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KNS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

BENGALURU-64
ENGINEERING PHYSICS SOLVED
NUMERICALS
AS PER 22 SCHEME

MODULE 1 - OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES (For MECH AND CIVIL STREAM ONLY)
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SPRING CONSTANT:
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1. A man weighing 600 N steps on a spring scale machine. The spring in the machine is compressed
by 1 cm. Find the force constant of the spring.
Data: W=600 N, x=0.01 m.
To find k =?
Solution:

2. A mass of 5 kg is suspended from the free end of a spring. When set for vertical oscillations, the
system executes 40 oscillations in 100 seconds. Calculate the force constant of the spring.
Solution: (Feb 2020- 18S)
Period T =

We have
Squaring & simplifying we have,

3. A mass 0.5 kg causes an extension 0.03m in a spring & the system le set for oscillations.
Find (i) Force constant k of the spring, (ii) Angular frequency, and
(iii) Period T of the resulting oscillation. (Jan 2019 & July 2021 – 18S)
Data: x = -0.03 m, m=0.5kg
To find: k, , & T.
Solution: Force acting F = mg = 0.5 x 9.8 N
Restoring force, F = -4.9 N

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4. An electric motor weighing 50 kg is mounted on 4 springs each of which has a spring constant
2x103 N/m. The motor moves only in vertical direction. Find the natural frequency of the system.
Data: m= 50 kg on 4 springs, N/m
To find: f=?

5. A spring undergoes an extension of 5cm for a load of 50gm. Find its frequency of oscillation, if it is
set for vertical oscillations with a load of 200gm, attached to is bottom. Ignore the mass of the
spring.
Data: Extension of the spring x = 5x10-2m
Load acting during extension, M = 50X10-3 kg
Load acting during extension, m = 200X10-3 kg
To find: Frequency of oscillation of the spring, v =?
Solution: Force constant
The wire executes oscillations with a frequency equal to its natural frequency in the absence of any
external force.

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6. A car has a spring system that supports the in-built mass 1000 kg. When a person with a weight
980 N sits at the C of G, the spring system sinks by 2.8 cm. When the car hits a bump, it starts
oscillating vertically. Find the period and frequency of oscillation.
Data: x = -0.028m, inbuilt mass of car m = 1000kg
Person’s weight W = 980N
To find: T and f When the person sits, the weight acting is 980 N.
We have,

Total mass = 1000+ 100 = 1100 kg.

7. A car has a spring system that supports the in-built mass 1000 kg. When a person with a weight
980 N sits at the C of G, the spring system sinks by 2.8 cm. When the car hits a bump, it starts
oscillating vertically. Find the period and frequency of oscillation.
Data: x = -0.028m, inbuilt mass of car m = 1000kg
Person’s weight W = 980N
To find: T and f when the person sits, the weight acting is 980 N.
We have,

Total mass = 1000+ 100 = 1100 kg.

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8. Calculate the resonance frequency for a simple pendulum of length 1m. (Jan 2020 – 18S)
Data: Length of the simple pendulum, L = 1m
To find: Resonance frequency of oscillation, v =?
Solution:
A simple pendulum set for oscillation, oscillates with a period.

9. Evaluate the resonance frequency of a spring of force constant 1974 N/m, carrying of mass of 2kg.
Data: Force constant, k = 1974 N/m (Jan 2021 & Feb 2022- 18S)
Mass suspended m = 2kg
To find:
Resonance frequency v = ?
Solution: We know that resonance frequency of any system is equal to its natural frequency of
oscillation.
But the natural frequency,

10. An automobile of mass 2000 kg is supported by 4 equal shock absorbing springs. It executes
underdamped oscillations (which is a bad design of course) of period 0.8second when bumped.
Evaluate the force constant of the shock absorber Also, evaluate the period of oscillation when
four persons ach of weight 60 kg board the automobile.
Data: Mass of the automobile, M = 2000 kg.
No. of supporting shock absorbers, n = 4.
Period of oscillation, T1, = 0.8 second.
Mass of each person getting into the automobile, M’= 60 kg
No. of persons, N=4.
To find: The force constant of the absorber, k =?
The period of oscillation after 4 people get into the automobile, T2 =?
Solution:
Mass supported by each of the springs,

We have, equation for natural frequency of oscillation,

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But

Since 4 persons each of mass 60 kg are added to the automobile, extra mass supported by each shock
absorber 60 kg.
Total mass supported by each shock absorber = 560 kg.

