Research Article doi: 10.12973/eu-jer.9.1.

319

European Journal of Educational Research

Volume 9, Issue 1, 319 - 329.
ISSN: 2165-8714
http://www.eu-jer.com/

Low Carbon Education: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis

Muhammad Nur Hudha Ida Hamidah* Anna Permanasari

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia,
INDONESIA INDONESIA INDONESIA

Ade Gafar Abdullah Indriyani Rachman Toru Matsumoto

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, The University of Kitakyushu, JAPAN The University of Kitakyushu, JAPAN
INDONESIA

Received: November 9 2019 ▪ Revised: December 31, 2019 ▪ Accepted: January 13, 2020
Abstract: The concept of low carbon education is one solution to provide knowledge to students related to low carbon behavior. The
purpose of this paper is providing an extensive bibliometric literature review on 'low carbon education'. Articles found by Publishing
or Perish (PoP) software with the Google Scholar database. There were 55 out of 97 articles found from Google Scholar data ba se
ranging from 2014 to 2019 analyzed in this study. The chosen references were then managed using a referencing manager software
namely Zotero. After managing the database, this study classified and visualized it using VOSviewer software. Overall, this review
provides an appropriate reference point for further research on 'low carbon education'.
Keywords: Bibliometric analysis, low carbon, low carbon education, low carbon society.
To cite this article: Hudha, M. H., Hamidah, I., Permanasari, A., Abdullah, A. G., Rachman, I., & Matsumoto, T. (2020). Low carbon
education: A review and bibliometric analysis. European Journal of Educational Research, 9(1), 319-329.
https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.9.1.319

Introduction
The low carbon behavior of the community is still of concern (Bai & Liu, 2013) and needs to be improved. This
behavior has a significant role in reducing carbon emissions and improving the environment’s quality around us (Chen
& Li, 2019). To this relation, there are several factors influencing this behavior namely low-carbon awareness, low-
carbon knowledge, personal norms, social norms, private low-carbon behavior, public low-carbon behavior, situational
factors, and psychological factors. Psychological factors can also determine the low-carbon behavior of people in urban
areas or in rural ones (Neo, Choong, & Ahamad, 2017). The responsibility for reducing low carbon does not only lie with
the people and the government. In this context, factories causing air pollution must also have awareness to reduce
carbon emissions (Zhang, 2017).
Public awareness about the concept of low carbon must be increased immediately. This will have an impact on
economic life (Lyu, Ngai, & Wu, 2019) and threatens the stability of the natural ecosystem and the human environment
(Zhou, Ang, & Han, 2010). Developing countries such as Indonesia is in need of paying serious attention to various types
of development; one of which is that in low carbon economy (Hohne, Wartmann, Herold, & Freibauer, 2007). This is
done to effectively reduce CO2 emissions while maintaining economic growth.
The use of low carbon can also be applied using technology (Lv & Qin, 2016). The application of this technology not
only contributes to a significant percentage of the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, but also helps reduce energy
consumption (Anbumozhi & Kalirajan, 2017). To cope with this, education needs to play its role by teaching the concept
of low carbon since early childhood. Low carbon has been a major concern in recent years gradually become a focus in
the academic/educational field.

* Corresponding author:
Ida Hamidah, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung, Indonesia.  [email protected]

