10 Dysfunctions 2023
10 Dysfunctions 2023
Product Management
& How Productboard Can Help
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Product management is a paradox.
We could keep going with these kinds of questions, but the answer to all of them would still be
the same: both! That’s the inherent complexity of product management. It’s the reason so many
companies struggle to understand the role, and even the companies who “totally get it” end up
struggling anyway.
The team at Prodify has worked with countless product teams over the years. As you might
imagine, they’ve seen hard-working product teams struggling all the time, even under the best
of conditions. While there are many things that can go wrong, we’ve identified the most
common dysfunctions in product management and named them so teams can talk about them
openly in the hopes of addressing them. If some of these seem familiar, then this is the eBook
for you.
We’ll dive into each of these dysfunctions so you can see if they are representative of the
challenges you’re dealing with in your company. You may find you’ve experienced most or even
all of them at one time or another. Rest assured that doesn’t signal incompetence or imply your
product team is deficient or unskilled. On the contrary, these issues are so prevalent that
almost everyone who has worked in product management will have struggled with them at one
point or another.
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Overview: The 10 Dysfunctions of Product Management
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About the Author
Rajesh Nerlikar is a Co-Founder and Principal Product Advisor/Coach at Prodify and
Rajesh has more than 18 years of product management experience. Over the past 4 years,
he’s advised and coached nearly 45 companies on product strategy, team development and
operations, from startup founders to growth stage product executives to entire enterprise
product teams.
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Dysfunction #1: The Hamster Wheel
anywhere. Similarly, sometimes product teams are almost entirely focused on output —
especially in terms of solutions and hitting deadlines — with little regard for the outcome.
When the goals of a product initiative are not discussed or agreed upon, teams often focus
on their output in terms of releases.
User research and product discovery can be time-consuming, and making adjustments based
on what you learn from these activities can also impact the project plan. Teams can sometimes
have the feeling that they don’t want to learn anything new because they don’t want it to
negatively impact their timeline. They know they’ll only be evaluated on whether they shipped
feature X on time — regardless of how it’s adopted by users.
Compare these two questions and you’ll see the difference in perspective:
What’s the use of shipping a feature on time if no customer wants or is willing to pay for it?
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How to overcome this dysfunction
To escape The Hamster Wheel, shift your focus from outputs to outcomes. Start thinking about
the value that’s associated with everything you build rather than how long it will take you to
accomplish them. Discuss the success metrics for each product initiative with your team and
stakeholders, and don’t start work until there’s alignment on how you’ll measure the value.
You can use Productboard to create an outcome-driven roadmap and emphasize what metrics
your proposed product changes are expected to move (rather than just when the releases are
planned), such as increasing user engagement or addressing critical user pain points, as
evidenced by increased NPS or lower churn.
You can even frame your feature ideas as brief verb-based phrases like “share data with boss”
rather than specific solution ideas like “PDF export” to reinforce an outcome-focused mentality.
BY OBJECTIVE
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The shift to outcome-focused thinking doesn’t end when you’re finished building. After the
release, be sure to evaluate whether the feature was successful or requires additional iterations
to really solve the user’s problem. Measure whether the changes delivered the expected
outcomes. You can make these types of quantitative measurements with a product analytics
solution like Amplitude or Mixpanel. With Productboard, you can also run qualitative surveys
with SatisMeter in case you chose sentimental KPIs to measure success for a release.
Simply embed a SatisMeter survey in your product interface and ask users to rate how valuable
they find the new feature or ask what else they wish feature X would help them do. Then
communicate the results to your team and stakeholders, along with any recommendations on
the next steps.
If the product team does end up deciding to do additional iterations on the feature that was
just shipped, having all those user insights on hand ensures they really do take all the users’
biggest issues into account.
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Dysfunction #2: The Counting House
In The Counting House, the focus is entirely on internal metrics with no regard for customer
success. Many product teams become obsessed with internal metrics like revenue growth,
monthly active users, and customer retention. No customer cares about any of these!
While measuring business outcomes is not a bad thing in and of itself, product teams can
quickly get led astray when they focus on lagging indicators that are too far removed from the
product (like the ones mentioned above).
The key is to find metrics that are closely related to user behavior within the product so the
product team has the ability to impact them directly. These metrics should be the best proxies
you can come up with for how much value you’re delivering to customers. If they’re not using
what you build, they’re probably not finding it valuable.
