Data Transmission

UNIT-2
GRADE - IX
 Data Transmission

Based on the direction of exchange of information:

1. Simplex
2. Half-DupleX
3. Full Duplex
 Simplex

Simplex is the data transmission mode in

which the data can flow only in one
direction, i.e. the communication is
unidirectional.

A sender can only send data but can not

receive it. Similarly, a receiver can only
receive data but can not send it.
Advantages of using a Simplex transmission mode:

1. It utilizes the full capacity of the communication channel during data

transmission.
2. It has the least or no data traffic issues as data flows only in one direction.

Disadvantages of using a Simplex transmission mode:

1. It is unidirectional in nature having no inter-communication between devices.

2. There is no mechanism for information to be transmitted back to the
sender(No mechanism for acknowledgement).
 Half-Duplex
● Half-Duplex is the data transmission mode in which the
data can flow in both directions but in one direction at a
time. It is also referred to as Semi-Duplex.

● Each station can both transmit and receive the data but
not at the same time. When one device is sending the
other can only receive and vice-versa.

● This type of data transmission mode can be used in cases

where there is no need for communication in both
directions at the same time.

● It can be used for error detection when the sender does

not send or the receiver does not receive the data
properly. In such cases, the data needs to be transmitted
again by the receiver.
Advantages of using a half-duplex transmission mode:

1. It facilitates the optimum use of the communication channel.

2. It provides two-way communication.

Disadvantages of using a half-duplex transmission mode:

1. The two-way communication can not be established simultaneously at the same

time.
2. Delay in transmission may occur as only one way communication can be possible
at a time.
 Full-Duplex
● Full-Duplex is the data transmission mode in which
the data can flow in both directions at the same time.
It is bi-directional in nature.

● It is two-way communication in which both the

stations can transmit and receive the data
simultaneously.

● Full-Duplex mode has double bandwidth as

compared to the half-duplex. The capacity of the
channel is divided between the two directions of
communication. This mode is used when
communication in both directions is required
simultaneously.
Advantages of using a full-duplex transmission mode:

1. The two-way communication can be carried out simultaneously in both

directions.
2. It is the fastest mode of communication between devices.

Disadvantages of using a half-duplex transmission mode:

1. The capacity of the communication channel is divided into two parts. Also, no
dedicated path exists for data transfer.
2. It has improper channel bandwidth utilization as there exist two separate paths
for two communicating devices.
Based on the number of bits sent simultaneously in the
network:
1. Serial
2. Parallel
 Serial
● The Serial data transmission mode is a mode in which
the data bits are sent serially one after the other at a
time over the transmission channel.

● It needs a single transmission line for communication.

The data bits are received in synchronization with one
another. So, there is a challenge of synchronizing the
transmitter and receiver.

● In serial data transmission, the system takes several

clock cycles to transmit the data stream. In this mode,
the data integrity is maintained, as it transmits the
data bits in a specific order, one after the other.

● This type of transmission mode is best suited for

long-distance data transfer, or the amount of data
being sent is relatively small.
Advantages of using a serial transmission mode:

1. It can be used for long-distance data transmission as it is reliable.

2. The number of wires and complexity is less.

Disadvantages of using a serial transmission mode:

1. The Data transmission rate is slow due to a single transmission channel.

 Parallel
● The Parallel data transmission mode is a mode in which
the data bits are sent parallelly at a time. In other
words, there is a transmission of n-bits at the same
time simultaneously.

● Multiple transmission lines are used in such modes

of transmission. So, multiple data bytes can be
transmitted in a single system clock. This mode of
transmission is used when a large amount of data
has to be sent in a shorter duration of time. It is
mostly used for short-distance communication.

● For n-bits, we need n-transmission lines. So, the

complexity of the network increases but the
transmission speed is high. If two or more
transmission lines are too close to each other, then
there may be a chance of interference in the data,
degrading the signal quality.
Advantages of using a parallel transmission mode:

1. It is easy to program or implement.

2. Data transmission speed is high due to the n-transmission channel.

Disadvantages of using a parallel transmission mode:

1. It requires more transmission channels, and hence cost-ineffective.

2. Interference in data bits, likewise in video conferencing.
Based on the synchronization between the transmitter and the
receiver:
1. Synchronous
2. Asynchronous
 Synchronous
● The Synchronous transmission mode is a mode of communication in which the
bits are sent one after another without any start/stop bits or gaps between them.