© 2020 The Author(s). Open Access - This article is under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
320  HUDHA ET AL. / Low Carbon Education: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis
The education world is most responsible for ensuring awareness of low carbon behavior. The development of low
carbon education is very important and must be done. Awareness of low carbon behavior must be introduced since 6 or
7 years old, in which in Indonesia is the ideal age of starting elementary school (Phang, Wong, Ho, Musa, Fujino, & Suda,
2016) and higher education (Dai, Cheng, Liu, Tang, Zheng, & Wang, 2019; Horan, Shawe, & O’Regan, 2019) so that their
environment is free of carbon emissions. Actually, most students learn about the environment at school since the school
(Amin, Permanasari, & Setiabudi, 2019) is responsible to provide good learning environment (leading to promoting
good behavior and good characters) as well as good environmental literacy (Agboola, & Tsai, 2012). It is believed that
students with good environmental literacy are able to create the most effective environment for themselves (Saltan, &
Divarci, 2017).
In this digital era, technology is important in education, including in low-carbon education (Li, 2012; T. Zhang, 2017).
For elementary school children, the introduction of low carbon education can be in the form of materials that are
appropriate in the curriculum in each country, such as 3R (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle), reduce CO2, and low carbon
education programs (Wong, Phang, Ho, & Musa, 2017). It also can use materials about saving water and saving
electricity (Fatin Aliah Phang et al., 2016). Growing the concept of environmental education in schools can introduce
the low carbon concept and foster social awareness related to the low carbon concept (Horan et al., 2019). Low carbon
education is a concept that has been carried out by several developing countries. This concept is needed by all students
to be able to obtain the required knowledge and skills to promote sustainable development. In addition, low carbon
education is also well-known as a trend aiming to reduce energy consumption and pollutant emissions, increase the
level of green energy, and create awareness of low carbon society behavior.
The low carbon concept itself has already been discussed (Li et al., 2012; Du et al., 2020). Even articles on low carbon
with bibliometric analysis already exist, one of which is on low-carbon electricity (Wang, Wei, & Brown, 2017). In the
existing literature, a number of relevant concepts to low carbon education are low carbon economics (Wei, 2014; Liu,
2019), low carbon energy (H. qiang Li, Wang, Shen, & Chen, 2012; (Hishammuddin et al., 2019), low carbon technology
(Anbumozhi & Kalirajan, 2017), low carbon transportation (Harto, Meyers, & Williams, 2010), low carbon society
(Shukla, Dhar, & Mahapatra, 2008; Phang, et al., 2017), low carbon city (Phdungsilp, 2010), low carbon community
(Jiang, Chen, Xu, Dong, & Kennedy, 2013) and low carbon tourism (Scott, Peeters, & Gossling, 2010; J. Zhang, 2017),
have been widely discussed. However, a review that discusses low carbon in the world of education is still very
minimal. So far, no bibliometric analysis of the term 'low carbon education' has been conducted.
Considering the aforementioned rationale, this paper aims to fill in the research gap by providing an extensive
bibliometric analysis of the literature in relation to low carbon education. Articles published and indexed by Google
Scholar (GS) were analyzed and categorized based on their author distribution and affiliation. This analysis can see
what research topics are being the subject of many more publications, and the future 'low carbon education' topics that
provide opportunities for further research. The methodology applied to conduct the analysis is to use bibliometric
analysis, including the steps of the method related to the implementation of GS data-based software and publish or
perish (PoP). Then present the results using VOSviewer followed by a discussion session and conclusions from the
literature study using bibliometric analysis that has been done.

Methodology
This review of the bibliometric literature is based on a systematic and explicit method (Garza-Reyes, 2015) or a mind
mapping method emphasizing the limits of knowledge (Tranfield, Denyer, & Smart, 2003). This research method adopts
the five-stage method (Tranfield et al., 2003); Setyaningsih, Indarti, & Jie, 2018) as in Figure 1.

Compile
Determine Initial Refinement
preliminary Data
search search of search
data analysis
keywords results results
statistics

Figure 1. Five-step method bibliometric analysis

3.1 Determine search keywords
Literature search was conducted in October 2019 with the keyword 'low carbon education'. Google Scholar was
selected since it is currently the biggest data base and Publish or Perish was chosen since it has been proven to be the
most effective way of searching articles on the GS (Baneyx, 2008). The first search included query language to the PoP
software with the keyword 'low carbon education'.
 European Journal of Educational Research 321