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How to overcome this dysfunction
Overcoming The Counting House requires returning again and again to how the work you’re
doing contributes value for customers. You can start with a major problem or opportunity and
outline a series of needs or tasks that ladder up to it. Then emphasize how your product
features or roadmap are helping customers tackle the problem or tasks.
To ensure you never lose sight of your customer’s needs, you can create a hierarchy in
Productboard that emulates how your customers would think about what you’re working on.
For example, you could use a Jobs-to-be-Done hierarchy to show how your work is helping
users get different jobs done, as seen in the example below.
Problems
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You could also implement Prodify’s concept of customer outcome pyramids by orienting
your hierarchy around metrics your customers would use to measure your product’s value,
like saving them time in completing a task or hitting a personal goal.
Key Outcome
Leading Indicators
This may not feel natural, but going through the process of identifying the customer value
proposition for each feature in your existing product/on your roadmap can force you to see
if your product is helping customers achieve the outcomes they care about.
If you can’t articulate why a feature is valuable, it begs the question of whether it’s needed.
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Dysfunction #3: The Ivory Tower
New product managers everywhere love the (possibly apocryphal) Henry Ford quote, “If I had
asked people what they wanted, they would have said faster horses.”
This quote is beloved by new product managers in particular because it makes them feel like
they have special insights into what their users really need that the users themselves aren’t
even aware of. They believe that this “special insight” is what makes a good product manager.
And if they believe this, interviewing users or reviewing feedback can feel like a waste of time,
so they lock themselves in The Ivory Tower.
In The Ivory Tower, product teams become so removed and so far above the customers that
they start thinking they know their customers better than the customers know themselves.
Consequently, they never really talk to their customers, which means they risk building a
product no one wants or needs. This is one of the most common and egregious dysfunctions.
This can also lead to mistrust between product management and other departments.
Product management feels like they’re building the right product (though they may not be),
so when the product doesn’t perform well, they assume the fault lies elsewhere.
The Ivory Tower is a trap. Stay on the ground with your customers.
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How to overcome this dysfunction
You can break out of The Ivory Tower by creating regular touchpoints with your customers.
Whenever possible, speak with them directly so you can learn more about their specific context
as well as their needs, desires, and pain points.
And don’t forget about all of the customer-facing teams you have at your company as well.
Sales, customer success, and customer support teams talk with customers and prospects
regularly — and many of your colleagues on these teams are just waiting for the opportunity
to share what they’re hearing with the product team.
Take it a step further by treating customer-facing teams as an extension of your user research
team. Consider how you might equip them with the same mindsets that your user researchers
have so they can provide even more valuable inputs as opposed to simply relaying feature
requests verbatim. For example, sales reps can get in the habit of asking follow-up questions
to understand the actual need or success metric a prospect or customer was trying to address
when they asked for a specific feature.
Productboard makes it as simple and seamless as possible for customer-facing teams to gather
and share these insights. All the context they’ve collected gets routed back to Productboard
and associated with the relevant feature ideas, so when it’s time to prioritize features or move
forward with designing and delivering them, it’ll be on hand to inform every product decision.
For example, you can:
Use the Insights board to identify trends around what users really need. Link user insights
directly to feature ideas to inform prioritization, design, and delivery decisions
Collect feedback and ideas directly from users via the Portal.
Define customer segments using company data from Salesforce (or your CRM of choice), as
well as product usage data from Amplitude or Mixpanel. This lets you zero in on your target
segment’s most pressing needs.
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Dysfunction #4: The Science Lab
In the science lab, product teams tend to focus all of their efforts on highly measurable yet
superficial improvements to their product. Collectively, these small-scale optimizations don’t
do much to innovate or add customer value.
For more and more companies, optimization has become the be-all and end-all rather than
When you focus too much on making incremental optimizations, you run the risk of missing out
on big new opportunities or new types of value that you could deliver to users (or even a new
user segment) that no existing metrics are tracking.
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How to overcome this dysfunction
It’s important to balance your roadmap between innovation, iteration, and operation. We also
suggest you do a top-down allocation exercise to get stakeholders aligned on what percentage
of product development capacity should go towards each category. The ratios likely depend on
the product lifecycle stage. Early on, it’s mostly innovation, then mostly iteration as you seek
product/market fit, and then mostly operation as you scale your product.
