US011454195B2

( 12)) Niergarth
United etStates
al.
Patent ( 10) Patent No .: US 11,454,195 B2
(45) Date of Patent : Sep. 27, 2022
( 54 ) VARIABLE PITCH FANS FOR ( 56 ) References Cited
TURBOMACHINERY ENGINES
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
( 71 ) Applicant: General Electric Company ,
Schenectady, NY (US ) 7,901,185 B2 3/2011 Suciu et al .
8,998,577 B2 4/2015 Gustafson et al .
( 72 ) Inventors: Daniel A. Niergarth , Norwood, OH (Continued )
( US ) ; Christopher J. Kroger, West
Chester, OH (US ); Ian F. Prentice , FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
Cincinatti, OH (US ) EP 3168480 A1 5/2017
EP 3 067 566 B1 8/2018
( 73 ) Assignee : General Electric Company , ( Continued )
Schenectady, NY (US )
( * ) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this OTHER PUBLICATIONS
patent is extended or adjusted under 35
U.S.C. 154 ( b ) by 59 days. English machine translation of FR- 3046438 - A1 , May 18 , 2022. *
(Continued )
( 21 ) Appl. No .: 17/176,101
( 22 ) Filed : Feb. 15 , 2021 Primary Examiner Christopher Verdier
( 74 ) Attorney, Agent, or Firm —- Klarquist Sparkman ,
( 65 ) Prior Publication Data LLP
US 2022/0275774 A1 Sep. 1 , 2022 ( 57 ) ABSTRACT
(51 ) Int. Ci. A turbomachinery engine can include a fan assembly with a
FO2K 3/075 ( 2006.01 ) plurality of variable pitch fan blades. The fan blades are
FO2K 3/072 ( 2006.01 ) configured such that they define a first VPF parameter and
F02K 3/06 (2006.01 ) a second VPF parameter. The first VPF parameter is defined
F02K 3/077 (2006.01 ) as the hub -to - tip radius ratio divided by the fan pressure
FOID 700 ( 2006.01 ) ratio . The second VPF parameter is defined as the bearing
F040 29/36 ( 2006.01 ) spanwise force divided by the fan area . In some instances ,
( 52 ) U.S. CI . the first VPF parameter is within a range of 0.1 to 0.25 , and
CPC F02K 37075 ( 2013.01 ) ; FOLD 7700 the second VPF parameter is within a range of 2-30 lbf/ in ?.
(2013.01 ) ; F02K 3/06 (2013.01 ) ; F02K 3/072 In other instances , the first VPF parameter is within a range
(2013.01 ) ; F02K 3/077 (2013.01 ) ; F04D of 0.1 to 0.4 and the second VPF parameter is within a range
29/362 ( 2013.01 ) ; F05D 2220/36 ( 2013.01 ) ; of 5.25-30 lbf/in ?. In certain examples, the turbomachinery
F05D 2260/40311 ( 2013.01) engine further includes a pitch change mechanism , a vane
( 58 ) Field of Classification Search assembly, a core engine, and a gearbox .
None
See application file for complete search history. 20 Claims , 16 Drawing Sheets
5.25
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30

R IFPR 0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
02 5 15 20 25 30
F_Span /Fan_Area (lbflir?
 US 11,454,195 B2
Page 2

( 56 ) References Cited
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS
10,072,510 B2 9/2018 Miller et al .
10,288,083 B2 5/2019 Miller et al .
10,618,667 B2 4/2020 Keller et al .
2017/0218975 Al 8/2017 Bintz et al.
2021/0108597 A1 * 4/2021 Ostdiek B64D 27/10
2022/0042461 A1 * 2/2022 Molesini FO1D 25/18
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
EP 3597896 A1 1/2020
EP 3 135 922 B1 3/2020
FR 3046438 AL * 7/2017 F04D 29/323

OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Edkins et al., " TF34 Turbofan Quiet Engine Study Final Report,"
NASA CR- 120914 , Dec. 31 , 1972 , retrieved on May 23 , 2022 from
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19720026093.
General Electric Company, “ Quiet Clean Short -Haul Experimental
Engine ( QC SEE ) Under- the -Wing ( LJTW) Final Design Report,"
Jun . 1 , 1977 , retrieved on May 23 , 2022 from https://ntrs.nasa.gov/
citations / 19800075257 .
Schaefer et al . , Dynamics of High -Bypass - Engine Thrust Reversal
Using a Variable - Pitch Fan . No. NASA - TM -X - 3524 , May 1 , 1977 .
* cited by examiner
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 1 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

118
UU

114
L

110
FIG
1
.
core 122
108 Dfan 112 w

102

.wy
124
104 120
R

100
} ? {

116
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 2 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

218
276
278 256
244 246
-
?
234
. 232272
270238 232
236
210 1672-266
274252 ?
268
242
240
230
250 212 248 -260 2
.
FIG

262
254 202
-2 6 258 264 282
I } 1
224
228
208 225
200 204
216 220
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 3 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

302
M

NA
A

-300
LAU
322
366 356 A 326 318 364320
352Z 362
} }

344 368 360 www.

306 356 358316 327
346 324336 308
ZIZ 342 ?? 314 327 3
.
FIG

TTT 354 310 Z

340

304
72 352
348
332
334 328 330

338 350 w
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 4 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

418

}
. }

444 434
438
{
432
436 MITT 440
452 430
410 442 446
7

480 407412 KEL .

FIG
4

460 406
M DEN CLE

482

404 408
420
saran
400 416
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 5 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

.
504 508 {
}
500
504
-504
}
}
{
}
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{
502 {
G
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Can ot
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506 502 502

FIG . 5

600 604 608 604

}
}
604
.
}

602 -602
}

Y429
L

602 606 602

FIG . 6
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 6 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

700 720
716
< 710
-704
722
714 R1
702
712 708
/

FIG . 7

800 806

TE
}
w

810

812
-804 Pig
R2
802
}

808
FIG.8
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 7 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

900

10
906

912 1 904
-910

R3
-902
}

908
FIG . 9

1000
1016 1006 EL

1022 77
-1010
1014 -
1004
R4
1020

wuuuuuuuuu
1012
I T1002 /
1008

1018
FIG , 10
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 8 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

1100

1106 1110 ***

t
Z 1114
1116
1108
1104 1108

1102 1112

FIG . 11
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 9 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

5.25
1
1
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30

R IFPR 0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0 2 5 15 20 25 30
F_Span /Fan_Area (lbflirt)
FIG . 12
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 10 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30