New period of oscillation T2 is,

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OSCILLATONS:
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11. A free particle is executing simple harmonic motion in a straight line. The maximum velocity it
attains during any oscillation is 62.8m/s. find the frequency of the oscillation, if its amplitude is
0.5m. (July 2021-18S)
Data: Maximum velocity during oscillation,
Amplitude , a = 0.5m
To find: Frequency of the oscillation, v =?
Solution:

i.e
The particle attains maximum velocity while passing through its equilibrium position, at which the time
and displacement is zero ( i.e., x = 0)

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12. A free particle is executing simple harmonic motion in a straight line with a period of 25 seconds, 5
seconds after it has crossed the equilibrium point, the velocity is found to be 0.7m/s. find its
displacement at the end of 10 seconds and also the amplitude of oscillation. (Jan 2019 & July
2022 – 18S)
Data: Period of oscillation, T = 25 sec,
Velocity, v1 = 0.7m/s at time t1 = 5sec after crossing equilibrium position.
To Find: Amplitude of oscillation, a =?
Displacement x, at time t2 = 10 sec
Solution:
We have the equation for displacement,

13. A 20gm oscillator with natural angular frequency 10 rad/second is vibrating in damping medium.
The damping force is proportional to the velocity of the vibrator. If the damping coefficient is 0.17,
how does the oscillator decay? (July 2019,Aug 2020, July 22 –
18S)
Data: Mass of the oscillator, m = 20gm = 20x10-3kg
Natural angular frequency,

To find: To identify the case under which the decay of oscillations takes place.
Solution: The equation of motion for damped oscillation is,

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Let
Where
We know that, the nature of damping is decided by comparing the values of b2 and ω2.
Now,

14. A mass of 2 kg suspended by a spring of force constant 51.26 N/m is executing damped simple
harmonic oscillations with damping of 5 kg/s. Identify whether it is the case of underdamping or
of over damping. Also estimate the value of damping required for the oscillations to be critically
damped (Ignore the mass of the spring). (July - 2022- 21S)
Data: Mass suspended m = 2 kg.
Force constant of the spring, k = 51.26 N/m.
Damping factor, r = 5 kg/s
To find:
a) To identify whether it is the case of underdamping or of over damping.
b) Value of r, required for critical damping?
Solution: The natural frequency of oscillations is given by,

Now,
……………………………… (2)
Comparing equation (1) and (2), we notice that,
Hence it is the case of underdamping.
For critical damping,

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15. Calculate the peak amplitude of vibration of a system whose natural frequency is 1000Hz when it
oscillates in a resistive medium for which the value of damping/unit mass is 0.008rad/s under the
action of external periodic force /unit mass of amplitude 5N/Kg, with tunable frequency.
Data: Natural frequency, v = 1000Hz, (Feb 2022 -21S)
Amplitude of the force unit mass, F/m = 5 N/kg,
Damping coefficient, r/m == 0.008 rad/s.
To find: Maximum amplitude of vibration,
Solution:

We have the equation for amplitude,

Maximum amplitude is achieved when the frequency p of the applied force is tuned to match the natural
frequency ω of the system.

16. A vibrating system of natural frequency 500 Cycles/ second, is forced to vibrate with a periodic
force/unit mass of amplitude 100x10-5 Newton/kg in the presence of a damping/ unit mass of
0.01x10-3 rad/s. Calculate the maximum amplitude of vibration of the system. (Jan 2021 – 18S)
Data:
Natural frequency, v = 500 cycles/second,
Amplitude of the force unit mass, F/m = 100x10-5 N/kg,
Damping coefficient, r/m == 0.01 x 10-3 rad/s.
To find: Maximum amplitude of vibration,

Solution:
The system attains maximum amplitude when it vibrates as its natural frequency for which the equation
is,
Where
And, the natural (angular) frequency,