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In Productboard, you can define objectives aligned to each of these main categories of
investment. These essentially become separate workstreams, which you can visualize
separately on your roadmap. And the number of features worked on within each objective
(or the total amount of effort associated with all those features) can be evaluated after the
Last 3 months
Michael Polaris
Michael Polaris
Tom Laika
Tom Laika
Miro
These allocation reports help product operations and product leaders look back over any given
time frame and analyze how product teams have really been spending their time, e.g. what
percent of effort has been going into innovation vs. incremental enhancements that address
customers' pain points vs. operational needs like technical stability and bugs.
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Dysfunction #5: The Feature Factory
That’s the problem with being a feature factory: there’s always the next feature to build.
Product teams fall into this trap because they are led to believe by customers or internal
stakeholders that if they just had this one next feature, they will close incremental deals or
Sometimes, it works out that way, but more often than not, the team discovers that yet another
feature is also needed. At some point, you need to break the cycle.
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How to overcome this dysfunction
You have to create a reason to pause the factory and break the cycle. Your goal is to shift your
team away from making changes just for the sake of staying busy and to consider the impact
your work is having (or not).
Establishing a practice of pausing and reflecting on your product development initiatives can
help you break free from the "just keep building" mentality. Instead, focus on evaluating your
outcomes and determining if you are tackling the right issues and addressing them in a manner
that resonates with users.
Creating a process to pause and look back on the impact of your product development efforts
can help combat the common sentiment from “just keep building” to showcasing whether you’re
working on the right problems and solving them in a way that users and the business can appreciate.
Also, think about how to create a cadence to share these learnings with your stakeholders so they
better understand why the “factory is shut down” and that constant output isn’t the only path to
product success.
There are a few ways Productboard can help you achieve this:
Use Productboard to send updates to everyone who requested a feature to invite them to
take part in product discovery and help craft the optimal solution, or to notify them when it’s
live, so they can be the first to try it and provide feedback.
Use Smart Topic detection and your Insights trends dashboard to track how feedback trends
shift once a new feature is delivered. Has your intervention successfully addressed the need?
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Trends otes
N Filter Search notes... ast 90 days
L
My product area 48 ,
Sharing 10 0%
Portal feedback 645
Trending features Trending segments
Mid-market 82
Unassigned 120 Multi-player editing 185 + 40% Customers – upmarket 185 + 40%
Unprocessed 670 Manage teams 164 + 38% ESB 164 + 38% Wh at is a Topic?
Followed notes 10 Understand patterns in your feedb
Advanced permissions 87 + 24% Advanced permissions 87 + 24%
groups that reflect what your custo
All notes 9801
User management 56 + 24% Customers – downmarket 56 0% time reading through every single
automation 90 + 78%
Use Smart
onboardingTopic Detection and your Insights
78 trends
+ 62% dashboard to track how feedback trends shift once a new
feature
collabis delivered. This helps you keep a pulse
oration 67 +on
11% whether your initiatives successfully addressed user needs.
integrations 51 + 78%
analytics 40 + 5%
churn 24 - 52%
research 20 + 78%
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Dysfunction #6: The Business School
Business school is where you go to analyze business but not actually do business.
Similarly, product teams can get so wrapped up in over-analyzing everything that they
Some product managers will meticulously calculate return on investment (ROI) analyses to
decide which features to pursue. With this approach, no product decisions are being made
at all. Typically, it’s simply the lowest-effort improvements that end up above the cutline.
To make strategic decisions, you must consider the customers and the larger business strategy,
not just mathematically calculated ROIs.
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How to overcome this dysfunction
Keep in mind that while frameworks and formulas can be your friends, they won’t help you
if you apply them in a way that’s completely divorced from your company’s business goals.
To avoid the trap of building things just because they came out on top of your calculation,
make sure you’re always guided by your company’s strategy.
With Productboard, you can use objectives to help you prioritize and plan your roadmap.
You have the ability to quickly score features based on how well they support each objective
and filter your board to surface the most strategically relevant feature ideas. This ensures
you’re focusing on the features that are most likely to make an impact on your business,
without having to write long business cases that are likely wrong and never read.
Search...
You can also create allocation reports to evaluate what your product teams are really spending
their time on and whether it aligns with your overall business goals. This will help you to assign
resources for growth initiatives, customer retention, and driving down debt. This report lets you
track your Return on Investment across every strategic area and align your priorities against
people resources.
