)(3) = g[f(3)] = g(b) = y
(g ∘ f)(4) = g[f(4)] = g(c) = z

(g ∘ f) = {(1, x)(2, x)(3, y)(4, z)}

2) Consider the function f and g defined by f(x) = x 3 , g(x) = x 2 + 1, ∀x ∈ R.

Find (g ∘ f), (f ∘ g), f 2 , g 2 , Also show that that (g ∘ f) ≠ (f ∘ g)

(g ∘ f)(x) = g[f(x)] = g(x 3 ) = x 6 + 1

(f ∘ g)(x) = f[g(x)] = f(x 2 + 1) = (x 2 + 1)3
f 2 (x) = (f ∘ f)(x) = f[f(x)] = f(x 3 ) = x 9
g 2 (x) = (g ∘ g)(x) = g[g(x)] = g(x 2 + 1) = (x 2 + 1)2 + 1

3) Let f, g, h be functions from R to R defined by f(x) = x 2 , g(x) = x + 5, h(x) = √x 2 + 2.

Verify (h ∘ g ) ∘ f = h ∘ (g ∘ f) (FEB 2021)

[(h ∘ g ) ∘ f ](x) = (h ∘ g )f(x)

= (h ∘ g )x 2 = h[g(x 2 )]
= h(x 2 + 5) = √(x 2 + 5)2 + 2 = √x 4 + 10x 2 + 27

[h ∘ (g ∘ f) ](x) = h[(g ∘ f)(x)]

= h[g{f(x)}]
= h[g(x 2 )] = h(x 2 + 5) = √(x 2 + 5)2 + 2 = √x 4 + 10x 2 + 27
 (h ∘ g ) ∘ f = h ∘ (g ∘ f)

4) If f, g, h be functions from R to R defined by f(x) = x + 2, g(x) = x − 2, h(x) = 3x, find

g ∘ f , f ∘ g , f ∘ f, g ∘ g , f ∘ h, h ∘ g , h ∘ f , f ∘ g ∘ h (FEB 2022)

(g ∘ f)(x) = g[f(x)] = g(x + 2) = x + 2 − 2 = x

(f ∘ g)(x) = f[g(x)] = f(x − 2) = x − 2 + 2 = x

(f ∘ f)(x) = f[f(x)] = f(x + 2) = x + 2 + 2 = x + 4

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(g ∘ g)(x) = g[g(x)] = g(x − 2) = x − 2 − 2 = x − 4

(f ∘ h)(x) = f[h(x)] = f(3x) = 3x + 2

(h ∘ g)(x) = h[g(x)] = h(x − 2) = 3x − 6

(h ∘ f)(x) = h[f(x)] = h(x + 2) = 3x + 6

(f ∘ h ∘ g)(x) = f[h{g(x)}] = f[h(x − 2)] = f[3x − 6] = [3x − 6 + 2] = 3x − 4

5) Let f and g be functions from R to R defined by f(x) = ax + b, g(x) = 1 − x + x 2 .

If (g ∘ f)(x) = 9x 2 − 9x + 3, determine a and b. (AUG 2022)

9x 2 − 9x + 3 = (g ∘ f)(x)

= g[f(x)]

= g[ax + b] = 1 − (ax + b) + (ax + b)2

= a2 x 2 + (2ab − a)x + (1 − b + b2 )
 a2 = 9 hence a = ±3, 2ab − a = x

Case i) when a = 3, b = −1
Case ii) when a = −3, b = 2

6) If f, g, h be functions from Z to Z defined by f(x) = x − 1, g(x) = 3x and (FEB 2022)

0, x is even
h(x) = { ,
1, x is odd

Determine (f ∘ (g ∘ h))(x) , ((f ∘ g) ∘ h)(x) and verify f ∘ (g ∘ h) = (f ∘ g) ∘ h

(f ∘ (g ∘ h))(x) = f[(g ∘ h)(x)]

−1, x is even
= f[g{h(x)}] = f[3h(x)] = 3h(x) − 1 = {
2, x is odd
((f ∘ g) ∘ h)(x) = (f ∘ g)ℎ(𝑥)
−1, x is even
= f[g{h(x)}] = f[3h(x)] = 3h(x) − 1 = {
2, x is odd
 f ∘ (g ∘ h) = (f ∘ g) ∘ h

7) Let f: A → B, g: B → C h: C → D be three functions Verify (h ∘ g ) ∘ f = h ∘ (g ∘ f)

[(h ∘ g ) ∘ f ](x) = (h ∘ g )f(x)

= (h ∘ g )(y), where y = f(x)
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= hg(y) = h(z), where z = g(y)

[h ∘ (g ∘ f) ](x) = h[(g ∘ f)(x)]

= h[g{f(x)}]
= h[g(𝑦)] = h(z)

 (h ∘ g ) ∘ f = h ∘ (g ∘ f)

INVERTIBLE FUNCTIONS
A function f: A → B is said to be invertible if there exists a function g: B → A such that
(g ∘ f) = IA and (f ∘ g) = IB , where IA is the identity function on A and IB is identity
function on B.

1) Let A = {1,2,3,4}and f, g are functions from A to A given by

f = {(1,4)(2,1)(3,2)(4,3)}and g = {(1,2)(2,3)(3,4)(4,1)}.
Prove that f and g are inverse of each other.