0.318m

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SHOCK WAVES:
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1. The distance between the two pressure sensors in a shock tube is 150 mm. The time taken by a
shock wave to travel this distance is 0.3 ms. If the velocity of sound under the same condition is
340 ms-¹. Find the Mach number of the shock.
Data:
Distance between the two pressure sensors in a shock tube, d = 150 mm i.e. ., d = 150x10-3m
Time taken by a shock wave to travel this distance t= 0.3 milliseconds or t = 0.3x10-3sec
Velocity of sound, a = 340ms-1
Speed of shock waves v =
Mach number

2. The distance between two pressure sensors in a shock tube is 100 mm. The time taken by a shock
wave to travel this distance is 200 µs. If the velocity of sound under the same conditions is 340
m/s, find the Mach number of the shock wave. Ans: M
= 1.47
3. In a Reddy tube experiment, it was found that, the time taken to travel between the two sensors is
195µs. If the distance between the two sensors is 100 mm, find the Mach number. Ans: M=1.51.
4. The distance between the two pressure sensors in shock tube 100 mm. The time taken by a shock
wave to travel this distance is 100 microsecond. If the velocity of sound under the same conditions
is 340ms-1. Find the Mach number of the shock wave. Ans: M 1.51

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MODULE 2 –QUANTUM MECHANICS (FOR CSE AND ECE STREAM ONLY)

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DE-BROGLIE WAVELENGTH:
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1. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength associated with neutron of mass 1.674x10-27 kg moving with
one tenth part of the velocity of light. (DEC 2018 – 17S)
Data: Mass of the neutron: 1.674x10-27 kg,
Velocity of light, c =
Velocity of neutron
To Find: De Broglie wavelength,
Solution: De Broglie wavelength,

2. A particle of mass 0.5 MeV/c2 has kinetic energy 100eV. Find its de-Broglie wavelength.
Data: Mass of the particle m = 0.5 MeV/c2, [Dec. 2014 | Jan 2018, Dec 2019 | Feb 22 – 18S].
Kinetic energy E = 100 x 1.609 x 10-19 J
Velocity of light, c =
Velocity of neutron
To find: De Broglie wavelength,
Solution: De Broglie wavelength,
We have, mass of the particle, m = =

3. Evaluate De Broglie Wavelength of helium nucleus that is accelerated through 500V. (Feb.22 – 21S)
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Data: Mass of proton = mass of neutron = 1.67x10-27kg.

Potential difference = 500V
To Find: De Broglie wavelength, λ=?
Solution: A Helium nucleus has 2 protons and 2 neutrons.

But, for a charge of q accelerated through a potential V, the energy is given by E = qV(assuming its initial
velocity as zero).

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HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINITY PRINCIPLES:
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4. The inherent uncertainty in the measurement of time spent by Iridium 191 nuclei in the excited
state is found to be 1.4 ×10-10 sec. estimate the uncertainty that result in its energy inthe excited state.
Data: (Sep 20 | Feb 21– 18S)
To find: Uncertainty in energy
By Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle,

5. A spectral line of Wavelength 5461 has a width of 10-4 . Evaluate the minimum time spent by the
electron in the upper energy state. (Aug 22 – 18S)
Data: wavelength of the spectral line
Width of the spectral lines (also means uncertainty in the wavelength value),

,
We have the equation

……………………………(1)
As per the uncertainty principle.
Or ………………………….(2)
Sing eqn(1) , the right side of the above inequality can be written as,
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Thus, Using the above in the inequality (2), we have,

6. The position and momentum of an electron with energy 0.5 KeV are determined. What is the minimum
percentage of uncertainty in its momentum, if the uncertainty in the measurement of its position is 0.5 .
Data: (Feb.21-21S)
Energy of electron,
Maximum uncertainty in position,
To find:
Minimum percentage uncertainty in momentum =?
Solution:

We have the equation for momentum,

Percentage uncertainty in momentum

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APPLICATION OF SCHROEDINGER WAVE EQUATION:
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7. An electron bound in a one dimensional potential well of width , but infinite well height. Find its
energy values in the ground state and in the first two excites states. (Jan.2019 | July2019 | July
2021– 18S)
Data: Width of the potential well,
To find:

Solution: The energy of the electron in a one dimensional infinite potential well is given by,

Where, the values of E that we get for n=1, 2 and 3 correspond respectively to

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The values of Energy of the electron in the ground and the first two excited states are respectively to