3.2 Initial search results

This search is specific to 'journals', ‘title words’ only, and the year '2014-2019'. 97 articles were fround at the initial
search. The results are compiled in Research Information Systems (RIS) format to include all important article
information such as paper titles, author and affiliation names, abstracts, keywords and references.
3.3 Refinement of search results
Appropriate and indexed articles in the GS database are filtered. Proceedings, newspapers, books, book reviews, and
book chapters are not included in this data. Only journal articles were selected. Then to make the appropriate
improvements, the file is saved in the form of an RIS file. RIS data is imported into Zotero's bibliographic software. The
resulting RIS file is used for further data analysis.
3.4 Compile preliminary data statistics
The data collected were stored in the form of RIS. At the initial stage, the complete components of the journal articles
(publication year, volume, number, page, etc.) were checked and we added required information if there were some
incomplete data found. Data analysis was carried out so that articles could be classified by year and source of
publication and publisher.
3.5 Data analysis
The bibliometic analysis in this study employed PoP software (Baneyx, 2008; Parmar, Ganesh, & Mishra, 2019).
However, to analyze and visualize bibliometric networks, Vosviewer software is used (Martinez-López, Merigó,
Gázquez-Abad, & Ruiz-Real, 2019; Shukla, Merigó, Lammers, & Miranda, 2020). VOSviewer is used because of its ability
to work efficiently with large data sets and provide a variety of interesting visuals, analyzes, and investigations (van
Eck & Waltman, 2010). Vosviewer can also create publication maps, author maps, or journal maps based on co-citation
networks or to build keyword maps based on shared networks.

Results
4.1 Publications and citation structures
The output is analyzed based on the PoP software through the VOSviewer software to determine the most frequently
appeared keywords. However, the number of the most frequently-appearing keywords is adjusted to the needs of the
data collection and analysis. VOSviewer is used to visualize bibliometric maps. This software shows bibliometric
mapping on three different visualizations namely, tissue visualization, overlay visualization, and density visualization.
Before refining the search results 97 articles were obtained through the GS database. After refinement, 55 articles were
grouped from the GS database. This data has been verified well on the GS database from 2014-2019 with the keyword
'low carbon education'. About 97 articles are obtained in initial results with 358 citations (71.60 citations / year).
Refinement of results obtained 55 articles; data on citations also changed, with 317 citations and 63.4 citations/year.
The complete results of metric data comparison from initial search and enhanced search can be seen in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison metrics

Metrics data Initial search Refinement search
Source ‘low carbon education’ ‘low carbon education’
Publication year 2014-2019 2014-2019
Papers 97 55
Citations 358 317
Cites/year 71,60 63,4
Cites/paper 3,69 5,76
Author/paper 2,67 3,15
h_index 10 9
g_index 17 16
hI_norm 4 4
hI_annual 1,80 0,80
The researcher tries to present the most relevant contributions in this study. The step taken is to take 55 articles with
the keyword "low carbon education" which has the highest citation score (top 10 articles cited). Obtained results as in
Table 2.
322  HUDHA ET AL. / Low Carbon Education: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis
Tabel 2. Top 10 cited articles
No Publication Author Title Journal Cites Publisher
Year
Identifying key impact
Shuai, C; Shen, factors on carbon emission:
1 2017 L; Jiao, L; Wu, Evidences from panel and Applied Energy 119 Elsevier
Y; Tan, Y time-series data of 125
countries from 1990 to 2011

Evaluating regional low-

carbon tourism strategies Journal of
2 2017 Zhang, J using the fuzzy Delphi- cleaner 22 Elsevier
analytic network process production
approach

Hu, MC; Wadin, Transformation toward an Journal of

3 2016 JL; Lo, HC; eco-city: lessons from three cleaner 21 Elsevier
Huang, JY Asian cities production

The ecological footprint

Liu, H; Wang, X; evaluation of low carbon Journal of
4 2017 Yang, J; Zhou, campuses based on life cycle cleaner 18 Elsevier
X; Liu, Y assessment: A case study of production
Tianjin, China

Differential environmental
psychological factors in
Neo, SM; determining low carbon Sustainable
5 2017 Choong, WW; behaviour among urban and cities and 12 Elsevier
Ahamad, RB suburban residents through society
responsible environmental
behaviour model

Zhou, X; Guan, Allocation and simulation Environmental

X; Zhang, M; study of carbon emission Science and
6 2017 12 Springer
Zhou, Y; Zhou, quotas among China's Pollution
M provinces in 2020 Research

Environment
Sahni, S; Planning for low carbon and
7 2014 11 Sage
Aulakh, RS cities in India Urbanization
Asia

