ETE -22628 SNH/EE/YBP/Unit II

Unit II

Smart Grid

What is smart grid?

The smart grid is “an automated, widely distributed energy delivery network characterized by a
two-way flow of electricity and information, capable of monitoring and responding to changes in
everything from power plants to customer preferences to individual appliances.”

Definition by National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), USA: A modernized grid
that enables bidirectional flows of energy and uses two-way communication and control
capabilities that will lead to an array of new functionalities and applications.

Definition: Smart grid an electric grid that uses information and communication technology to
gather data and act on information about the behavior of suppliers and consumers in an
automated fashion. Hence Smart Grid is a generic label for the application of computer,
intelligence and networking abilities to the existing dumb electricity distribution systems.

Definition as per IEEE: Smart grid is a large ‘System of Systems’, where each functional domain
consists of three layers: (i) the power and energy layer, (ii) the communication layer, and (iii) the
IT/computer layer. The last two layers enable the infrastructure that makes the existing power
and energy infrastructure ‘smarter’

The basic concept of Smart Grid is to add monitoring, analysis, control, and communication
capabilities to the national electrical grid system. This in turn maximizes the output of
equipment, helps utilities lower costs power generation and transmission, improves the
reliability, decreases interruptions in supply and reduce fuel consumption. In simple way Smarter
Generation, Smarter transmission, Smarter Distribution, Smarter Operations and participation of
Customer Markets Service Providers .Overall objective of smart grid is Smart/best/optimal
utilization of all the available resources.

Need of Smart grid in present scenario-

The economic activity of any country supported by industrial growth, citizen‘s life style,
agriculture, trade and research is a drive for sustained energy demand more in the form of
electrical energy. The growth is phenomenal but inadequate to meet the demand. This is typical
situation in many countries.

• As per research reports the current energy path is unsustainable and the world will need at least
50% more energy in 2030 than it uses today. Since most of this energy is emanating from fossil
fuels the carbon emissions is also a concerned issue.

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• The inter dependence of economic activity, energy demand and Green-House Gas (GHG)
emissions has forced to an innovative approach towards energy generation, distribution and
utilization

. • The smart grid is a fall out of the growing concern on energy security, climate change and the
urgency to embrace in a big way the renewable form of energy sources.

• A need of power grid more efficient and reliable, improving safety and quality of supply in
accordance with the requirements of the digital age.

• Higher Penetration of renewable resources or distributed generation adopted in power sector

forced the major transformation in power grid.

• Higher operating efficiency and greater resiliency against attacks and natural disasters is
required for raising the reliability of supply.

• Presently the Indian Electricity System faces a number of challenges such as shortage of
power, power theft, and poor access to electricity in rural areas, huge losses in the grid,
inefficient power consumption, and poor reliability. To overcome these problems smart grid is
needed.

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Layout and Components of Smart grid

1. Grid domain
2. Customer’s domain
3. Service provider domain
4. Smart metering

Comparison of smart grid and Conventional Power grid

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Advantages of Smart Grid

1. Accommodates all generation plants as well as distributed generation with storage options.
Emerging Trends in Electrical Engineering Group (22628) Maharashtra State Board of Technical
Education 39

2. Integration of the resources – including renewable, small-scale combined heat and power, will
increase the value chain, from suppliers to marketers to customers.

3. Enhances the Reliability and power quality of supply.

4. Advanced control methods monitor essential components, enabling rapid diagnosis and
solutions to events that impact power quality, such as lightning, switching surges, line faults and
harmonic sources. 5. Enables participation of customers in the stability of the system by
modifying the way they use and purchase electricity, Real Time Monitoring of consumption,
Control of smart appliances, Building Automation

6. Enables new products, services and market.

7. Enhancing Power System Efficiency by asset Management and optimal utilizations,

Distribution Automation and Protection

8. Provides resiliency to disturbances, attacks and natural disasters

9. Power Quality by Self-Healing, Frequency Monitoring and Control, Load Forecasting,

Anticipation of Disturbances

10. Reduced operating costs for utilities along with increased efficiency and conservation.

11. Lower the greenhouse gas (GHG) and other emissions.

12. Intelligent devices can automatically adjust to changing conditions to prevent blackouts and
increase capacity.

13. Provision for adoption of development/ new technologies and markets.

14. Self-Healing A smart grid automatically detects and responds to routine problems and
quickly recovers if they occur, minimizing downtime and financial loss.