R FPR 0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00 *

0 2 5 15 20 25 30
F Span /Fan Area (Ibflirt
FIG . 13
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 11 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30

R FPR 0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
-
0.05
0.00 *

0
5.25
15 20 25 30
F Span /Fan Area (lbflirt
FIG . 14
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 12 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30

R FPR 0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00 *

0 15 20 25 30
5.25
F Span /Fan Area (Ibflir?
FIG . 15
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 13 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

5,25
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30

R IFPR 0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
F Span /Fan Area (lbflirt
FIG . 16
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 14 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

5.25
0.40
0.35
0.30

R IFPR 0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0 2 5 10 15 20 25 30
F Span /Fan Area (lbflip
FIG . 17
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 15 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

,
FIG
18

SPAN (
F )
lbfina 4.5 4.26 3.89 24.09 21.3 5.94 5.5 17.07 12.76 16.39 12.09 15.92 1 .89 8.69 6.6 13.4 10.13 21.29 15.68 26.08 21,76 19.73 6.32 5.23 18.05 15.07 13.68
FFPRRR/AN_AREA 0.24 0.2 0.15 0.32 0.24 0.24 0.2 0.32 0.25 0.29 0.2 0.29 0.23 0.26 0.2 0.28 0.2 0.31 0.23 0.35 0.35 0.27 0.25 0.35 0.34 0.36

FANAF_RSEPAN )
in
(
)
lbf
(
17851 17851 17851 70 0 70 0 70 0 70 0 40 0 40 0 70 0 70 0 5 0 5 0 70 0 70 0 70 0 650 650 70 0 70 0 70 0 40 0 40 0 40 0
5 1 0 2 6 5 3 7 8 1 8 2 5 9 3 7 2 1 83
FAN MAS (
Ibm
)
48.1|81293 7460.318 4069397 1275.197 2I1439.3023 3184.647 7.56827 21 4.6947 81476.098 61058.536 4162.350 19541.061 71026.86 16.91101901
4
151 6 0 1 8
15
7 56 7 4
|
15.4
21 0 1336 26 66.60285 55.94727
21.3 8409 29.5 2125832..926 13980.6
26

FAN REDLINE SPE D 128.8 130.1 131.5 29 .5 202.1 204.7 381.2 396.2 256.7 266 287.7 298 238 243 284.2 292.3 287.4 279.9 278.8 19 .3 20 .9 373.1 377 371.3
)
s
/
rad
(

FAN CENTER GRAVITY

OF 25.8 25.6 26

0.34217.295
)
s
/
ft
(
RR
"
FPR
)
in
( 1.3530.411500.41? 800021.63.2195
FAN |12 0.33
0.26121.0780539.4 128050.221.0736.8 0.161.071280533.7 0.43
32.51200
1.35 1212.703.571 1.2526.20.3012800 0.251.2524.580012 12000.421.32412 12000.331.320.912 0.3811.312030501 10500.401.3527.212 0.31121203.530751 27.20.321.2595012 24.59500.251.2512 0.361.2528.8110012 110010.2825.41.2512 11500.321.352612 0.471.35120034.612 12000.451.3533.514 12000.481.351635 12000.44141.324.9
PRTFAEIDSAUPRNSE RS(BPALETDIEOS 0.291120501 0.46120012 0.4716120
12

ENGINE TYPE UNDCTED UNDCTED UNDCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED DUCTED
ENGINE 1
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
U.S. Patent Sep. 27, 2022 Sheet 16 of 16 US 11,454,195 B2