(g ∘ f)(1) = g[f(1)] = g(4) = 1 = IA (1)

(g ∘ f)(2) = g[f(2)] = g(1) = 2 = IA (2)
(g ∘ f)(3) = g[f(3)] = g(2) = 3 = IA (3)
(g ∘ f)(4) = g[f(4)] = g(3) = 4 = IA (4)

(f ∘ g)(1) = f[g(1)] = f(2) = 1 = IB (1)

(f ∘ g)(2) = f[g(2)] = f(3) = 2 = IB (2)
(f ∘ g)(3) = f[g(3)] = f(4) = 3 = IB (3)
(f ∘ g)(4) = f[g(4)] = f(1) = 4 = IB (4)

∀x ∈ A, (g ∘ f)(x) = IA (x) and (f ∘ g)(x) = IB (x)

 f and g are inverse of each other

1
2) Consider the functions f: R → R defined by f(x) = 2x + 5 and g(x) = 2 (x − 5)
Prove that g is an inverse of f.

1
(g ∘ f)(x) = g[f(x)] = g(2x + 5) = 2 × [2x + 5 − 5] = x = IR (𝑥)
2
1 1
(f ∘ g)(x) = f[g(x)] = f [ (x − 5)] = 2 × (x − 5)5 = x = IR (𝑥)
2 2
 f and g are inverse of each other
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3) If f: A → B, g: B → C are invertible functions, then (g ∘ f): A → C is an invertible

function and (g ∘ f)−1 = f −1 ∘ g −1 (AUG 2021, AUG 2022)

Proof: If f: A → B, g: B → C are invertible functions

 f and g are one to one and onto functions
 g ∘ f is one to one and onto
 g ∘ f is invertible

 f −1 : B → A and g −1 : C → B and h=f −1 ∘ g −1 : C → A

h ∘ (g ∘ f) = (f −1 ∘ g −1 ) ∘ (g ∘ f) = f −1 ∘ (g −1 ∘ g) ∘ f = f −1 ∘ IB ∘ f = f −1 ∘ f = IA

(g ∘ f) ∘ h = (g ∘ f) ∘ (f −1 ∘ g −1 ) = g ∘ (f ∘ f −1 ) ∘ g −1 = g ∘ IA ∘ g −1 = g ∘ g −1 = IC

 h is the inverse of g ∘ f
 h = (g ∘ f)−1
 (g ∘ f)−1 = f −1 ∘ g −1

Matrix of the relation: Let R be a relation from A to B, then the matrix formed by

1, (a, b) ∈ R
mij = { is called matrix of the relation or relation matrix of R. It is denoted
0, (a, b) ∉ R

by MR or M(R).

Example:

1) A = {0,1,2} and B = {p, q}, R = {(0, p)(1, q)(2, p)}

1 0
M R = (0 1)
1 0

2) A = {1,2,3,4} and R = {(1,2)(1,3)(2,4)(3,2)}

0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
MR = ( )
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
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Digraph: The pictorial representation of R is called directed graph or digraph of R

Example: A = {a, b, c, d}, R = {(a, b)(b, b)(b, d)(c, b)(c, d)(d, a)(d, c)} defined on A

 Each element of A is called a node or vertex

 An arrow from a vertex to another vertex is called an edge.
 Loop: Initial and terminal points are same
 In degree: The no of edges entering a vertex is called in degree of the vertex.
 Out degree: The no of edges leaving a vertex is called out degree of the vertex.

Problems:

1) Let A = {1,2,3,4} and let R be the relation on A defined by xRy if and only if y = 2x.
a) Write down R as a set of ordered pair.
b) Draw the digraph of R
c) Determine the in − degrees and out − degrees of the vertces in the digraph.

a) R = {(1,2)(2,4)}
b)

c)
Vertex 1 2 3 4
In-degree 0 1 0 1
Our-degree 1 1 0 0
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2) Let A = {1,2,3,4} and let R be the relation on A defined by xRy if and only if
′x divides y ′ , written as x/y (FEB 2021)
a) Write down R as a set of ordered pair.
b) Draw the digraph of R
c) Determine the in − degrees and out − degrees of the vertces in the digraph.

a) R = {(1,1)(1,2)(1,3)(1,4)(2,2)(2,4)(3,3)(4,4)}

b)

c)
Vertex 1 2 3 4
In-degree 1 2 2 3
Our-degree 4 2 1 1

3) Let A = {1,2,3,4,6} and let R be the relation on A defined by aRb if and only if
′a is a multiple of b′ . Represent the relation R as a matrix and draw its digraph.
(JAN 2020, FEB 2022)

R = {(1,1)(2,1)(2,2)(3,1)(3,3)(4,1)(4,2)(4,4)(6,1)(6,2)(6,3)(6,4)}

1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
MR = 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
(1 1 1 0 1)
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4) Let A = {u, v, x, y, z} and R be a relation on A whose matrix is given below.

Determine R and also draw the associated digraph.

0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
MR = 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1
(0 0 1 1 0)

R = {(u, v)(u, x)(v, u)(v, x)(x, u)(x, v)(x, z)(y, u)(y, z)(z, x)(z, y)}

Digrahp:

5) Find the relation represented by the digraph given below. Also write down its matrix.

A = {1,2,3,4}
R = {(1,2)(1,4)(2,2)(2,3)(4,1)(4,4)}

0 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
MR = ( )
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1

6) For A = {a, b, c, d, e, f}, the below digraph represent a relation R on A. Determine R

as well as its associated relation matrix.

R = {(a, b)(b, e)(d, b)(d, c)(e, f)}

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0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
MR =
0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
(0 0 0 0 0 0)