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Effect of Ethnic Identity on the Relationship Between Acculturation Stress and

Abnormal Food Behaviors in Colombian Migrants in Chile

Article in Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · February 2021

DOI: 10.1007/s40615-021-00972-2

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Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-021-00972-2

Effect of Ethnic Identity on the Relationship Between Acculturation

Stress and Abnormal Food Behaviors in Colombian Migrants in Chile
Nelson Hun 1,2,3 & Alfonso Urzúa 1 & Diego Tomás Henríquez 1 & Antonio López-Espinoza 3

Received: 2 September 2020 / Revised: 15 January 2021 / Accepted: 18 January 2021

# W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute 2021

Abstract
Background Acculturation stress may influence the development of abnormal eating behaviors. However, some mental health
indicators, such as ethnic identity, may have a protective effect on this relationship. This study’s main objective is to analyze the
mediating effect of ethnic identity on the relationship between acculturation stress and abnormal eating behaviors in Colombian
migrants living in Chile.
Methods We obtained data on 976 Colombian migrants who were recruited with the help of the Department of Foreign Affairs,
the Colombian Consulate in Chile, and self-managed groups of migrants residing in Chile. The mediation model was analyzed
using Mplus 8.2 software, using the robust weighted least squares (WLSMV) estimation method.
Results The most common abnormal eating behaviors were eating until you feel full and eating large amounts of food. The
mediation model was adapted to the data. The effects indicate that ethnic identity only had an indirect effect on the problems of
social relations with other migrants (indirect effect = .17, p = .01) and on the distance from the origin (indirect effect = −. 06,
p = .01) on the abnormal eating behaviors. On the other hand, the ethnic identity presented a direct and indirect effect on the
relationship between citizenship and legality problems, and abnormal behaviors (indirect effect = −.06, p = .04; direct effect =
−.35, p = .01).
Discussion Ethnic identity could be fundamental in the relationship between acculturation stress and abnormal eating behaviors,
considering that post-migration eating practices are associated with unhealthy eating habits.

Keywords Abnormal eating behavior . Stress by acculturation . Ethnic identity . Immigration . Feeding

Introduction

Eating behavior can be understood as any action performed by

* Nelson Hun an individual with the purpose of feeding him or herself [1],
[email protected] which is conditioned by biological, psychological, social, and
cultural factors [2]. Everyday eating behaviors (EB) are those
Alfonso Urzúa attributed to habitual eating characteristics such as the speed
[email protected]
with which an individual eats food or the selection of foods
Diego Tomás Henríquez based on preferences, tastes, or availability. These may coexist
[email protected] with abnormal eating behaviors (AEB), understood as mal-
Antonio López-Espinoza adaptive eating attitudes and behaviors [3], characterized by
[email protected] unusual attributes with an unfavorable health orientation, such
1
as eating large amounts of food or eating to relieve anxiety.
Escuela de Psicología, Universidad Católica del Norte, Av.
Although AEB are closely related to eating disorders (ED),
Angamos, 0610 Antofagasta, Chile
2
they can also occur in non-clinical populations [4].
Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Salud, Universidad
A close relationship has been reported between AEB, ED, and
Santo Tomás, Avenida Iquique, 3991 Antofagasta, Chile
3
stress patterns or emotional states produced by stress [2, 5–7].
Instituto de Investigaciones en Comportamiento Alimentario y
Although stress can occur in any context throughout the life
Nutrición (IICAN), Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Enrique
Arreola Silva No. 883, Colonia Centro, 49000 Cd Guzmán, Jalisco, cycle, there are specific situations that exceed people’s coping
Mexico capacities, raising levels of distress. One such context is
 J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