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Dysfunction #7: The Roller Coaster
A roller coaster is all about fast thrills and wild, whiplashing movements. In product
management, investors and executives like to see immediate results, and when those
results don’t materialize right away, they can be tempted to pivot suddenly, creating
roller-coaster whiplash.
This is demoralizing for the team because it often means that much of what they’re working
on doesn’t end up seeing the light of day, and it’s also exhausting to be constantly getting up
to speed on new domains (user needs, customer segments, business goals, etc.) whenever
you context switch into a new initiative.
You need to be patient and provide sufficient opportunities for success. Otherwise, you’ll get
false negatives, where a feature that is truly a good idea fails because there wasn’t time to
properly execute it. Daisy-chained together, these false negatives result in a headache-inducing
roller coaster ride for product development that ends up in exactly the same place it started.
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How to overcome this dysfunction
Combating this dysfunction requires shifting the organization’s mindset and discipline (as well
as that of leadership and stakeholders). Just like you don’t interrupt a team in the middle of a
sprint, you shouldn’t overhaul priorities in the middle of a work cycle. Depending on the
maturity of your organization, those cycles could be six weeks long, quarterly, or every two
quarters. Work towards setting your priorities and roadmap and sticking to it. Adjustments will
be made to accommodate what you learn along the way, but this is different from adopting an
entirely new set of priorities.
Within Productboard, you can define outcome-driven roadmaps that clearly show your
objectives and the timelines over which you’ll be addressing them. These are shared with all
stakeholders and they’re a public way of committing to focusing on specific objectives over a
given timeframe. It helps reinforce the mindset shift because the roadmap creates social
accountability for actually delivering on those objectives. Paired with a process for reviewing
and making roadmap updates, it makes it harder for leadership to pivot to building major new
features for a big customer next week.
BY OBJECTIVE
Within Productboard, you can define outcome-driven roadmaps that clearly show your objectives and the
timelines over which you’ll be addressing them.
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If you have customers or other external stakeholders who are invested in your roadmap,
Productboard allows you to share a link or embed the roadmap in a website or application
where your customers spend their time. This can help you get the customer buy-in you need
to avoid rapid pivots from internal stakeholders.
The Portal is another Productboard tool that allows you to share your plans with customers.
By sharing your plans externally, you’re keeping your customers informed, but also creating
accountability and motivation to stick to your plans.
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Dysfunction #8: The Bridge to Nowhere
Imagine if a team of engineers designed and constructed a bridge over a river to connect a city
to a wilderness area where another city might someday exist. They invest a tremendous
amount of time, money, and resources, and then the second city never gets built. What a waste!
That’s what happens with many product teams. They get excited about developing the
infrastructure to get the product just right and then end up overengineering a product,
trying to account for future needs that aren’t relevant — and may never be.
While you want to strive for building technical foundations that will last, your focus should be
on validating that you’re solving the right need in the right way before making substantial
investments in the underlying technology.
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How to overcome this dysfunction
You can keep your engineers grounded in reality by providing them with plenty of context. Let
them know what problems or pain points a particular feature is trying to address as well as any
of the work you’ve done to identify risks and make your hypotheses.
In Productboard, you can provide more context to developers in a feature's details and then
easily push it all into Jira/ADO/GitHub/etc. via our two-way integration. This makes it seamless
to use both systems in parallel, saving product managers time, driving product/engineering
alignment, and providing valuable context to engineers.
As Caleb Gawne, Head of Product at Rose Rocket puts it: “With Jira we get the 500-foot view.
With Productboard we get the 10,000-foot view. Both are important, and Productboard’s Jira
integration has been integral for keeping everything in sync.”
This context helps developers understand how the current work fits into the big picture, what the
unknowns/risks/hypotheses are, and what's coming next. They can also easily navigate back to
Productboard for even more context. All this helps them avoid developing with blinders on and
over-optimizing without taking big-picture product considerations, business goals, and customer
needs into account.
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Dysfunction #9: The Negotiating Table
Sometimes, product meetings can turn into a negotiating table as the product manager tries to
give everyone what they want.
Product managers often believe that success means keeping all of their stakeholders happy —
or, at least, minimizing their unhappiness — but when teams and individuals throughout the
organization collectively want more than engineering can potentially deliver, this becomes
practically impossible.