15. A smart grid gives all consumers industrial, commercial, and residential-visibility in to real-
time pricing, and affords them the opportunity to choose the volume of consumption and price
that best suits their needs.

16. Improves National Security, Improved Environmental Conditions, Improved Economic

Growth.

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Barriers and challenges of smart grid:

Among the issues as the followings:

- Lack of recognition or rewards on operational efficiency

- Customer concerns over privacy and transfer of data without their knowledge,

- Fair distribution of electricity demand

- Social concerns over information abuses

- People are concerns on extra control of electricity that government have

- Customers are concerns on computer security

- Malware and hacker threat

- Utilities hard to justify for investment on smart grid

- Problem over intermittent RE source – e.g. weather - Outdate and old existing electrical
facilities

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Some of the challenges faced presently by the Indian Electricity System are Shortage of
power, Power Theft, Poor access to electricity in rural areas, huge losses in the Grid, Inefficient
Power Consumption, and Poor reliability.

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Smart Grid activities in India

The potential demand by 2032 is estimated to be as high as 900 GW. India is also pursuing an
aggressive renewable generation program

The 'National Smart Grid Mission' was approved by the Indian Ministry of Power on 27 March
2015. Currently, it has allocated 14 smart grid pilot projects across India that will be
implemented by state-owned distribution utilities.

Smart Grid Vision for India is: “Transform the Indian power sector into a secure, adaptive,
sustainable and digitally enabled ecosystem that provides reliable and quality energy for all with
active participation of stakeholders.”

It is aligned to the Government’s overreaching policy of “Access, Availability and Affordability

of Quality Power for all”

The smart grid projects are:

1. CESC (Karnataka) – AMI, outage management, peak load management, micro-grid and
distributed generation with an initial 21,800 consumers in the Mysore Additional City area

2. Andhra Pradesh CPDCL – AMI, outage management, peak load management and power
quality management with 11,900 consumers in the Jeedimetla suburb of Hyderabad

3. Assam PDCL – AMI, outage management, peak load management, power quality
management and distributed generation with 15,000 consumers in the Guwahati area

4. Gujarat VCL – AMI, outage management, peak load management and power quality
management with 39,400 consumers in Naroda and Deesa

5. Maharashtra SEDCL – AMI and outage management with 25,600 consumers in Baramati in
the Pune district

6. Haryana BVN – AMI and peak load management with 30,500 consumers in Panipat City

7. Tripura SECL – AMI and peak load management with 46,000 consumers in Agartala

8. Himachal Pradesh SEB – AMI, outage management, peak load management and power
quality management with 650 industrial consumers in Nahan

9. Puducherry electricity department – AMI with 87,000 consumers

10.JVVNL (Rajasthan) – AMI and peak load management with 2,600 consumers in Jaipur

11.Chattisgarh SPDCL – AMI with 500 industrial consumers in Siltara

12.Punjab SPCL – outage management with 9,000 consumers in Amritsar

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13.Kerala SEB –AMI with 25,000 industrial consumers

14.West Bengal SEDCL – AMI and peak load management with 4,400 consumers in Siliguri
town in the Darjeeling district

Micro-Grid & Distributed Generation

Introduction of Micro-grid:

A micro grid is a small-scale power grid that can operate independently or collaboratively with
other small power grids. The practice of using micro grids is known as distributed, dispersed,
decentralized, district or embedded energy production (refer fig 2.4). Any small-scale, localized
power station that has its own generation and storage resources and definable boundaries can be
considered a micro grid. If the micro grid can be integrated with the area's main power grid, it is
often referred to as a hybrid micro grid. Micro grids are typically supported by generators or
renewable wind and solar energy resources and are often used to provide backup power or
supplement the main power grid during periods of heavy demand. A micro grid strategy that
integrates local wind or solar resources can provide redundancy for essential services and make
the main grid less susceptible to localized disaster.

Examples of micro grid:

Buildings equipped with electric generation capabilities through solar panels and contingency
generators can also generate energy and revenue during downtime. By joining together with
smart grid deployments, excess energy can be sold back to local micro grids to create revenue in
addition to providing resilience and capacity to local electrical grids.