8. An electron bound in a one dimensional potential well of height and width of . Calculate energy
required for the ground state and its first two excites states. (Aug.2020 – 18S, July.2022 -21S)
NOTE: SOLVE AS PER PROBLEM NO.07

MODULE 3 – LASERS AND OPTICAL FIBE-(FOR CIVIL, CSE AND ECE STREAM)

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LASER:
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1. A pulsed laser emits photon of wavelength 780nm with 20mW average power/pulse. Calculate the
number of photons contained in each pulse if the pulseduration is 10 ns. [Jan 2019]
Data: Wavelength of photon, λ = 780nm
Power of each pulse
Duration of Each Pulse,
To find: No. of photons in each pulse, N=?
Solution: wavelength of photon, λ = 780nm

If N is the number of photons (each of energy ) in the pulse, then

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2. The average output of laser source emitting a laser beam of wavelength 632.8nm is 5Mw. Find the
number of photons emitted per second by the laser source. (July 2019 | Aug 2021 |Feb 2022 –
18S)
Data : Wavelength of laser, λ = 632.8nm
Power of each pulse
To find : No. of photons in each pulse, N=?
Solution: we have (

3. The ratio of population of two energy levels is 1.059x10-30. Find the wavelength of light emitted by
spontaneous emission at 330K. (Jan.2021 | July.2022 -18S)
Data: The ratio of population, (N2/N1) = 1.059x10-30
Ambient temperature, T = 330K
To find : Wavelength of light emitted,, λ = ?
Solution: we have Boltzmann factor,
By Taking natural log on both sides, we have

4. A pulse from laser with power 1mW lasts for 10nS, if the number of photons emitted per pulse is
3.491x107. Calculate the wavelength of the laser. ( Feb 2022 – 18S)
Data: Power per pulse
No. of photons in each pulse, N
Duration of Each Pulse,
To find: wavelength of laser, λ =?
Solution: (

Rearranging this, we get

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5. How many photons of yellow light of wavelength 5500x10-10m constitutes 1.5J of energy.
Data: (July 2022 – 18S)
Energy, E = 1.5J
To find : No of photons n =?
Solution:

6. A He-Ne laser is emitting a beam with an average power of 4.5mW. Find the number of photons
emitted per second by the laser. The wavelength of the light is 6328Å.
(Refer problem no.2 same type)

7. A Ruby laser a pulse of 20ns duration with average power per pulse being 100KW. If the number
of photons in each pulse is Calculate the wavelength of photons.
(Refer problem No.4 same type)

8. Find the ratio of population of two energy levels in a laser if the transition between them
produced a wavelength of 694.3nm. Assume the ambient temperature is 27°C.
Data: wavelength of light emitted,, λ = 694.3nm
Ambient temperature, T = 27ºC or (27+273) = 300K
To find: The ratio of population, (N2/N1) =?
Solution: we have Boltzmann factor, (note: use [shift + In] for in calculator)

9. A laser beam at thermal equilibrium temperature 300K has two energy levels with a wavelength
separation of 1µm. find the ratio of population densities of the upper and lower levels.
(Jan 2018-17S)
(Refer problem no.8 same type)

10. A semiconductor has a peak emission radiation of wavelength 0f 1.24µm. what is the band gap
energy value in eV?
Data: wavelength of light emitted,, λ = 1.24µm
To find : Band gap value
Solution: Band gap value

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OPTICAL FIBER:
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11. The refractive indices of core and cladding are 1.50 and 1.48 respectively in an opticalfiber.
Find the numerical aperture and angle of acceptance. [Jan 2019]
Data:

To find: Numerical aperture, N.A=? and Angle of acceptance, θ =?

Solution:

12. Calculate the refractive indices of core and cladding of a given optical fiber with numerical
aperture of 0.22 and fractional index change variation 0.012. (July 2022 –
21S)
Data : Numerical Aperture , NA=0.22
Fractional index change,
To find:

Solution:

13. The acceptance angle of an optical fiber is 30° when kept in an air find the angle of acceptance
when it is in a medium of refractive index 1.33 (Dec 2017 |
17S)
Data:

To find: Angle of acceptance while the fiber is in the refracting medium,

Solution: we have the equation, ………………………………….(1)

When the surrounding medium is air, then

………………..(2)

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When the surrounding medium is of the refractive index 1.33, let be the acceptance angle.