wwwwwwwww

R_tip

R_cg

Gm

-R hub

FIG . 19
 US 11,454,195 B2
1 2
VARIABLE PITCH FANS FOR Various turbomachinery engines and gear assemblies are
TURBOMACHINERY ENGINES disclosed herein . The disclosed turbomachinery engines
comprise a variable pitch fan (“ VPF " ). The disclosed
FIELD engines can also comprise a gearbox in some configurations.
5 The disclosed variable pitch fans are characterized by a
This disclosure relates generally to turbomachinery plurality of fan parameters including a first VPF parameter
engines including fan assemblies and , in particular, to appa- defined as the hub - to - tip radius ratio (“RR ” ) divided by the
ratus and methods of directed to variable pitch fans for fan pressure ratio ( “ FPR ” ) and a second VPF parameter
certain turbomachinery engine configurations. 10
defined as the bearing spanwise force ( “ F_span " ) divided by
the fan area (“ F_area ") . The disclosed VPF parameters may
BACKGROUND also be used , for example , to aid the development of variable
pitch fans and / or other engine configurations. The VPF
A turbofan engine includes a core engine that drives a parameters thus provide improved variable pitch fans and /or
bypass fan . The bypass fan generates the majority of the 15 can help simplify one or more complexities of variable pitch
thrust of the turbofan engine . The generated thrust can be fans and /or geared turbomachinery engine development.
used to move a payload ( e.g. , an aircraft ). In particular examples, a turbomachinery engine includes
In some instances , a turbofan engine is configured as a a fan assembly including a plurality of fan blades. The fan
direct drive engine. Direct drive engines are configured such blades are configured such that they define a first VPF
that a power turbine (e.g. , a low -pressure turbine ) of the core 20 parameter and a second VPF parameter. In some instances ,
engine is directly coupled to the bypass fan . As such , the the first VPF parameter is within a range of 0.1 to 0.25 , and
power turbine and the bypass fan rotate at the same rota- the second VPF parameter is within a range of 2-30 lbf /in ?.
tional speed ( i.e. , the same rpm ). In other instances , the first VPF parameter is within a range
In other instances , a turbofan engine can be configured as of 0.1 to 0.4 and the second VPF parameter is within a range
a geared engine . Geared engines include a gearbox disposed 25 of 5.25-30 lbf/in ?. In certain examples, the turbomachinery
between and interconnecting the bypass fan and power engine further includes a pitch change mechanism , a vane
turbine of the core engine. The gearbox , for example, allows assembly, a core engine, and a gearbox. The pitch change
the power turbine of the core engine to rotate at a different mechanism is coupled to the plurality of fan blades and
speed than the bypass fan . Thus, the gearbox can, for configured for adjusting a pitch of the plurality of fan blades .
example, allow the power turbine of the core engine and the 30 The vane assembly includes a plurality of vanes disposed aft
bypass fan to operate at their respective rotational speeds for of the fan blades . The core engine includes one or more
maximum efficiency and / or power production. compressor sections and one or more turbine sections . The
In some instances , a propulsor of a turbomachinery gearbox includes an input and an output. The input is
engine can be a fan encased within a fan case and / or nacelle . coupled to the one or more turbine sections of the core
This type of turbomachinery engine can be referred to as “ a 35 engine and comprises a first rotational speed, and the output
ducted engine.” is coupled to the fan assembly and has aa second rotational
In other instances, a propulsor of a turbomachinery engine speed , which is less than the first rotational speed .
can be exposed (e.g. , not within aa fan case or a nacelle) . This These and other features , aspects , and / or advantages of
type of turbomachinery engine can be referred to as “ an open the present disclosure will become better understood with
rotor engine ” or an “ unducted engine . ” 40 reference to the following description and the claims . The
In some instances, a turbofan engine can comprise a fixed accompanying drawings , which are incorporated in and
pitch fan , which typical in commercial engines. In such constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments
configuration, the pitch of the fan is static and configured to of the disclosed technology and , together with the descrip
accommodate various engine operating conditions ( e.g. , tion , serve to explain the principles of the disclosure .
takeoff, climb, cruise, approach , etc. ). 45
In other instances , a turbofan engine can include aa vari BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
able pitch fan . In such configurations, the pitch (or blade
angle) of the fan can be adjusted to improve propulsive FIG . 1 depicts a cross - sectional schematic illustration of
efficiency as the engine operating conditions change. an exemplary embodiment of a turbomachinery engine
Despite certain advantages, engines comprising a gearbox 50 configured with an open rotor propulsion system and a
and / or aa variable pitch fan can have one or more drawbacks. variable pitch fan .
For example, including a gearbox and / or a variable pitch fan FIG . 2 depicts a cross - sectional schematic illustration of
in a turbofan engine introduces additional complexity to the an exemplary embodiment of a turbomachinery engine
engine. This can , for example, make engine development comprising an open rotor propulsion system , a variable pitch
and / or manufacturing significantly more difficult. As such , 55 fan, a three - stream architecture, and one or more heat
there is a need for improved turbofan engines comprising a exchangers in a third stream of the three - stream architecture .
gearbox and /or aa variable pitch fan . There is also a need for FIG . 3 depicts a cross - sectional schematic illustration of
devices and methods that can be used to develop and an exemplary embodiment of a turbomachinery engine
manufacture geared turbofan engines with variable pitch configured with a ducted propulsion system and a variable
fans more efficiently and / or precisely . 60 pitch fan .
FIG . 4 depicts a cross - sectional schematic illustration of
BRIEF DESCRIPTION an exemplary embodiment of a turbomachinery engine
comprising a ducted propulsion system , a variable pitch fan,
Aspects and advantages of the disclosed technology will a three - stream architecture , and one or more heat exchangers
be set forth in part in the following description, or may be 65 in a third stream of the three - stream architecture.
obvious from the description, or may be learned through FIG . 5 depicts a cross - sectional schematic illustration of
practice of the technology disclosed in the description . an exemplary embodiment of a counter - rotating low -pres
 US 11,454,195 B2
3 4
sure turbine of a turbomachinery engine , the low - pressure
a modifications and variations as come within the scope of the
turbine having a 3x3 configuration . appended claims and their equivalents.
FIG . 6 depicts a cross - sectional schematic illustration of The word “ exemplary” is used herein to mean “ serving as
an exemplary embodiment of a counter -rotating low -pres an example, instance , or illustration .” Any implementation
sure turbine of a turbomachinery engine , the low -pressure 5 described herein as “ exemplary” is not necessarily to be
turbine having a 4x3 configuration . construed as preferred or advantageous over other imple
FIG . 7 depicts a cross - sectional schematic illustration of mentations
As used
.
herein , the terms " first " , " second " , and " third ”
an exemplary embodiment of a gearbox configuration for a
turbomachinery engine. may be used interchangeably to distinguish one component
FIG. 8 depicts a cross - sectional schematic illustration of 10 from another and are not intended to signify location or
an exemplary embodiment of a gearbox configuration for a importance of the individual components.
The terms “ forward ” and “ aft ” refer to relative positions
turbomachinery engine .
FIG . 9 depicts a cross - sectional schematic illustration of normal aoperational
within gas turbine engine or vehicle, and refer to the
attitude of the gas turbine engine or
anturbomachinery
exemplary embodiment
engine. of a gearbox configuration for a 15 vehicle . For example ,, with regard to a gas turbine engine,
forward refers to a position closer to an engine inlet and aft
FIG . 10 depicts a cross - sectional schematic illustration of
an exemplary embodiment of a gearbox configuration for a refers The