migration, since the migration process generates a series of In this context, it should be noted that the Colombian mi-
changes for the individual, both at the social, physical, cultural grant population represents 11.7% of the total migrant popu-
and psychological levels, in order to facilitate settlement in the lation residing in Chile, with a massive arrival during the last
receiving territory [8]. This process of adaptation to and interac- decades. Only 88.2% of the current total population arrived
tion with the new environment is known as acculturation [9], and between 2005 and 2017 [26]. The contact and recruitment of
the stress originated by this process is referred to as “stress by participants were carried out with the help of the Department
acculturation” [10–12], a construct used to describe the problems of Foreign Affairs, the Colombian Consulate in Chile, and
and challenges experienced by migrants in the migratory process self-managed groups of Colombian migrants’ resident in
[13]. The effects of acculturation on well-being and physical and Chile. The participants lived in three Chilean cities with the
mental health have been reported in several studies [14–21]. most significant number of migrants, two in the northern zone
In this apparently negative context for the migrant popula- (Arica and Antofagasta), and one in the central zone
tion, there are some factors that can mediate the effects of accul- (Metropolitan Region). It should be noted that the
turation on well-being and health. For example, attachment to Metropolitan Region and the Antofagasta Region are, respec-
the host place is a protective factor against the negative effects of tively, the two regions with the highest visas issued between
stress on well-being [22], and self-esteem, which seems to have 2005 and 2018 [27].
a partial mediating effect on the relationship between perceived
discrimination and mental health [23]. With regard to ethnic Instruments
identity, there is evidence that those individuals with a greater
positive orientation to their ethnic group opt for an acculturation Abnormal Eating Behaviors
strategy of “loyalty to the endo-group,” that is biculturality and
separation [24], and these acculturation strategies have been For their evaluation, we used the items from the AEB dimen-
reported as protective factors from the food and nutritional point sion of the self-report version [28] of the E-TONA structured
of view to the detriment of individualistic—that is, assimilated interview [29], which evaluate behavioral components of dai-
and marginalized—strategies [25]. In this sense, it should be ly and abnormal eating habits. The item response format
noted that food is an important factor of ethnic identity (EI), varies from dichotomous to multiple choice. In this research,
since food is part of the materialization of the culture and idio- Cronbach’s alpha [30] dimension estimate was .69.
syncrasy of a territory. However, in global terms the EB and
even more specifically the AEBs and their relationships with Acculturation Stress
mental health indicators in the migrant population have not been
sufficiently studied, for this reason, it is necessary to explore We used the scale proposed by Ruiz [31], consisting of six
their relationships that will later allow us to understand the dimensions: (1) discrimination and perceived rejection, (2)
mechanisms that underlie the dietary modifications after the differences with the ex-group, (3) problems of citizenship
migration so that we can have a solid theoretical basis for future and legality, (4) problems of social relations with other mi-
dietary interventions that promote better health in the migrant grants, (5) distance from origin, and (6) family breakdown.
population. Following this line, the main objective of this study This scale has been widely used with migrants living in Chile
is to analyze the mediating effect of EI on the relationship be- [18, 32]. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for each of the
tween acculturation stress and AEB in Colombian migrants liv- dimensions were .89, .77, .82, .80, .75, and .69, respectively.
ing in Chile.
Multi-group Ethnic Identity

Material and Methods We used the Ibero-American version adapted by Smith [33] of
the multi-group EI scale [34], composed of 12 items and 2
Participants dimensions: affirmation and EI, and ethnic exploration. High
scores reflect a strong and positive orientation towards the
A cross-sectional and correlational study was carried out using ethnic group. In the present research, Cronbach’s alpha esti-
sampling for convenience. During the year 2019, a total of mate of the scale was .89.
976 individuals of Colombian nationality completed the bat-
tery of questionnaires of the present investigation, of which Procedures
496 were women (50.8%), and 480 were men (49.2%). The
age range was between 18 and 89 years, and the average age This report is part of an investigation into the health and well-
was 35.43 years (SD = 10.2). It is important to note that the being of the Colombian population in Chile, which was ap-
sample’s average age is within the predominant age range of proved by the Scientific Ethics Committee of the Universidad
Colombian migrants residing in Chile [26]. Católica del Norte by resolution 011/2018. Participants were
J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