Analysis of carbon emission

reduction in a dual-channel
Wang, X; Xue,
8 2018 supply chain with cap-and- Sustainability 11 MDPI
M; Xing, L
trade regulation and low-
carbon preference

Carbon capability of urban

Wei, J; Chen, H; residents and its structure:
9 2016 Applied energy 10 Elsevier
Cui, X; Long, R Evidence from a survey of
Jiangsu Province in China

Consumer behavior on low- Agricultural Czech

Chuanmin, S;
carbon agri-food purchase: a Economics Academy of
10 2014 Xiaomin, Y; 9
carbon labeling experimental (Czech Agricultural
Yukun, Z; ...
study in China Republic) Sciences
 European Journal of Educational Research 323

The top 6 publishers who publish articles on this topic are presented in Table 3.

Table 3. Top 6 publishers who publish Low carbon education topic

No Publisher Articles
1 Elsevier 13
2 China Academic Journals 10
3 Trans Tech Publications 8
4 Italian Association of Chemical Engineering - AIDIC 4
5 MDPI 4
6 Springer 3

Journals that have relevant articles are presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Top 7 journals that have relevant articles on Low carbon education topic
No Journal Total Articles Cites
1 Advanced Materials Research 7 5
2 Journal of Cleaner Production 6 75
3 Chemical Engineering Transactions 4 3
4 Guangzhou Environmental Science 4 0
5 Sustainability 3 13
6 Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 2 10
7 Applied energy 2 129

The data network visualization display on GS data related to the keyword 'low carbon education' that has been refined
in search can be seen in Figure 2, overlay visualization can be seen in Figure 3, and visualization of density in Figure 4.

Figure 2. Network visualization on the GS database

324  HUDHA ET AL. / Low Carbon Education: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis

Figure 3. Visualization of overlays in the GS data base

Figure 4. Visualization of density in GS data base

This result was extracted from the title, keywords, and abstract with full calculation of the minimum number of events
set to 3. About 62 items were found that met the criteria of 106 items. Common words are excluded in this item. Each
item representing the keyword is added, which is indicated by the size of the node. In other words, the node size
indicates the co-occurrence frequency of the keyword. Five groups are identified here. The keywords appear in each
cluster represent the flow of study in low carbon education can be seen in Table 5.
 European Journal of Educational Research 325

Table 5. Keywords representing each cluster.

No Cluster Element
analysis (50), behavior (27), carbon emission reduction (16), characteristic (25),
difference (24), impact (32), improvement (20), low carbon product (16),
1 The first cluster (red)
perspective (33), process (43), questionnaire survey (20), relationship (19),
strategy (51), study (57) and urban resident (16).
activity (51), awareness (35), environmental education (24), low carbon awareness
The second cluster (22), low carbon campus (20), low carbon concept (14), low carbon education (31),
2
(green) low carbon life (19), low carbon practice (24), low carbon society (13), practice
(31), school (29), student (36), survey (28), and teacher (33)
approach (24), CO2 emission (31), construction (38), development (51), economic
development (28), education (47), environment (44), importantce (31), important
3 The third cluster (blue)
role (29), indicator (24), industry (26), low carbon tourism (28), low carbon
transparency (28), and reduction (43).
carbon emission (41), climate change (31), community (38), energy (24),
4 Fourth cluster (yellow) government (46), greenhouse gase (19), low carbon management (22), policy
maker (23), pollution (18), resource (29), system (46), and transportation (21).
concept (50), definition (21), global warming (28), low carbon (38), low carbon
5 the fifth cluster (purple)
economy (19), and technology (27).

4.2 Authors and co-authorship relations

Analysis of joint authors and networks related to patterns of collaboration between individuals can be seen in Figs. 5. In
this network, each node represents the author in his writing connection. Many different dimensions can be integrated
in this analysis to visualize groups and associations between dimensions or time changes. Figure 5 shows an analysis of
the author's network seen from the year the authors were together. In this case, the relationship of the authors can be
classified as their annual relationship. It is proven that Zhou is the author with the most relationships with the others.
In the meantime, the latest studies are marked yellow, such as one by Zhao.

