OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING :

1. Programming Paradigm ( types : functional/Procedural , OOP )

2. What is OOPS
3. Need of OOPS
4. What is Functional/Procedural prog ?
5. Pillars/features of oops
6. What is Class ?
7. What are Objects ?
8. Access specifiers
9. Polymorphism
10. Overloading (Function , Operator)
11. Overriding
12. Virtual (Vtable , Vptr)
13. constructor
14. Destructor
15. Types of constructors
16. Inheritance
17. Virtual functions
18. Pure virtual functions
19. Abstract class
20. Types of Polymorphism (runtime , compile time)
21. Early binding , late binding
22. Static variable and function
23. Friend class and function
24. Copy constructor (Shallow Copy and Deep Copy)
25. This pointer
26. Namespace
27. Structure vs class
28. Why not virtual constructor ?
29. Types of inheritance
30. Exception handling (try, catch, and throw)
31. Diamond Problem
32. Composition and Aggregation
33. How would you prevent a class in C++ from being inherited by other classes?
34. final keyword
35. Anonymous class in C++ (class without name , can’t have constructor or
destructor)
GENERAL Programming( C / C++ ) Question :
1. Inline function
2. Namespace ( to avoid name conflict )
3. Pointer
4. Reference (can’t be left uninitialised like ptr and ptr can also be NULL)
Is not allocated extra memory like ptr,we can’t create array of references
5. Call by value and call by reference
6. Difference b/w pointer and reference
7. Template(generic programming)
8. C vs C++
9. C/C++ memory layout (Stack , Heap , BSS{initialized , uninitialised}, Text)
10. differences between malloc, calloc,realloc,free and new,delete?
11. const keyword
12. final keyword (to prevent inheritance)
13. difference between a structure and a class in C++ ?
14. Describe the use of the static keyword in C and C++ with respect to functions
and variables.
15. Types of storage class in c (auto, register, static, and extern)
16. How do you read and write data from/to a file in C and C++ ?
17. Break vs continue vs return
18. Escape sequence in c/c++ (\n , \t)
19. \n vs endl
20. Describe what a memory leak is and how it can be avoided in C and C++.
21. Explain the difference between stack memory and heap memory. When would
you use each ?
22. Null Pointer,Wild Pointer,Dangling Pointer,Void Pointer (or Generic Pointer)
23. Preprocessor Directives ( #define , #include)
24. Pragma
25. Macros
26. macro vs typedef (typedef only for data types)
27. Inline Functions and Macros
28. What is the const pointer and pointer to const in C? Provide examples of each.
29. Unary operators
30. Pre , post increment/decrement
31. Precedence and associativity
32. Arithmetic Operators,Relational and Logical Operators,Bitwise
Operators,Assignment Operators and Compound Assignment,Conditional
Operator (Ternary Operator),sizeof Operator,
33. Describe the various control structures in C and C++ (if, switch, for, while,
do-while).
34. Switch case
35. In absence of break (fall through)
36. In absence of default
37. Different loops
38. Static vs dynamic memory allocation
39. Explain the concept of scope and lifetime of variables in C and C++.
40. Typecasting
41. Structure padding
42. Primitive Data type vs Non primitive data type
43. enum
 Links :
OS : Top 100 Operating System Interview Questions (2023) (geeksforgeeks.org)
40+ Operating System Interview Questions (2023) - Interviewbit
CN : Top Networking Interview Questions (2023) - InterviewBit
100+ Networking Interview Questions and Answers (2023) (guru99.com)

DBMS : Top DBMS Interview Questions and Answers(2023 Updated) - InterviewBit

Last Minute Notes - DBMS - GeeksforGeeks
Commonly asked DBMS interview questions|Set 1 (geeksforgeeks.org)
Commonly asked DBMS interview questions|Set 2 (geeksforgeeks.org)
Top 52 DBMS Interview Questions (2023) - javatpoint