evaluated in person through a series of questionnaires, after Table 2 shows the percentages of participants who reported
signing an informed consent form. Participants were selected some AEB. The most frequent behavior was to eat until feeling
using the snowball technique combined with purposeful sam- completely full, while the least frequent was to hide food and eat
pling [35]. only because one felt embarrassed about the amount or speed of
consumption. It should be noted that there were no statistically
significant differences by sex concerning the presence of AEB.
Analysis of the Mediation Model
Table 3 shows the descriptive statistics and Pearson’s cor-
relations for the variables studied. All dimensions of accultur-
The theoretical mediation model (Fig. 1) was analyzed through
ation stress presented inverse and significant correlations with
the Mplus 8.2 software [36], using the weighted least squares
EI, except for distance from origin.
(WLSMV) estimation method, which is robust for non-normal
The recommendations of Stride et al. [39] were followed in
ordinal variables [37]. The model’s goodness-of-fit was esti-
examining the mediating effect of ethnic identity. The model
mated using chi-square values (χ2), the approximation mean
(Fig. 2) was adapted to the data, presenting a close fit to the
square error (RMSEA), the comparative fit index (CFI), and
standards recommended by the literature (χ2 = 2855,107,
the Tucker-Lewis index (TLI). According to recommended lit-
DF = 378, p = .00, IFC = .926, TLI = .914, RMSEA = .082).
erature standards [38], RMSEA ≤ .08, CFI ≥ .95, and TLI ≥ .95
Indirect effects show that EI indirectly mediated [40] both
values are considered adequate and indicative of a good fit.
the effect of problems in social relations with other migrants
(indirect effect = .17, p = .01) and distance from origin (indi-
rect effect = −.06, p = .01), on AEB. On the other hand, EI
Results presented a complementary mediation [37], in the relationship
between citizenship and legality problems, and abnormal be-
Concerning the host city, 50.3% of the participants resided in haviors (indirect effect = −.07, p = .04; direct effect = −.35,
the Antofagasta region, 26% Arica region, and 23.7% in the p = .01), finally, perceived discrimination and rejection only
Metropolitan region. In this same line, it is essential to men- present a direct effect on AEB. The model did not show any
tion that 49.2% of the participants arrived in Chile between other significant effect from dimensions (1) differences with
2014 and 2019. Table 1 provides more background informa- the ex-group, and (2) family breakdown, on the rest of the
tion on the sociodemographic characteristics of the sample. endogenous variables (EI and AEB).

Fig. 1 A theoretical model of the mediating effect of ethnic identity on the relationship between acculturation stress and abnormal eating behaviors
 J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

Table 1 Sociodemographic
characteristics of the sample Total (976) Men (n=480) Women (n=496)

Age (M, SD) 35.4 (10.2) 34.9 35.9

Age range 18–89 18–72 18–89
Years living in Chile (M, SD) 4.3 (2.9) 4.3 (2.8) 4.3 (2.9)
Economic activity % % %
Worker 71.9 74.4 69.6
Retired 0.8 0.9 0.6
Workless 14.6 16.3 13
Homework 6.8 1.5 11.9
Student 3.7 4.0 3.2
Does not inform 2.3 2.9 1.7
Monthly income % % %
< US$ 135 12.9 12.9 12.9
US$ 136–405 38.1 32.5 43.5
US$ 406–812 38.2 40.4 36.3
US$ 812–1350 9 11.8 6.3
US$ 1351–2027 0.9 1.1 0.6
>US$ 2208 0.8 1.3 0.2
Educational level % % %
No studies 12.1 14 10.3
Elementary 25.2 25.3 24.9
High School 33.5 33.7 33.3
Technical studies 21.8 20.5 23
University studies 7.4 6.5 8.4

Note: M media, SD standard deviation

Discussion Possibly, greater problems of citizenship and legality

would increase EI related feelings and decrease the develop-
The objective of this research was to analyze the mediating ment of AEB, since Colombian migrants with citizenship and
effect of EI on the relationship between acculturation stress legality problems normally seek help and refuge among their
and AEB in Colombian migrants living in Chile, hypothesiz- peers, creating greater links with other Colombians and thus
ing that EI would mediate the inverse effects that the dimen- making it possible to share daily eating routines, which would
sions of acculturation stress would have on AEB. help them avoid AEB.
In the results, EI was only able to mediate the effect of Conversely, when there are no problems of citizenship and
citizenship and legality problems, problems with social rela- legality, there is also a low level of EI, and in turn, an increase
tions with other migrants, and distance from origin on AEB. in AEB. This could be due to the fact that the migrant with