to a position closer to an engine nozzle or exhaust.
terms " upstream ” and “ downstream ” refer to the
turbomachinery engine . relative direction with respect to fluid flow in a fluid path
FIG . 11 depicts a cross -sectional schematic illustration of 20 which
an exemplary embodiment of a gearbox configuration for a
way. Fortheexample , " upstream ” refers to the direction from
fluid flows, and " downstream ” refers to the
turbomachinery engine . direction to which the fluid flows.
FIG . 12 depicts an exemplary range of first VPF The terms “ coupled , ” “ fixed ,” “ attached to ," and the like
parameter relative to an exemplary range of a second VPF refer to both direct coupling , fixing , or attaching, as well as
parameter, which can be particularly advantageous for a 25 indirect coupling , fixing, or attaching through one or more
turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan . intermediate components or features , unless otherwise
FIG . 13 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF specified herein .
parameter relative to an exemplary range of a second VPF The singular forms “ a ” , “ an ” , and “ the ” include plural
parameter, which can be particularly advantageous for a references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise .
turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan . 30 Approximating language , as used herein throughout the
FIG . 14 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF specification and claims , is applied to modify any quantita
parameter relative to an exemplary range of a second VPF tive representation that could permissibly vary without
parameter, which can be particularly advantageous for a resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is
turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan . related. Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms,
FIG . 15 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF 35 such as “ about, ” “ approximately,” and “ substantially, ” are
parameter relative to an exemplary range of aa second VPF not to be limited to the precise value specified. In at least
parameter, which can be particularly advantageous for a some instances, the approximating language may corre
turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan . spond to the precision of an instrument for measuring the
FIG . 16 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF value , or the precision of the methods or machines for
parameter relative to an exemplary range of a second VPF 40 constructing or manufacturing the components and /or sys
parameter, which can be particularly advantageous for a tems . For example, the approximating language may refer to
turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan . being within a 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 10 , 15 , or 20 percent margin in
FIG . 17 depicts an exemplary range of a first VPF either individual values , range ( s) of values and / or endpoints
parameter relative to an exemplary range of aa second VPF defining range ( s) of values.
parameter, which can be particularly advantageous for a 45 Here and throughout the specification and claims , range
turbomachinery comprising a variable pitch fan . limitations are combined and interchanged, such ranges are
FIG . 18 depicts various fan parameters of several exem- identified and include all the sub -ranges contained therein
plary turbomachinery engines comprising variable pitch unless context or language indicates otherwise. For example,
fans. all ranges disclosed herein are inclusive of the endpoints,
FIG . 19 depicts a partial cross - sectional schematic illus- 50 and the endpoints are independently combinable with each
tration of an exemplary embodiment of a turbomachinery other.
engine configured with a ducted propulsion system and a Referring now to the drawings, FIG . 1 is an exemplary
variable pitch fan . embodiment of an engine 100 including a gear assembly 102
according to aspects of the present disclosure. The engine
DETAILED DESCRIPTION 55 100 includes a fan assembly 104 driven by a core engine
106. In various embodiments, the core engine 106 is a
Reference now will be made in detail to embodiments of Brayton cycle system configured to drive the fan assembly
the disclosed technology, one or more examples of which are 104. The core engine 106 is shrouded , at least in part, by an
illustrated in the drawings. Each example is provided by way outer casing 114. The fan assembly 104 includes a plurality
of explanation of the disclosed technology, not limitation of 60 of fan blades 108. A vane assembly 110 extends from the
the disclosure. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in outer casing 114 in a cantilevered manner . Thus , the vane
the art that various modifications and variations can be made assembly 110 can also be referred to as an unducted vane
in the present disclosure without departing from the scope or assembly. The vane assembly 110 , including a plurality of
spirit of the disclosure . For instance, features illustrated or vanes 112 , is positioned in operable arrangement with the
described as part of one embodiment can be used with 65 fan blades 108 to provide thrust, control thrust vector, abate
another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. or re - direct undesired acoustic noise , and /or otherwise desir
Thus, it is intended that the present disclosure covers such ably alter aa flow of air relative to the fan blades 108 .
 US 11,454,195 B2
5 6
In some embodiments, the fan assembly 104 includes 65,000 ft. In certain embodiments, cruise altitude is between
eight ( 8 ) to twenty (20 ) fan blades 108. In particular embodi- approximately 28,000 ft. and approximately 45,000 ft. In
ments , the fan assembly 104 includes ten ( 10 ) to eighteen still certain embodiments, cruise altitude is expressed in
( 18 ) fan blades 108. In certain embodiments, the fan assem- flight levels (FL ) based on a standard air pressure at sea
bly 104 includes twelve ( 12 ) to sixteen ( 16 ) fan blades 108. 5 level , in which a cruise flight condition is between FL280
In some embodiments, the vane assembly 110 includes three and FL650 . In another embodiment, cruise flight condition
( 3 ) to thirty (30 ) vanes 112. In certain embodiments, the is between FL280 and FL450 . In still certain embodiments,
vane assembly 110 includes an equal or fewer quantity of cruise altitude is defined based at least on a barometric
vanes 112 to fan blades 108. For example in particular pressure , in which cruise altitude is between approximately
embodiments, the engine 100 includes twelve ( 12 ) fan 10 4.85 psia and approximately 0.82 psia based on a sea - level
blades 108 and ten ( 10) vanes 112. In other embodiments, pressure of approximately 14.70 psia and sea - level tempera
the vane assembly 110 includes a greater quantity of vanes ture at approximately 59 degrees Fahrenheit. In another
112 to fan blades 108. For example in particular embodi- embodiment, cruise altitude is between approximately 4.85
ments, the engine 100 includes ten ( 10 ) fan blades 108 and psia and approximately 2.14 psia . It should be appreciated
twenty -three (23 ) vanes 112. In another particular embodi- 15 that in certain embodiments, the ranges of cruise altitude
ment, the engine includes fourteen ( 14 ) fan blades . defined by pressure may be adjusted based on a different
In certain embodiments, such as depicted in FIG . 1 , the 2 reference sea - level pressure and / or sea -level temperature .
vane assembly 110 is positioned downstream or aft of the fan The core engine 106 is generally encased in outer casing
assembly 104. However, it should be appreciated that in 114 defining one half of a core diameter ( D.core ), which may
some embodiments, the vane assembly 110 may be posi- 20 be thought of as the maximum extent from the centerline
tioned upstream or forward of the fan assembly 104. In still axis (datum for R) . In certain embodiments, the engine 100
various embodiments , the engine 100 may include a first includes a length (L ) from a longitudinally (or axial) forward
vane assembly positioned forward of the fan assembly 104 end 116 to a longitudinally aft end 118. In various embodi
and a second vane assembly positioned aft of the fan ments , the engine 100 defines aa ratio of L/ D . that provides
core
assembly 104. The fan assembly 104 may be configured to 25 for reduced installed drag. In one embodiment, L/ DC is at
core
desirably adjust pitch at one or more fan blades 108 , such as least 2. In another embodiment, L / D core is at least 2.5 . In
to control thrust vector, abate or re - direct noise , and / or alter some embodiments, the L /D core is less than 5 , less than 4 ,