● Actually, both the sender and receiver are paced by the same system clock. In this
way, synchronization is achieved.
● In a Synchronous mode of data transmission, bytes are transmitted as blocks in a
continuous stream of bits. Since there is no start and stop bits in the message
block. It is the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits correctly. The
receiver counts the bits as they arrive and groups them in eight bits unit. The
receiver continuously receives the information at the same rate that the
transmitter has sent it. It also listens to the messages even if no bits are
transmitted.
 ● In synchronous mode, the bits are sent successively with no separation between each
character, so it becomes necessary to insert some synchronization elements with the
message, this is called "Character-Level Synchronization".

For Example, if there are two bytes of data, say(10001101, 11001011) then it will be transmitted in
the synchronous mode as follows:
Advantages of using a Synchronous transmission mode:

Transmission speed is fast as there is no gap between the data bits.

Disadvantages of using a Synchronous transmission mode:

It is very expensive.
 Asynchronous

● The Asynchronous transmission mode is a mode of communication in which a start and the
stop bit is introduced in the message during transmission. The start and stop bits ensure
that the data is transmitted correctly from the sender to the receiver.

● Generally, the start bit is '0' and the end bit is '1'.Asynchronous here means 'asynchronous
at the byte level', but the bits are still synchronized. The time duration between each
character is the same and synchronized.

● In an asynchronous mode of communication, data bits can be sent at any point in time. The
messages are sent at irregular intervals and only one data byte can be sent at a time. This
type of transmission mode is best suited for short-distance data transfer.
For Example, if there are two bytes of data, say(10001101, 11001011)

then it will be transmitted in the asynchronous mode as follows:

Advantages of using an Asynchronous transmission mode:

1. It is a cheap and effective mode of transmission.

2. Data transmission accuracy is high due to the presence of start and stop
bits.

Disadvantages of using an Asynchronous transmission mode:

1. The data transmission can be slower due to the gaps present between
different blocks of data.
 Differences between Serial and Parallel Transmission
● Serial transmission requires a single line to send data. Parallel transmission requires
multiple lines to send data.
● There are fewer errors and less noise in serial transmission, since the transmission is
done one bit at a time. There are more errors and noise in parallel transmission, since
the transmission is done multiple bits at a time.
● Serial transmission is slower since data flows through a single line; conversely,
parallel transmission is faster since data flows through multiple lines.
● Serial transmission is ‘full duplex’ since the sender can send and receive data at the
same time. Parallel transmission is ‘half duplex’ since the data can be sent or received
at any given time.
● The cables used in serial transmission are thinner, longer, and more economical
compared to the cables used in parallel transmission.
● Serial transmission is reliable and straightforward. Parallel transmission is unreliable
and complicated.
Skew

● Skew is a disadvantage of parallel transmission. Skew is caused by

the fact that each wire in a parallel transmission setup will have
slightly different properties.
● This will mean that each signal will travel at a slightly different speed
therefore arriving at their destination at different times
● Due to this, parallel transmission is best suited for situations where
data is to be sent over a very small distance.
Crosstalk
Another disadvantage of parallel transmission is cross-talk. With Parallel
transmission the wires are often very close to each other, sometimes there can
be electrical interference between the wires, this is known as "Cross-Talk". This
issue can cause errors in the data meaning that it will have to be re-sent.
 Speed Of Transmission
The amount of data that can be transmitted at one time
is referred to as its BANDWIDTH.
● Bandwidth is a fundamental measure of performance within
any communication network, whether it is an analogue
system such as radio or a digital system such as a network.
● Bandwidth is a measure of the capability of a
communication channel to transmit information.
● In the analogue domain, it is measured in 'Hertz' or Cycles
Per Second. For instance a typical PAL television channel has
a bandwidth of 8 Megahertz. Which means all the video and
audio signals for a TV channel resides in this set of
frequencies.
● So, digital networks are measured in Bits Per Second or bps.
● Generally the wider the bandwidth the faster it is.