Table 2 Presence or absence of

abnormal eating behavior N Yes No

Eat large amounts of food 959 (17) 32% 68%

Binges on food 954 (22) 13.3% 86.7%
Feels hungry all the time 959 (17) 16% 84%
Hides food 962 (14) 10% 90%
Eats to relieve anxiety 964 (12) 22.2% 77.8%
Gets angry when food or snacks are rationed 960 (16) 16% 84%
Buys own food or snacks, apart from the food purchased for one’s home. 963 (13) 32% 68%
Eats only out of a sense of shame about the amount or speed of consumption 962 (14) 12% 88%
Eats until feels full 960 (16) 44.1% 55.9%

Note: The missing cases are in parenthesis

J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

Table 3 Descriptive statistics and correlations between ethnic identity and stress by acculturation dimensions

Variables Mean (SD) EI DPR DWE PCL PSM DWO FB

1. Ethnic identity (EI) 3.46 (.59) 1

2. Discrimination and perceived rejection (DPR) 1.58 (1.23) −.12*
3. Differences with the out-group (DWE) 1.43 (1.13) −.15* .71*
4. Problems of citizenship and legality (PCL) 1.43 (1.27) −.11* .67* .61*
5. Problems of social relations with other migrants (PSM) 1.22 (1.10) −.19* .74* .73* .69*
6. Distance with origin (DWO) 2.10 (1.17) −.01 .63* .57* .48* .53*
7. Family breakdown (FB) 1.31 (1.36) −.13* .64* .65* .53* .64* .54* 1

Note: *p < .01

fewer legal or citizenship problems is less likely to seek help Colombian migrant has problems with other migrant compa-
from his or her peers, thus establishing fewer links with the triots, they are more likely to want to deny their identity, resulting
latter and more links with natives, often resulting in the con- in fewer shared spaces with their compatriots and fewer oppor-
sumption of convenience food [41]. This is also in line with tunities to create routine healthy eating environments.
the direct effect that problems of citizenship and legality have In terms of distance from origin, its effect on AEB was also
on AEB, in the sense that, not having the documentation re- mediated entirely by EI. The greater the distance from the
quired by the host country, migrants have greater problems in origin, the greater the feelings of EI, so it becomes less likely
finding work, resulting in poor economic solvency and con- that the migrant will function independently; on the contrary,
sequently limited access to food beyond the most economical. they seek to create social relationships with other migrants in
The effect of social relationship problems with other migrants order to meet their need to belong. In this way, these migrants
on AEB was mediated entirely by EI. This may be because if a are more likely to share with their compatriots, which often

Note: Outside the parentheses are the standardized direct effects, while in the parentheses are the standardized

indirect effects. Dotted lines represent non-significant paths. *p < .05. **p < .01.
Fig. 2 An estimated model of the mediating effect of ethnic identity on effects, while in the parentheses are the standardized indirect effects.
the relationship between acculturation stress and abnormal eating Dotted lines represent non-significant paths. *p < .05. **p < .01
behaviors. Note: Outside the parentheses are the standardized direct
 J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities

translates into joint social events or eating routines that func- Government of Chile—ANID (Ex-CONICYT)—who did not have any
interference in the writing or content of the text.
tion as protection against falling into AEB. In this line, it
should be noted that a high EI is associated with the accultur-
ation strategies of separation and integration [24], which re- Declarations
port better food and nutritional health indicators than those
Statement of Human Rights This study was performed in line with the
among the separated or marginalized [25], which could ex- principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the
plain their protective role. The role of EI could be fundamental Ethics Committee of Universidad Católica del Norte by resolution 011/
if we consider that post-migration eating practices are associ- 2018.
ated with worse nutritional health status [41, 42].
Informed Consent Informed consent was obtained from all individual
Future research could consider other variables that may be of
participants included in the study.
great importance in understanding the relationship between ac-
culturation stress, EI, and AEB in migrants such as length of Conflict of Interest The authors declare no competing interests.
residence [43], socio-economic status and schooling [44], and
neighborhood composition [45]. Similarly, broadening the anal-
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