thrust output. The vane assembly 110 may be configured to and less than 3. In various embodiments , it should be
desirably adjust pitch at one or more vanes 112 , such as to appreciated that the L /D core
. is for a single unducted rotor
control thrust vector, abate or re - direct noise , and / or alter 30 engine.
thrust output . Pitch control mechanisms at one or both of the The reduced installed drag may further provide for
fan assembly 104 or the vane assembly 110 may co -operate improved efficiency, such as improved specific fuel con
to produce one or more desired effects described above . sumption. Additionally , or alternatively, the reduced drag
In certain embodiments, such as depicted in FIG . 1 , the may provide for cruise altitude engine and aircraft operation
engine 100 is an un -ducted thrust producing system , such 35 at or above Mach 0.5 . In certain embodiments, the L /D core
that the plurality of fan blades 108 is unshrouded by a the fan assembly 104 , and /or the vane assembly 110 sepa
nacelle or fan casing . As such , in various embodiments, the rately or together configure , at least in part, the engine 100
engine 100 may be configured as an unshrouded turbofan to operate at a maximum cruise altitude operating speed
engine, an open rotor engine, or a propfan engine . In between approximately Mach 0.55 and approximately Mach
particular embodiments, the engine 100 is an unducted rotor 40 0.85 ; or between approximately 0.72 to 0.85 or between
engine with a single row of fan blades 108. The fan blades approximately 0.75 to 0.85 .
108 can have a large diameter, such as may be suitable for Referring still to FIG . 1 , the core engine 106 extends in a
high bypass ratios , high cruise speeds ( e.g. , comparable to radial direction ( R ) relative to an engine centerline axis 120 .
aircraft with turbofan engines, or generally higher cruise The gear assembly 102 receives power or torque from the
speed than aircraft with turboprop engines ), high cruise 45 core engine 106 through a power input source 122 and
altitude ( e.g., comparable to aircraft with turbofan engines, provides power or torque to drive the fan assembly 104 , in
or generally higher cruise speed than aircraft with turboprop a circumferential direction C about the engine centerline
engines ), and / or relatively low rotational speeds . axis 120 , through a power output source 124 .
The fan blades 108 comprise a diameter (Dfan ). It should The gear assembly 102 of the engine 100 can include a
be noted that for purposes of illustration only half ofthe Dfan 50 plurality of gears, including an input and an output. The gear
is shown ( i.e. , the radius of the fan ). In some embodiments, assembly can also include one or more intermediate gears
the Dfan is 72-216 inches . In particular embodiments the DOfan
is 100-200 inches . In certain embodiments, the Defan is
disposed between and / or interconnecting the input and the
output. The input can be coupled to a turbine section of the
120-190 inches. In other embodiments, the Dfan is 72-120 core engine 106 and can comprise a first rotational speed .
inches . In yet other embodiments, the Dfan is 50-80 inches. 55 The output can be coupled to the fan assembly and can have
In some embodiments, the fan blade tip speed at a cruise a second rotational speed . In some embodiments, a gear ratio
flight condition can be 650 to 900 fps, or 700 to 800 fps. A of the first rotational speed to the second rotational speed is
fan pressure ratio (FPR) for the fan assembly 104 can be greater than 4.1 ( e.g. , within a range of 4.1-14.0 ) .
1.04 to 1.10 , or in some embodiments 1.05 to 1.08 , as The gear assembly 102 (which can also be referred to as
measured across the fan blades at a cruise flight condition. 60 “ a gearbox ”) can comprise various types and/or configura
In other examples, a fan pressure ratio for the fan assembly tion . For example , in some embodiments , the gearbox is an
can be 1.05-1.5 ( or 1.05-1.15 or 1.2-1.4 ) as measured at a epicyclic gearbox configured in a star gear configuration.
static sea - level takeoff operating condition . Star gear configurations comprise a sun gear, a plurality of
Cruise altitude is generally an altitude at which an aircraft star gears (which can also be referred to as “ planet gears ” ),
levels after climb and prior to descending to an approach 65 and a ring gear. The sun gear is the input and is coupled to
flight phase . In various embodiments, the engine is applied the power turbine (e.g. , the low -pressure turbine) such that
to a vehicle with a cruise altitude up to approximately the sun gear and the power turbine rotate at the same
 US 11,454,195 B2
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rotational speed . The star gears are disposed between and shaft 240. The combustion section 232 is positioned between
interconnect the sun gear and the ring gear. The star gears are the high -pressure compressor 236 and the high -pressure
rotatably coupled to a fixed carrier. As such , the star gears turbine 238 .
can rotate about their respective axes but cannot collectively The combustion section 232 may be configured as a
orbit relative to the sun gear or the ring gear. As another 5 deflagrative combustion section, a rotating detonation com
example, the gearbox is an epicyclic gearbox configured in bustion section , a pulse detonation combustion section ,
a planet gear configuration. Planet gear configurations com- and / or other appropriate heat addition system . The combus
prise a sun gear, a plurality of planet gears , and a ring gear. tion section 232 may be configured as one or more of a
The sun gear is the input and is coupled to the power turbine . rich - burn system or a lean -burn system , or combinations
The planet gears are disposed between and interconnect the 10 thereof. In still various embodiments , the combustion sec
sun gear and the ring gear. The planet gears are rotatably tion 232 includes an annular combustor, a can combustor, a
coupled to a rotatable carrier. As such , the planet gears can cannular combustor, a trapped vortex combustor ( TVC ) , or
rotate about their respective axes and also collectively rotate other appropriate combustion system , or combinations
together with the carrier relative to the sun gear and the ring thereof.
gear. The carrier is the output and is coupled to the fan 15 The core engine 206 also includes a booster or low
assembly. The ring gear is fixed from rotation . pressure compressor positioned in flow relationship with the
In some embodiments, the gearbox is a single - stage high -pressure compressor 236. The low -pressure compres
gearbox (e.g. , FIGS . 10-11 ) . In other embodiments, the sor 242 is rotatably coupled with the low -pressure turbine
gearbox is a multi - stage gearbox (e.g. , FIGS . 9 and 12 ) . In 244 via a low - pressure shaft 246 to enable the low -pressure
some embodiments, the gearbox is an epicyclic gearbox . In 20 turbine 244 to drive the low -pressure compressor 242. The
some embodiments, the gearbox is a non - epicyclic gearbox low - pressure shaft 246 is also operably connected to the gear
( e.g. , a compound gearbox — FIG . 13 ) . assembly 202 to provide power to the fan assembly 204 ,
As noted above, the gear assembly can be used to reduce such as described further herein .
the rotational speed of the output relative to the input. In It should be appreciated that the terms “ low ” and “ high , ”
some embodiments, a gear ratio of the input rotational speed 25 or their respective comparative degrees (e.g. , " lower” and
to the output rotational speed is greater than 4.1 . For “ higher ” , where applicable ), when used with compressor,
example , in particular embodiments, the gear ratio is within turbine, shaft, or spool components, each refer to relative
a range of 4.1-14.0 , within a range of 4.5-14.0 , or within a pressures and / or relative speeds within an engine unless
range of 6.0-14.0 . In certain embodiments, the gear ratio is otherwise specified. For example, a “ low spool” or “ low
within a range of 4.5-12 or within a range of 6.0-11.0 . As 30 speed shaft” defines a component configured to operate at a
such , in some embodiments, the fan assembly can be con- rotational speed, such as a maximum allowable rotational
figured to rotate at a rotational speed of 700-1500 rpm at a speed , lower than a “ high spool” or “ high -speed shaft ” of the
cruise flight condition , while the power turbine (e.g. , the engine. Alternatively, unless otherwise specified, the afore
low -pressure turbine) is configured to rotate at a rotational mentioned terms may be understood in their superlative
speed of 2,500-15,000 rpm at a cruise flight condition . In 35 degree. For example, a “ low turbine” or “ low -speed turbine”