Now eqn(1) becomes,

……………………(3)

14. Calculate the V-number for a fiber of core of diameter 40μm and with refractive indices of 1.55
and 1.50 respectively for core and cladding. When the wavelength of the propagating wave is
1400nm. Also calculate the number of modes that the fiber can support for propagation. Assume
that the fiber is in air. (July
2019 – 18S)
Data:

To find: Numerical aperture, N.A=? and V-number , V=?

Solution:

15. Estimate the attenuation in an optical fiber of length light 500m when a light signal of power
100mW emerges out of fiber with a power 90 mW. (Jan 2020 | Aug 2021 |Feb 2022 –
18S)
Data:

To find: =?
Solution: dB/km

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16. Calculate the number of modes that can propagate inside an optical fiber with the given data
below. Refractive of index of core is 1.53 and cladding is 1.50. Radius of core is 50μm. Wavelength
of the light propagating through the optical fiber is 1μm. (Jan.2021
-18S)
Data:

To find: Numerical aperture, N.A=? And V-number, V=?

Solution:

17. The attenuation of light in an optical fiber is 3.6 dB/km, what fraction of its initialintensity remains
after: i) 1 km ii) 3km? [Dec 2014 | July.2022 -18S]
Data: =3.6 dB/km
To find: (i)
(ii)
Solution: we have,
Where, L the length of the fiber is expressed in km.

18. Calculate the NA, Relative RI, V number and the number of modes in an optical fiber of core
diameter of 50μm and the core and cladding R.I are 1.41 and 1.40 respectively. Given wavelength
of source 820nm. (Feb 2022
– 18S)
Data:
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To find: Numerical aperture, N.A=? and V-number , V=?

Solution:

(Refer problem no.16 same type)

MODULE 4 – ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METALS (

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FERMI ENERGY:
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1. Calculate the Fermi velocity and the mean free path for the conduction electrons in silver, given that its
Fermi energy is 5.5 eV and the relaxation time for electrons is
Data: (Jan 2018 -17S)

To find:

Solution: we have,

Fermi velocity and mean free path for electrons in silver have the values
and i.e 518Å.

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2. Find the temperature of which there is 1% probability that a state with an energy 0.5eV above the Fermi
energy is occupied. (Jan 2019 -18S | July 2022 – 21S)
Data:
Energy above
To find :
Solution: we have

Substitute the above value, we have

Taking natural log on both sides we have,

3. Calculate the probability of an electron occupying an energy level 0.02eV above the Fermi level at 200K and
400K in a material. (Jan 2020 |Jan 2021 -18S)
Data:
To find: (i)

(ii)
Solution:

4. Find the temperature of which there is 1% probability that a state with an energy 0.2eV above Fermi level
is occupied. (Feb 2022 – 21S)
(Refer problem no.2 same type) (Answer, T = 505K)

5. Calculate the probability of an electron occupying an energy level 0.02eV above the Fermi level and that in
an energy level 0.02eV below the Fermi level at 200K. (Jan 2020 | Jan 2021 -18S)
Data: Energy level above the Fermi level, at 200K

To find: (i)

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Solution:

Now, for the case of electron, occupying the energy level 0.02eV below the Fermi level
We have

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SEMICONDUCTORS AND HALL EFFECT: (FOR ECE STREAM ONLY)
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6. The electron concentration in a semiconductor is Calculate the conductivity of the material if
the drift velocity of electron is in an electric field of
(Jan 2018 -17S)
Data:

To find:
Solution :
Where,
Substitute the value in eqn (1)

7. The Resistivity of intrinsic germanium at 27°C is equal to 0.47 ohm-m. Assuming the electron and hole
mobilities as 0.38 and 0.18 m²/V-Sec respectively. Calculate the intrinsic carrier density.
(Jan 2019 -18S | Feb 2022 -21S)
Data:

To find:
Solution:

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8. The intrinsic charge carrier concentration of germanium is , calculate its resistivity if mobility
of electrons and holes respectively are .
Data: (July 2019 | Aug 2020 – 18S)

To find:
Solution:
But Resistivity,

9. Calculate the concentration at which donor atoms need to be added to a silicon semiconductor. So that it
results in n-type semi conductivity of and the mobility of electron being
(Aug 2020 -18S)
Data:

To find:
Solution:
Or rearranging this we get,

10. The Hall coefficient of a material is . Identify the type of charge carriers and calculate the
carrier Concentration. (Feb -2022 -18S)
Data: The Hall coefficient of a material is
To find: Carrier concentration, n=?
Solution:
We have,
Or rearranging

11. The conductivity and Hall coefficient of an n-type semiconductor are and
Calculate the charge carrier concentration and electron mobility.
Data: (July 2022 -18S)

To find:

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Solution:
Rearranging this,

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DIELECTRICS: (ONLY FOR ECE STREAM)
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12. The Dielectric constant of sulphur is 3.4. Assuming a cubic lattice for its structure, calculate the electronic
polarizability of sulphur. (Given, density of sulphur, 2.07gm/cc and atomic weight 32.07).
Data: (July 2019 -18S)

Atomic Weight =32.07

Crystal structure of Sulphur is Cubic.

To find :
Solution:
0r
Now, N is the no of atoms/unit can be written as

By substituting the values of N in eqn (1)

13. An elemental solid dielectric material has polarizability . Assuming the internal field to be
Lorentz field, calculate the dielectric constant for the material if the material has
(Jan 2020 | July 2022 -18S)
Data:

To find: Dielectric constant of the material

Solution:

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14. Find the polarization produced in a dielectric medium of relative permittivity 15 in presence of an electric
field of strength 500V/m. (Jan 2021 -18S)

Data:
Relative permittivity,

To find:
Solution:

15. If a NaCl crystal is subjected to an electric field of 1000 V/m and the resulting Polarization is
. Calculate the dielectric constant of NaCl. (Aug 2021 | Feb -2022 -18S)
Data:

To find:
Solution:

16. The dielectric constant of He gas at NTP is 1.0000684. Calculate the electronic polarisability of He
atoms if the gas contains (July 2022 – 21S)
Data:

To find:
Solution: The

MODULE 5 – MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION TECH AND INSTRUMENTATION (ONLY FOR CIVIL STREAM)
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BRAGG’S LAW:
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1. First order spectrum is formed when X-rays of wavelength 1.5Å is incident on crystal at 12°.
Calculate the interplanar spacing of the crystal.
Data:
Order of diffraction, n= 1

To find:
Solution:

2. Using a Bragg’s spectrometer, the glancing angle for the first order spectrum was observed to be
equal to 6°. Find the wavelength of the X-rays if d=2.82 .
Data:
Order of diffraction, n= 1

To find:
Solution: From Bragg’s law, we have

3. Calculate the glancing angle for incidence 0f X-rays of wavelength 0.58Å on the plane (132) of
NaCl which results in second order diffraction maxima taking the lattice constant as 3.81Å.
Data: (Jan 2018 -17S)
(h,k,l) = (1, 3, 2)
Order of diffraction, n= 2

To find: Glancing angle, θ=?

Solution: ………………………………………… (1)

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4. First order Bragg reflection occurs when a monochromatic beam of X-rays of wavelength 0.675Å is
incident on a crystal at a glancing angle of 4°51’. What is the glancing angle for third order Bragg
reflection to occur?
Data:
Order of diffraction, n= 1

To find:

Solution: For first order

5. GaAs has its principles planes separated at 5.6534Å. The first order Bragg’s reflection is located at
13°40’. Calculate the wavelength of the X-ray and angle for second order Bragg reflection.
Data: (July-2022 -21S)
Order n =1
Angle of reflection θ = 13°40’

To find: and

Solution: For First order n =1

For second order, n=2

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SCHERER’S EQUATION:
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6. Determine the crystal size when the peak width is 0.5° and peak position 30° for a cubic crystal.
The wavelength of X-rays used is 100Å and Scherer’s constant K=0.92. (Feb 2022
-21S)
Data:

To find:

Solution:

7. Determine the crystal size given the wavelength of X-rays 12nm, the peak width 0.5° and peak
position 23° for a cubic crystal. Given K=0.94 (July 2022 -18S)
Data:

To find:

Solution:

8. Determine the wavelength of X-rays for the crystal size of , peak width is and
the peak position of 30° for a cubic crystal. Given that Scherer’s constant K=0.92.
Data:
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 Page 28 of 28

To find:
Solution:

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