Figure 5. Visualization of overlay Authors and co-authorship relations on the GS database

326  HUDHA ET AL. / Low Carbon Education: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis
4.3 Affiliation statistic
The author's affiliation was extracted from the RIS file at BibExcel. The city was extracted from each affiliate to analyze
this. This analysis was extracted using the coordination of cities with the open source of online platform
gpsvisualizer.com (Zhang, Zhao, Deng, Hu, Wang, & Ouyang, 2017; Garvetto, Badis, Perrineau, Rad-Menendez, Bresnan,
& Gachon, 2019). Figure 6 presents the location of the authors who contributed to the low carbon education article.

Figure 6. Geographical location of contributing authors

Discussion and Conclusion

The most relevant contribution in this study is the number of citations. Based on table 2, the highest citations indexed
by GS are articles from Shuai, C et al in 2017. This article discusses effective policies and strategies in stimulating a
reduction in global carbon emissions (Shuai, Shen, Jiao, Wu, & Tan, 2017). This article is cited in more than 100
research articles. Meanwhile, there is one publisher with the highest frequency of citation based on the data, namely
Elsevier.
In addition, the publisher who contributed the most articles to this study was also analyzed. In 55 articles published, 13
articles were published from major publishers namely Elsevier, followed by China Academic Journals 10 articles, Trans
Tech Publications 8 articles, Italian Association of Chemical Engineering-AIDIC and MDPI each 4 articles and Springer 3
articles. For other publishers, an average of 1 article is published on this topic
In addition to the number of articles per publisher, it is also analyzed based on the relevance of the journal. The results
obtained in the top 7 journals that contain this topic. There are journals that have the most citations, namely applied
energy. This shows that articles with subjects related to low carbon education are scattered in certain journals,
although there are also other journals.
Analysis overlay visualization and visualization of density is used to identify key themes in each study or scope of
knowledge. This result is done by measuring the co-occurrence of keyword pairs (Liu, Yin, Liu, & Dunford, 2015; Nagy,
2018). The analysis was made with the help of Vosviewer software. It can be identified that each cluster connects to
other keywords. This can be indicated that the development of research on this subject is related.
Network analysis also allows identification of the author's authority (Bilik, Damar, Ozdagoglu, Ozdagoglu, & Damar,
2019). Joint author analysis is a widely used bibliometric research technique that investigates authors in conducting
joint research from a particular field.
The density of contributing authors to articles about low carbon education can be found in Eastern Asia. Geographical
distribution of this writer shows that research on low carbon education is still dominated by the Asian region,
especially China and Malaysia. Overall this data allows this paper to answer the question of what research trends in the
field of low carbon education in the past 10 years. Some words that are not used can be linked and examined in further
research. Therefore, many more topics can be developed based on these keywords such as affiliations, cities, and
countries. Those aforementioned elements could provide a more comprehensive analysis.
 European Journal of Educational Research 327

The current study reviews journal articles whose themes related to the keyword 'low carbon education'. Articles are
collected from the GS database by PoP software. Then 55 of these articles were selected from a larger original set of 97
articles published in the period 2014 to 2019. To meet the objectives of this study, all articles found were classified by
author, year of publication, name of the publisher's journal, cites, authors and co-authorship relations and affiliation
statistics. In the context of this study, it was concluded that the distribution of writers who examined related to low
carbon education was still dominated by China and Malaysia. The gap in this research shows the direction for the future
agenda that low carbon education is very important to be studied. Overall, from year to year, studying the concept of
low carbon education tends to increase. This is also required for more inter-regional research collaboration involving
researchers from Asia and other developing countries in certain areas.

Suggestions/Limitations
This study has two limitations. First, this study is generally based on a limited set of keywords and also potentially
limited by the narrow database (GS) used for article collection. Second, although this study uses formal software as
tools (PoP software, VOSviewer, Zotero, Microsoft Excel and gpsvisualizer.com), the subjective assessments of the
author occur and still possibly lead to errors. The future studies are recommended to use a larger sample by expanding
the keywords used and the more accessible databases. It also can use a comparison of different and recommended
bibliometric analysis results (such as BibExcel and HistCite). It is recommended that further related studies provide
more elaborate explanations for that there is limited number of studies discussing low carbon education.

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