particular embodiments, the fan assembly can be configured may refer to the lowest maximum rotational speed turbine
to rotate at a rotational speed of 850-1350 rpm at a cruise within aa turbine section , a “ low compressor” or “ low speed
flight condition, while the power turbine is configured to compressor ” may refer to the lowest maximum rotational
rotate at a rotational speed of 5,000-10,000 rpm at a cruise speed turbine within a compressor section , a “ high turbine ”
flight condition . 40 or “ high - speed turbine” may refer to the highest maximum
Various gear assembly configurations are depicted sche- rotational speed turbine within the turbine section , and a
matically in FIGS . 9-13 . These gearboxes can be used any " high compressor " or " high -speed compressor” may refer to
of the engines disclosed herein , including the engine 100 . the highest maximum rotational speed compressor within
Additional details regarding the gearboxes are provided the compressor section . Similarly, the low - speed spool refers
below. 45 to a lower maximum rotational speed than the high- speed
FIG . 2 shows a cross -sectional view of an engine 200 , spool . It should further be appreciated that the terms “ low ”
which is configured as an exemplary embodiment of an open or “ high ” in such aforementioned regards may additionally,
rotor propulsion engine. The engine 200 is generally similar or alternatively, be understood as relative to minimum
to the engine 100 and corresponding components have been allowable speeds , or minimum or maximum allowable
numbered similarly. For example, the gear assembly of the 50 speeds relative to normal, desired , steady state , etc. opera
engine 100 is numbered “ 102” and the gear assembly of the tion of the engine.
engine 200 is numbered “ 202 ," and so forth . In addition to The compressors and /or turbines disclosed herein can
the gear assembly 202 , the engine 200 comprises a fan include various stage counts . As disclosed herein the stage
assembly 204 that includes a plurality of fan blades 208 count includes the number of rotors or blade stages in a
distributed around the engine centerline axis 220. Fan blades 55 particular component (e.g. , a compressor or turbine). For
208 are circumferentially arranged in an equally spaced example, in some embodiments, a low -pressure compressor
relation around the engine centerline axis 220 , and each fan can comprise 1-8 stages , a high -pressure compressor can
blade 208 has a root 225 and a tip 226 , and an axial span comprise 8-15 stages, a high - pressure turbine comprises 1-2
defined therebetween , as well as a central blade axis 228 . stages , and / or a low -pressure turbine comprises 3-7 stages .
The core engine 206 includes a compressor section 230 , 60 For example, in certain embodiments, an engine can com
a combustion section 232 , and a turbine section 234 (which prise a one stage low -pressure compressor, an 11 stage
may be referred to as “ an expansion section ” ) together in a high -pressure compressor, a two stage high - pressure com
serial flow arrangement. The core engine 206 extends cir- pressor, and a 7 stage low -pressure turbine. As another
cumferentially relative to an engine centerline axis 220. The example , an engine can comprise a three stage low -pressure
core engine 206 includes a high - pressure spool that includes 65 compressor, a 10 stage high -pressure compressor, a two
a high - pressure compressor 236 and a high -pressure turbine stage high -pressure compressor, and a 7 stage low -pressure
238 operably rotatably coupled together by a high -pressure turbine .
 US 11,454,195 B2
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In some embodiments, a low -pressure turbine is a coun- aircraft installations while eliminating the need to have
ter - rotating low -pressure turbine comprising inner blade internal engine parts designed for opposite rotation direc
stages and outer blade stages . The inner blade stages extend tions .
radially outwardly from an inner shaft, and the outer blade The engine 200 also includes the gear assembly 202
stages extend radially inwardly from an outer drum . In 5 which includes a gear set for decreasing the rotational speed
particular embodiments, the counter-rotating low -pressure of the fan assembly 204 relative to the low -pressure turbine
turbine comprises three inner blade stages and three outer 244. In operation, the rotating fan blades 208 are driven by
blade stages , which can collectively be referred to as a six the low - pressure turbine 244 via gear assembly 202 such
stage low - pressure turbine. In other embodiments, the coun- that the fan blades 208 rotate around the engine centerline
ter -rotating low -pressure turbine comprises four inner blade 10 axis 220 and generate thrust to propel the engine 200 , and
stages and three outer blade stages , which can be collec- hence an aircraft on which it is mounted , in the forward
tively be referred to as a seven stage low -pressure turbine . direction F.
As discussed in more detail below, the core engine 206 In some embodiments , a gear ratio of the input rotational
includes the gear assembly 202 that is configured to transfer speed to the output rotational speed is greater than 4.1 . For
power from the turbine section 234 and reduce an output 15 example , in particular embodiments, the gear ratio is within
rotational speed at the fan assembly 204 relative to the a range of 4.1-14.0 , within a range of 4.5-14.0 , or within a
low -pressure turbine 244. Embodiments of the gear assem- range of 6.0-14.0 . In certain embodiments , the gear ratio is
bly 202 depicted and described herein can allow for gear within a range of 4.5-12 or within a range of 6.0-11.0 . As
ratios suitable for large- diameter unducted fans ( e.g. , gear such , in some embodiments, the fan assembly can be con
ratios of 4.1-14.0 , 4.5-14.0 , and / or 6.0-14.0 ) . Additionally, 20 figured to rotate at a rotational speed of 700-1500 rpm at a
embodiments of the gear assembly 202 provided herein may cruise flight condition , while the power turbine ( e.g. , the
be suitable within the radial or diametrical constraints of the low - pressure turbine) is configured to rotate at a rotational
core engine 206 within the outer casing 214 . speed of 5,000-10,000 rpm at a cruise flight condition . In
Various gearbox configurations are depicted schemati- particular embodiments, the fan assembly can be configured
cally in FIGS . 9-13 . These gearboxes can be used in any of 25 to rotate at a rotational speed of 850-1350 rpm at a cruise
the engines disclosed herein , including the engine 200 . flight condition , while the power turbine is configured to
Additional details regarding the gearboxes are provided rotate at a rotational speed of 5,500-9,500 rpm a cruise flight
below. condition .
Engine 200 also includes a vane assembly 210 comprising It may be desirable that either or both of the fan blades
a plurality of vanes 212 disposed around engine centerline 30 208 or the vanes 212 to incorporate a pitch change mecha
axis 220. Each vane 212 has a root 248 and a tip 250 , and nism such that the blades can be rotated with respect to an
a span defined therebetween . Vanes 212 can be arranged in axis of pitch rotation (annotated as 228 and 254 , respec
a variety of manners . In some embodiments , for example, tively ) either independently or in conjunction with one
they are not all equidistant from the rotating assembly. another. Such pitch change can be utilized to vary thrust
In some embodiments, vanes 212 are mounted to a 35 and / or swirl effects under various operating conditions ,
stationary frame and do not rotate relative to the engine including to provide a thrust reversing feature which may be
centerline axis 220 , but may include a mechanism for useful in certain operating conditions such as upon landing
adjusting their orientation relative to their axis 254 and / or an aircraft.
relative to the fan blades 208. For reference purposes, FIG . Vanes 212 can be sized , shaped , and configured to impart
2 depicts a forward direction denoted with arrow F , which in 40 a counteracting swirl to the fluid so that in a downstream
turn defines the forward and aft portions of the system . direction aft of both fan blades 208 and vanes 212 the fluid
As depicted in FIG . 2 , the fan assembly 204 is located has a greatly reduced degree of swirl, which translates to an
forward of the core engine 106 with the exhaust 256 located increased level of induced efficiency. Vanes 212 may have a
aft of core engine 206 in a “ puller " configuration. Other shorter span than fan blades 208 , as shown in FIG . 2. For
2