It’s not your job to give everyone what they want. Your job is to give customers what they want
(or maybe even just your target customer… and maybe something they didn’t even know they
wanted). When you prioritize the right things for the customer, you help every team, whether
those teams realize it or not.
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How to overcome this dysfunction
One simple way to ensure everyone understands why you might need to say no to some ideas/
requests vs. others is to have a transparent prioritization framework. Make sure everyone in your
organization understands how and why you make the decisions you do.
With Productboard, you can easily share select views of your prioritization data and roadmaps
with various groups of stakeholders. Productboard’s drivers and prioritization scores can help
you show the value vs. effort tradeoff that led to your decision on whether to include something
in the roadmap or not. This way, viewers of the roadmap can drill into the scoring to understand
where their items stand against other ideas they’re probably unaware of.
Creating this level of transparency opens up the “black box” of product management and helps
stakeholders appreciate the standardized data-driven processes your team is using to make
difficult prioritization decisions and tradeoffs. Even if a stakeholder isn’t getting what they want,
they understand why and what is being worked on in its place.
The end result is less mistrust around the organization — with fewer colleagues questioning
what’s on the product roadmap. And when more internal stakeholders are bought into the
product direction, this ends up getting communicated externally as well, to prospects,
customers, and partners.
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Dysfunction #10: The Throne Room
— whipsaw decision-making
In these situations, the CEO typically fails to drive alignment around the product direction, so
no one really understands what they’re doing or why.
It’s an impossible situation for a product team that prevents the scaling of the company beyond a
single decision-maker. For the most effective product management, the product team needs the
ability to call their own shots, operating as what Marty Cagan calls an “empowered product team.”
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How to overcome this dysfunction
This dysfunction is challenging because you must become your monarch’s partner — after all,
they are a leader in your organization. One thing that can help is to show them the detrimental
impact of the “whiplash” caused by their whims. Maybe you can point out how a feature was left
to wither because the time to iterate was taken away to work on something new. Or maybe you
can show the impact on morale or retention due to all the context switching. If nothing else, maybe
you can quantify how often they’re blowing up the plans and creating angst amongst the team.
Another thing you can do is to establish a more clear process for how ideas are evaluated, even
theirs. Outline a clear plan of easy discovery activities and execute them together to show that
you’ve considered their ideas. Gather evidence for your point of view by diligently collecting
data, arming yourself with customer feedback, and being systematic about product processes.
Start defining what success looks like and outline specific metrics that an idea should achieve.
Do these things and you’ll shift the culture (and executive behaviors) away from whipsaw
decision-making.
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About Prodify
If you like what you’ve read, please reach out to see if we might be able to help you and your
company become more product-driven through a variety of services:
Executive / Team Coaching: Weekly or bi-weekly 1:1 calls to help you build confidence in
your product vision / strategy, prioritization, team and operations decisions. We also coach
product team leads and PMs
Strategic Advising / Workshops: Facilitated discussions to align product leaders, teams and
stakeholders on your product or portfolio’s customer journey vision, a strategic plan to realize
the vision, and the roadmap
Consulting: Filling a part-time role at the product exec, team lead or Sr PM level, producing
the appropriate deliverables and making relevant decisions. We can also help refine your
product operations
Hiring: Helping you decide on the level, experience and responsibilities for your next hire.
We can help plan and run the entire recruiting process, from screening to offer acceptance
to onboarding
Training: Offering a self-paced video course on how to lead like a world-class CPO. You’ll learn
how to lead and develop your team to build what matters for your customers and business.
If you like what you’ve read, please reach out to see if we might be able to help you and your
company become more product-driven through a variety of services:
You can learn more about our team, our clients, our services and our latest thoughts on product
vision, strategy, team and operations at https://www.prodify.group.
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About Productboard
Productboard is a customer-centric product management platform that helps organizations
get the right products to market, faster. Over 5,400 companies, including Microsoft, Zoom,
1-800-Contacts, and UiPath, use Productboard to understand what users need, prioritize
what to build next, and rally everyone around their roadmap. With offices in San Francisco,
Prague, and Vancouver, Productboard is backed by leading investors like Dragoneer
Investment Group, Tiger Global Management, Index Ventures, Kleiner Perkins, Sequoia
Capital, Bessemer Venture Partners, and Credo Ventures.
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