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Definition as per IEEE: A micro-grid is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy
resources (DER) with clearly defined electrical boundaries that acts as a single controllable
entity with respect to the grid.

Difference between conventional grid and micro-grid:

The key differences between a Micro-grid and a conventional power plant are as follows: 
Micro-sources are of much smaller capacity with respect to the large generators in conventional
power plants.

 Power generated at distribution voltage can be directly fed to the utility distribution network.
 Micro-sources are normally installed close to the customers’ premises so that the
electrical/heat loads can be efficiently supplied with satisfactory voltage and frequency profile
and negligible line losses.

2.2.3 Difference between smart grid and micro-grid

Smart grids are those electrical systems that includes multiple smart generating systems, smart
transmission and distribution systems which are controlled through advanced technology like
telecommunication system.

.A micro-grid is an electrical system that includes multiple loads and distributed energy
resources that can be operated in parallel with the broader utility grid or small, independent
power system. A micro-grid is designed for a small scale usually for a certain community whiles
the smart grid is designed for the whole electrical system

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They do not have any difference on the energy sources utilized. Micro-grid increases reliability
with distributed generation, increases efficiency with reduced transmission length and easier
integration of alternative energy sources while A smart grid is a modernized electrical grid that
uses information and communications technology to gather and act on information, such as
information about the behaviors of suppliers and consumers, in an automated fashion to improve
the efficiency,

2.2.4 Need and Significance of Micro-grid

1. Enables the use of micro level power generating plants by using Renewable and alternative
fuels and thereby conserves the fossil fuels.

2. Optimum and efficient use of distribution energy systems.

3. Enables to enhance the use of energy storage systems which raises the reliability factor of the
grid.

4. Improves the power quality through the easy frequency and voltage regulation, smoothing the
output of renewable energy sources, providing backup power for the system.

5. Playing crucial role in optimization of cost of energy.

6. Minimizes the green gas production by adoption of renewable.

7. Enables to increase the efficiency of energy management system through demand side
management, energy conservation measures.

8. Enhances the power balance in the grid and improves the stability of the grid.

9. Micro-grids provide revenue by selling energy and services back to the grid.

2.2.5 Major Components of Micro-grids

a. Energy Supply System: For a micro-grid to provide energy supply to its connected loads
without help from the utility there must be a source of generation within the micro-grid. This
could be solar PV, wind, combustion turbines, reciprocating engines, cogeneration, or any other
form of generation. Distributed Generation (like renewable sources, small combustion turbines)

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Energy Storage Capacity: Energy storage that allows the micro-grid to absorb and store energy
that is produced when supply exceeds demand, and to return that energy when the demand
exceeds supply. (E.g. during evening hours when solar production is not available). Like
Batteries, thermal storage are used.

c. Demand Response and Efficiency Measures: More sophisticated micro-grids will incorporate
the ability to control end-uses in a manner that allows the generation and storage resources to be
optimized. For example, non-critical loads like lighting, hot water heaters, etc. can be
automatically shut off or turned down to help maintain energy flow to critical loads (e.g.
computer servers, life-support equipment, etc.), especially during times when variable renewable
generators are not available. As with storage, load control can also provide arbitrage
opportunities in power markets and/or where time-based rates are available.

d. Energy Management Systems: This system ties all of the components together and maintains
the real-time balance of generation and load. In a very simple micro-grid, a control system is
typically a governor control on a diesel generator. In more complex micro-grids, control systems
are made up of sophisticated software platforms, sensors, metering, and communication paths
designed for real-time optimization and control of the generators, energy storage, loads, and
utility interchange. During interconnected operation, the control system must be able to manage
the utility interface and communicate with the utility’s (or independent system operator's) system
operations center (including demand-response management systems) in near real-time. (Maintain
Balance and Stable Systems and Real-time response, Predictive and forecasting analysis).

e. Utility Grid Interconnection: A key design feature of a micro-grid includes the interface with
the utility’s power grid. During interconnected operation the micro-grid-utility interconnection
must be designed for safe and reliable parallel operation of the micro grid and the power system.
For reliability-based micro-grids where operation in an islanded mode is anticipated, the
interconnection must also include equipment that will allow for the seamless disconnection and
reconnection of the micro-grid and the power grid. This "resynchronization" of the two systems

