L3 20/01
20 January 2021 13:02
Limit State of Collapse (Flexure):
Assumptions- (IS 456 2000: Clause 38.1)-
1. Plane sections normal to the axis of bending remain plane after bending.
2. The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression fibre is taken as
0.0035 in bending.
3. The relationship between the compressive stress and strain in concrete is assumed
to be parabolic.
4. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
5. The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress strain
curve for the type of steel used.
For the design purpose, the maximum stress in steel can be considered by applying a
PSF γm = 1.15.
Hence fy/1.15 = 0.87 fy. Both for mild steel and cold deformed steel
6. The maximum strain in tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be
less than- (0.87 fy/Es) + 0.002
Stress Block parameters
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b – Width of beam.
D – Overall depth of beam.
d - Effective depth of beam.
d’ – Effective cover to the reinforcement.
Ast – Area of steel reinforcement in tension.
Xu - Depth of N.A. from top fibre
C1, C2 - Compressive forces developed by parabolic and rectangular stress area respectively.
C – Total compressive force
X1, X2 – Depth of parabola and rectangle respectively.
T - Tensile force developed by tension steel.
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L4 25/01
25 January 2021 15:29
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L5 27/01
27 January 2021 12:23
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L6 28/01
28 January 2021 14:08
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L7 01/02
01 February 2021 10:08
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L8 02/02
02 February 2021 10:13
I.S. 456 2000: Clauses
1. Effective span of Beam or slab – (Clause 22.2-a)
i) For simply supported,
Effective span, leff = Clear span + Effective depth or C/C distance between supports.
whichever is less.
ii) For Cantilever,
leff = length to the face of the support + half the effective depth.
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Clause 23.2.
The deflection of a structure or part thereof shall not adversely affect the appearance or
efficiency of the structure or finishes or partitions. The deflection shall generally be limited to
the following:
a) The final deflection due to all loads including the effects of temperature, creep and
shrinkage and measured from the as-cast level of the supports of floors, roofs and all other
horizontal members, should not normally exceed span/250.
b) The deflection including the effects of temperature, creep and shrinkage occurring after
erection of partitions and the application of finishes should not normally exceed span/350 or
20 mm whichever is less.
Type of Structure Span/depth ratio (leff/d)
Cantilever 7
Simply supported 20
Continuous 26
Clause 23.2.1
b) For spans above 10 m, the values in (a) may be multiplied by 10/span in metres, except
for cantilever in which case deflection calculations should be made.
c) Depending on the area and the stress of steel for tension reinforcement, the values in (a)
or (b) shall be modified by multiplying with the modification factor obtained as per Fig. 4.
d) Depending on the area of compression reinforcement, the value of span to depth ratio be
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d) Depending on the area of compression reinforcement, the value of span to depth ratio be
further modified by multiplying with the modification factor obtained as per Fig. 5.
Modification Factor:
It is a variable number depending on area and grade of steel used in tension zone. Thus
depending on percentage of steel and grade of steel used, the values of span/depth ratio are
multiplied by modification factor.
e.g. effective depth required for s.s. span = leff/(20*M.F.)
Initially assume the percentage of steel as given below-
Grade of steel Percentage of steel
Fe 250 0.5 % to 0.9 %
Fe 415 0.25 % to 0.45 %
Fe 500 0.2 % to 0.35 %
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L9 03/02
03 February 2021 12:57
Design of Singly reinforced Beam
Given: i) Grades of steel & concrete (fck & fy)
ii) Span, loading or B.M.
iii) Width or width to depth ratio. Assume b = 230 mm.
Steps:
1. Assume depth of beam from deflection criterion. (dassu).
2. Calculate effective span. (leff).
3. Loading calculations- i) Live load
ii) Dead load (self wt. of beam)
iii) Total working load (w)
iv) Factored load (wu = 1.5 w)
v) Factored/design B.M. (Mu)
4. Required depth (dreq).
Mu = Mulim.
dreq should be less than dassu.
Else redesign the section.
5. Area of tension steel (Ast)
Assume bar diameter to be provided and
calculate number of bars.
6. Sketch.
1. A simply supported beam of clear span 5 m has to carry a superimposed load of
45 kN/m at service. The beam has bearing of 400 mm at each end. Design the
beam. Take M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel.
Given:
lc = 5 m, L.L = 45 kN/m, bs = 400 mm, fck = 20 N/mm2 , fy = 415 N/mm2
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L10 04/02
03 February 2021 15:26
1. A RC rectangular beam is simply supported over a clear span of 4m. The width of supporting columns is
300mm. It carries DL of 20 kN/m (inclusive of self-weight) and LL of 15 kN/m. Design midspan section for
flexure only. Check for deflection expected. Draw section details. Use M20 grade of concrete and Fe500 steel.
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3. Design a simply supported reinforced concrete rectangular beam whose centre to
centre distance between supports is 8 m and supported on brick walls of 300 mm
thickness. The beam is subjected to imposed load of 7.0 kN/m. M25. Fe 500.
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L11 08/02
08 February 2021 10:07
Doubly reinforced beam:
A reinforced concrete beam having steel on tension as well as on compression side is known
as Doubly reinforced beam.
The doubly reinforced sections are provided under the following circumstances-
1. When sectional dimensions are restricted due to architectural, structural or constructional
purpose and the moment of resistance of the singly reinforced section is insufficient.
2. The beam which acts as a flanged beam at midspan becomes a rectangular beam at
supports of a continuous beam. At support the tension occurs on top, making the flange
ineffective and therefore the section becomes inadequate to resist large peak value of
support moment.
3. Compression steel is provided sometimes to reduce the deflection, that is to increase
stiffness and also to increase the rotation capacity.
Analysis of doubly reinforced section-
A doubly reinforced section may be looked upon as made up of two sections, 1 and 2 given
below-
1. Section 1 - A singly reinforced section with concrete, resisting compression C1, balanced
by tensile force T1, provided by tension steel Ast1. The section is assumed to be resist part
moment Mu1, out of total moment Mu.
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2. Section 2- An imaginary section consisting of compression steel providing additional
compression forcee C2 which is balanced by tension force T2 given by tension steel Ast2.
This section is assumed to resist balance moment Mu2.
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Mu2 = Mu - Mu1
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L12 08/02
08 February 2021 11:46
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L13 09/02
09 February 2021 10:13
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L14 10/02
09 February 2021 10:13
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1. Design the reinforcement for a reinforced concrete beam 300 mm wide and 300 mm deep
using concrete of grade M 20 to resist an ultimate moment of 87 kNm using steel of
grade- a) Fe 415 and b) Fe500
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2. A rectangular beam of size 230 mm x 550 mm is subjected to a factored moment of
175 kNm. Calculate the reinforcement for flexure. Use M 25 grade concrete and Fe
415 grade steel.
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