configurations are possible and contemplated as within the 45 example, vanes 212 may have a span that is at least 50% of
scope of the present disclosure , such as what may be termed a span of fan blades 208. In some embodiments, the span of
a “ pusher ” configuration embodiment where the engine core the vanes can be the same or longer than the span as fan
is located forward of the fan assembly. The selection of blades 208 , if desired . Vanes 212 may be attached to an
“ puller ” or “ pusher ” configurations may be made in concert aircraft structure associated with the engine 200 , as shown
with the selection of mounting orientations with respect to 50 in FIG . 2 , or another aircraft structure such as a wing , pylon ,
the airframe of the intended aircraft application, and some or fuselage. Vanes 212 may be fewer or greater in number
may be structurally or operationally advantageous depend- than, or the same in number as , the number of fan blades
ing upon whether the mounting location and orientation are 208. In some embodiments, the number of vanes 212 are
wing -mounted , fuselage-mounted, or tail -mounted configu- greater than two, or greater than four, in number. Fan blades
rations . 55 208 may be sized, shaped , and contoured with the desired
Left- or right -handed engine configurations, useful for blade loading in mind .
certain installations in reducing the impact of multi - engine In the embodiment shown in FIG . 2 , an annular 360
torque upon an aircraft, can be achieved by mirroring the degree inlet 258 is located between the fan assembly 204 and
airfoils (e.g. , 208 , 212 ) such that the fan assembly 204 the vane assembly 210 , and provides a path for incoming
rotates clockwise for one propulsion system and counter- 60 atmospheric air to enter the core engine 206 radially
clockwise for the other propulsion system . Alternatively, an inwardly of at least a portion of the vane assembly 210. Such
optional reversing gearbox can be provided to permits a a location may be advantageous for a variety of reasons ,
common gas turbine core and low -pressure turbine to be including management of icing performance as well as
used to rotate the fan blades either clockwise or counter- protecting the inlet 258 from various objects and materials
clockwise , i.e. , to provide either left- or right-handed con- 65 as may be encountered in operation .
figurations, as desired , such as to provide a pair of oppo- In the exemplary embodiment of FIG . 2 , in addition to the
sitely -rotating engine assemblies can be provided for certain open rotor or unducted fan assembly 204 with its plurality of
 US 11,454,195 B2
11 12
fan blades 208 , an optional ducted fan assembly 260 is thrust ( and at least , e.g. , 2 % of the total engine thrust ), and
included behind fan assembly 204 , such that the engine 200 at a takeoff condition, or more particularly while operating
includes both a ducted and an unducted fan which both serve at a rated takeoff power at sea level , static flight speed , 86
to generate thrust through the movement of air at atmo- degree Fahrenheit ambient temperature operating condi
spheric temperature without passage through the core engine 5 tions . Furthermore, in certain exemplary embodiments the
206. The ducted fan assembly 260 is shown at about the airstream , mixing, or exhaust properties (and thereby the
same axial location as the vane 212 , and radially inward of aforementioned exemplary percent contribution to total
the root 248 of the vane 212. Alternatively, the ducted fan thrust) of the third stream may passively adjust during
assembly 260 may be between the vane 212 and core duct engine operation or be modified purposefully through use of
262 , or be farther forward of the vane 212. The ducted fan 10 engine control features ( such as fuel flow , electric machine
assembly 260 may be driven by the low -pressure turbine power, variable stators , variable inlet guide vanes , valves,
244 , or by any other suitable source of rotation, and may variable exhaust geometry, or fluidic features ) to adjust or
serve as the first stage of the low -pressure compressor 242 optimize overall system performance across a broad range of
or may be operated separately. Air entering the inlet 258 potential operating conditions .
flows through an inlet duct 264 and then is divided such that 15 In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG . 2 , aa slidable ,
a portion flows through a core duct 262 and a portion flows moveable , and / or translatable plug nozzle 274 with an
through a fan duct 266. Fan duct 266 may incorporate one actuator may be included in order to vary the exit area of the
or more heat exchangers 268 and exhausts to the atmosphere nozzle 270. A plug nozzle is typically an annular, symmetri
through an independent fixed or variable nozzle 270 aft of cal device which regulates the open area of an exit such as
the vane assembly 210 , at the aft end of the fan cowl 252 and 20 a fan stream or core stream by axial movement of the nozzle
outside of the engine core cowl 272. Air flowing through the such that the gap between the nozzle surface and aa stationary
fan duct 266 thus “ bypasses ” the core of the engine and does structure, such as adjacent walls of a duct, varies in a
not pass through the core . scheduled fashion thereby reducing or increasing a space for
Thus, in the exemplary embodiment, engine 200 includes airflow through the duct. Other suitable nozzle designs may
an unducted fan formed by the fan blades 208 , followed by
2 25 be employed as well , including those incorporating thrust
the ducted fan assembly 260 , which directs airflow into two reversing functionality. Such an adjustable , moveable nozzle
concentric or non - concentric ducts 262 and 266 , thereby may be designed to operate in concert with other systems
forming a three - stream engine architecture with three paths such as VBV's , VSV's , or blade pitch mechanisms and may
for air which passes through the fan assembly 204. The “ first be designed with failure modes such as fully - open , fully
stream ” of the engine 200 comprises airflow that passes 30 closed , or intermediate positions , so that the nozzle 270 has
through the vane assembly 210 and /or outside the fan cowl a consistent “home” position to which it returns in the event
252. As such , the first stream can be referred to as " the of any system failure, which may prevent commands from
bypass stream ” since the airflow of the first stream does not reaching the nozzle 270 and / or its actuator. In other embodi
pass through the core duct 262. The first stream produces the ments a static nozzle may be utilized .