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is not a trivial undertaking and failure to properly plan and design for this function can result in
the instability of both grids. Accordingly, islanding of micro-grids must be addressed at both
technical and policy levels.

d. Energy Management Systems: This system ties all of the components together and maintains
the real-time balance of generation and load. In a very simple micro-grid, a control system is
typically a governor control on a diesel generator.

e. Utility Grid Interconnection: A key design feature of a micro-grid includes the interface with
the utility’s power grid. During interconnected operation the micro-grid-utility interconnection
must be designed for safe and reliable parallel operation of the micro grid and the power system.
For reliability-based micro-grids where operation in an islanded mode is anticipated, the
interconnection must also include equipment that will allow for the seamless disconnection and
reconnection of the micro-grid and the power grid.

2.2.6 Operation of micro grid

1. Grid connected mode: In this mode micro-grid operate synchronously with the main grid.
During the grid-connected mode the micro-grid sources will be controlled to provide constant
real and reactive power injection.

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2. Islanded mode: Islanding is the condition in which a distributed generator (DG) continues to
power a location even though electrical grid power is no longer present. During the islanded
mode the sources will be controlled to provide constant voltage and frequency operation. A
simple example of islanding is a distribution feeder that has solar panels attached to it.

Types of Micro Grid:

i) Types of supply—AC , DC and Hybrid

ii) Source ----- Renewable (solar, wind, biomass, small hydro) , Diesel, Hybrid
iii) Scenario----Residential, Industrial and Commercial
iv) Size---- < 10 kW, between10kW to 1 MW, >1 MW

2.2.8 AC & DC Grid

In AC micro-grid, all Distributed Energy Resources and loads are connected to a common AC
bus. Block diagram of AC and DC micro-grid. DC generating units as well as energy storage will
be connected to the AC bus via DC-to-AC inverters, and further, AC-to DC rectifiers are used
for supplying DC loads.

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Lay out of DC micro-grid system is shown in figure Utilizing a DC bus in micro grid may
avoid many of the power conversion steps required when using an AC bus, potentially leading to
higher energy efficiency and improved economic operation.

2.2.9 Distributed Generation System:

Distributed generation is an approach that employs small-scale technologies to produce

electricity close to the end users of power. DG technologies often consist of modular and
sometimes renewable-energy generators and they offer a number of potential benefits. These
generations are based on the technologies, mainly renewable, including but not limited to, wind
turbines, photovoltaic cells, geothermal energy and micro hydro power plants

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Need and Significance of Distributed Generation in present Power Scenario

 Increase in power demand and depletion of fossil fuels:

 No high peak load shortages

 Reduced high transmission and distribution losses

 Linking remote and inaccessible areas

 Faster response to new power demands

Improved supply reliability and power management

Enhances electric market

➢ Layout smart substation:

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The secondary system of the smart substation adopts the “three-tier, two-network” structure.
The "three layers" refers to the station control layer, the bay layer, and the process layer. The
"two networks" refers to the station control layer network and the process layer network

Station Control Layer

i) The station control layer is composed of a host and operator station, a tele-control
communication device, a network communication record analysis
ii) The station control layer realizes the monitoring, control, alarming, and information
exchange of the entire station, including the bay level equipment and the process level
equipment, and collects and manages the related electrical quantity parameters,
protection signals, and operation information.

Bay / Spacer Layer:

i) The spacer layer is generally composed of secondary devices such as a system

measurement and control device, an energy metering device, a relay protection device,
and a centralized processing device.

Process Layer

i) The process level includes primary devices such as main transformers, switches, switches
current transformers and voltage transformers, as well as smart units and smart terminals
associated with these devices
ii) . Compared with conventional substations, the most obvious change in the structure of
smart substations is the emergence of the process layer.
iii) The process layer connects the primary device and the secondary device through
intelligent components, intelligent terminals and merging units.
iv) Its main role is to assist and support primary devices, electronic transformers, merging
units, intelligent terminals, on-line monitoring devices

Challenges in smart substations

i) Although the smart substation solves such issues as digital information sharing and
collecting equipment reconfigurations,
ii) Other functions, including discrete configuration and equipment integration invite high
construction costs.
iii) Also, there are different types of intelligent devices in large quantities, which lead to
many challenges in the commissioning, operation, and maintenance of those devices.
iv) For the above reasons, the popularization and application of the smart substation system
is hampered to some extent.

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