SQL : SQL Interview Questions CHEAT SHEET (2023) - InterviewBit

The questions below are mixed and asked most frequently in interviews , please
read the articles mentioned on top of page first then it’ll become easy for you to
answer such questions . ( You can also refer Chat-GPT for these questions )
1. TCP vs UDP
2. Swap without using 3rd variable (Code , Xor wala method ek Plus , Minus wala)
3. ACID properties of DBMS
4. Explain and write code for Binary search
5. Explain how merge sort works ? (Code + Dry Run)
6. Why do we need Computer Networks ?
7. FIat file or File System vs Data Base
8. What is an Operating System ?
9. Types of Operating System ?
10. Python vs C++ (Python has interpreter and C++ has compiler , slow and fast….other
things)
11. Reverse a linked list
12. Explain and write code for quick sort
13. Thread vs Process
14. Process vs Program
15. WHat is thread ?
16. Different Process states ?
17. What is Thrashing , what is Belady’s anomaly and in which Page replacement algorithm
it happens (FIFO) ?
18. What is paging ?
19. Paging vs Segmentation ?
20. What is demand paging ?
21. What is virtual memory ?
22. What is Dead Lock ? How we can prevent it ? (Dead lock avoidance and Dead lock
prevention )
23. What is starvation ? Starvation vs Dead lock
 24. What is internal and external fragmentation ?
25. What is non-contigous and contiguous memory mgmt ?
26. What is cache memory ?
27. What is a semaphore ? explain it’s types and usage ? (Binary vs counting )
28. What are locks and how does it differ from semaphores ?
29. What is the critical section ?
30. What are race conditions and how does it occur ?
31. What is mutual exclusion ?
32. What is mutex ?
33. Explain OS boot process in detail ? ( Lecture 6: How Operating System Boots up? )
34. What is inter process communication ?
35. Shared Memory model vs message passing ?
36. Preemptive vs non-preemtive scheduling ?
37. Orphan and Zombie process ?
38. How to prevent starvation ? (Aging : slowly increase priority over time)
39. What is context switching and why it is necessary ?
40. What is multiprogramming vs multi processing vs multi tasking OS ?
41. What is Process Control Block ?
42. What is safe state ?
43. What is Dispatcher ? (A module which actually gives control of CPU to process once the
CPU scheduler decides which process to be given CPU)
44. STS vs LTS vs MTS
45. How to achieve process synchronisation ?
46. Multi-threading and it’s advantages
47. Necessary condition for dead-lock
48. What is compaction and when does it occur ?
49. Functions of OS ?
50. How to recover from a deadlock?
51. All problems such as producer-consumer , dining philosopher etc.

For each protocol and server you must also remember the port number associated with it
ex: http 80 , FTP control : 21 and Data : 20

1. Explain all layers of OSI model ?

2. Full form of OSI
3. INternet follows which model , TCP/IP or OSI ? (ans : TCP/IP model, osi is reference
model)
4. Explain some protocols of Application layer ?
5. What is DNS ?
6. What is DHCP ? and how does the DHCP connection gets established ? (DORA)
7. Explain functionality and responsibility of each layer of OSI model ?
8. What is HTTP stand for ? what port number HTTP server runs (80) ? and what is the
underlying transport layer protocol HTTP uses (TCP) ?
9. HTTP vs HTTPs (ports , functionality , security)
10. What is VPN ?
11. What is firewall ?
12. Explain different types of networks. (PAN , WAN , MAN, LAN)
13. What is a router ? (questions below are related to network devices please read about
them from chat-GPT) (IMP points : how many ports , on which layer it works ,
functionality of device )
14. Hub ?
15. Bridge ?
16. Repeater ?
17. Switch ?
18. Bus , STar , ring, mesh , tree and hybrid topology (See it from some website)
19. What is an IP address ? Does it change ? WHy do we need an IP address ?
20. WHat is Mac Address ? Does it typically change ?
21. Why do we need IPv6 ?
22. What are different classes of IPv4 ?
23. What is class less Ip addressing ?
24. Explain different classes of IP address with their range ? (A,B,C,D etc)
25. What is a private IP address ?
26. What is Network address translation ?
27. How many layers in TCP/IP model (mention this to interviewer that there are 2
explanations for this some book says 5 layers and include 1. Application 2. Transport 3.
Network 4. Data Link 5. Physical where as some books mention 4 layers : 1. Application
2. Transport 3. Internet 4.Link layer )
28. Explain some protocols from each layer ?
29. What is SMTP ?
30. What is ethernet protocol ?
31. What is ARP and RARP protocol ?
32. What is broadcast , multicast and unicast ?
33. Tcp ? when to use ?
34. Udp ? when to use ?
35. What is FTP ?
36. What is subnet mask ? what is subnetting and why do we need that ?
37. What is routing ?
38. Name some routing algorithms ?
39. What is the difference b/w link state and distance vector routing algorithm ?
40. What are the steps involved when you enter www.google.com in your browser ?

DBMS

1. ACID properties ? ( I for isolation not integrity )

2. What is database ? DB vs file system ?
3. What is RDBMS ?
4. DDL , DML , DCL and TCL
5. DIfferent levels of abstraction in DBMS ? (logical/conceptual,view , physical)
6. What is logical data independence and physical data independence ?
7. What is entity-relationship ?
8. Delete vs Drop vs truncate ?
9. WHat are locks ? what is shared vs exclusive lock ?
10. What is normalisation ?
11. Explain 1 NF ? ( remember what is unique in all normal forms )
12. 2 NF ?
13. 3 NF ?
14. BCNF ?

15. What are keys in DBMS ?

 16. Explain primary key ?
17. Foreign key ?
18. Candidate key ?
19. Super key ?
20. Composite key ?
21. Surrogate key ?
22. Constraints in DBMS and it’s types ?
23. Views in DBMS ?
24. What is Transaction in DBMS ?
25. 2 tier vs 3 tier architecture in DBMS
26. Commonly asked DBMS interview questions|Set 2 (geeksforgeeks.org)
27. Advantages of DBMS
28. Grant , revoke and roll back
29. What is functional Dependency?
30. What is an attribute?
31. What is an Entity set?
32. What is Weak Entity set?
33. What are the integrity rules in DBMS?
34. What is Data Independence?
35. What is Join?

SQL : SQL Interview Questions CHEAT SHEET (2023) - InterviewBit

SQL Interview Questions (2023) - GeeksforGeeks
SQL Interview Questions (2023) - javatpoint
Top 115 SQL Interview Questions and Answers in 2023 | Edureka

Also refer Love Babbar’s 1 hr SQL interview questions video :

Lecture 10: Common SQL Queries for Interviews

1. What are Constraints in SQL?

2. What is a UNIQUE constraint?
3. What is a Join? List its different types.
4. What is a Self-Join?
5. What is a Cross-Join?
6. What is a Query?
7. What is a SubQuery?
8. What is the SELECT statement?
9. What are some common clauses used with SELECT query in SQL?
10. What are UNION, MINUS and INTERSECT commands? (Not so Imp)
11. What is an Alias in SQL?
12. What is a View?
13. What are the TRUNCATE, DELETE and DROP statements?
 (P.T.O.)

14. What are Aggregate and Scalar functions? ( avg(),min(),max() etc.)

15. What is OLTP?

16. What are the differences between OLTP and OLAP?
17. No SQL vs SQL

SOFTWARE ENGINEERING : Software Engineering: What It is, Definition, Tutorial -

javatpoint

1. What is Software Engineering ?

2. Explain different process models in SE ?
3. What is Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) ?
4. Why do we need SE process ?
5. Need of SDLC ?
6. Water fall model ?
7. Agile ?
8. Incremental development ?
9. Iterative development ?
LINUX : ( Linux Boot Process in Hindi | MPrashant)
Zombie Processes: How To Hunt, Kill and Remove a Zombie Process on Linux - Alibaba
Cloud Community
linux - How to kill zombie process - Stack Overflow

1. What is LILO?

Ans: LILO means Linux Loader is a boot loader that is used for the Linux operating system.

Most of the Linux Operating systems use LILO, to boot the operating system into main

memory to start the operations.

LINUX NETWORKING : Top Linux Network Commands in 2023 (mindmajix.com)
PROCESS MANAGEMENT COMMANDS : Commands for Process Management in

Linux | DigitalOcean

Linux/Unix Process Management: ps, kill, top, df, free, nice Commands (guru99.com)

Commands for Process Management in Linux (linuxhint.com)