majority of the thrust of the engine 200 and can thus also be 35 In some embodiments, a mixing device 276 can be
referred to as “ the primary propulsion stream . ” The “ second included in aa region aft of a core nozzle 278 to aid in mixing
stream ” of the engine 200 comprises the airflow that flows the fan stream and the core stream to improve acoustic
into the inlet 258 , through the inlet duct 264 , through the performance by directing core stream outward and fan
core duct 262 , and exits the core nozzle 278. In this manner, stream inward .
the second stream can be referred to as " the core stream .” 40 Since the engine 200 shown in FIG . 2 includes both an
The “ third stream ” of the engine 200 comprises the airflow open rotor fan assembly 204 , a ducted fan assembly 260 and
that flows into the inlet 258 , through the inlet duct 264 , the third stream , the engine's thrust output and work split
through the fan duct 266 , and exits the nozzle 270 . can be tailored to achieve specific thrust, fuel burn, thermal
A “ third stream ” as used herein means a secondary air management, and /or acoustic signature objectives which
stream capable of increasing fluid energy to produce a 45 may be superior to those of a typical ducted or unducted fan
minority of total thrust of an engine (e.g. , the engine 200 ) . gas turbine propulsion assembly of comparable thrust class .
Accordingly, in various embodiments the fan duct 266 , Operationally, the engine 200 may include a control system
having the one or heat exchangers 268 located within the that manages the loading of the respective open and ducted
flowpath of the fan duct 266 , may be referred to as the fans, as well as potentially the exit area of the variable fan
“ third - stream ” of the three - stream engine architecture . 50 nozzle , to provide different thrust, noise , cooling capacity
The pressure ratio of the third stream is higher than that and other performance characteristics for various portions of
of the primary propulsion stream (i.e. , the bypass stream ). the flight envelope and various operational conditions asso
This thrust is produced through a dedicated nozzle or ciated with aircraft operation . For example, in climb mode
through mixing of the secondary stream with aa fan stream or the ducted fan may operate at maximum pressure ratio
a core stream (e.g. , into a common nozzle) . In certain 55 there by maximizing the thrust capability of stream , while in
exemplary embodiments the operating temperature of an cruise mode, the ducted fan may operate a lower pressure
airflow through the third stream is less than a maximum ratio, raising overall efficiency through reliance on thrust
compressor discharge temperature for the engine, and more from the unducted fan . Nozzle actuation modulates the
specifically may be less than 350 degrees Fahrenheit ( such ducted fan operating line and overall engine fan pressure
as less than 300 degrees Fahrenheit, such as less than 250 60 ratio independent of total engine airflow . In other embodi
degrees Fahrenheit, such as less than 200 degrees Fahren- ments, loading may be managed using a static nozzle .
heit , and at least as great as an ambient temperature ). In As noted above, the third stream ( e.g. , the fan duct 266 )
certain exemplary embodiments these operating tempera- may include one or more heat exchangers 268 for removing
tures facilitate the heat transfer to or from the fluid in the heat from various fluids used in engine operation ( such as an
third stream and aa secondary fluid stream . Further, in certain 65 air- cooled oil cooler (ACOC ) , cooled cooling air (CCA) ,
exemplary embodiments , the airflow through the third etc. ) . Heat exchangers 268 located in the third stream take
stream may contribute less than 50% of the total engine advantage of the integration into the fan duct 266 with
 US 11,454,195 B2
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reduced performance penalties ( such as fuel efficiency and desired cruise altitude, and / or desired operating cruise
thrust) compared with traditional ducted fan architectures, speed , or combinations thereof.
due to not impacting the primary source of thrust which is , The unducted engines 100 , 200 can comprise pitch
in this case , the unducted fan stream . Heat exchangers may change mechanism configured for adjusting the pitch for
cool fluids such as gearbox oil , engine sump oil , thermal 5 fan . In this manner the fans of the engines 100 , 200 are
transport fluids such as supercritical fluids or commercially VPFs . For example, the engine 200 comprises a pitch
available single -phase or two -phase fluids ( supercritical change mechanism 282 coupled to the fan assembly 204 and
CO2 , EGV, Slither 800 , liquid metals , etc. ), engine bleed air , configured to vary the pitch of the fan blades 208. In certain
etc. Heat exchangers may also be made up of different 10 embodiments, the pitch change mechanism 282 can be a
segments or passages that cool different working fluids, such linear actuated pitch change mechanism .
as an ACOC paired with a fuel cooler. Heat exchangers 268 FIG . 3 is a schematic cross - sectional view of a gas turbine
may be incorporated into a thermal management system engine in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the
which provides for thermal transport via a heat exchange present disclosure. More particularly, for the embodiment of
fluid flowing through a network to remove heat from a 15 FIG . 3 , the gas turbine engine is a high -bypass turbofan jet
2

source and transport it to a heat exchanger. engine 300 , referred to herein as “ turbofan engine 300. ” As
Since the fan pressure ratio associated with the third shown in FIG . 3 , the turbofan engine 300 defines an axial
stream is higher for the ducted fan than for the unducted fan, direction A ( extending parallel to a longitudinal centerline
the third stream provides an environment where more com- 302 provided for reference ) and aa radial direction R ( extend
pact heat exchangers may be utilized than would be possible 20 ing perpendicular to the axial direction A) . In general, the
if installed on the outside of the core cowl in the unducted engine 300 includes aa fan section 304 and a core engine 306
fan stream . Fan bypass air is at a very low fan pressure ratio disposed downstream from the fan section 304. The engine
( FPR) ( 1.05 to 1.08 ) , making it difficult to drive air through 300 also includes a gear assembly or power gear box 336
heat exchangers. Without the availability of a fan duct as having a plurality of gears for coupling a gas turbine shaft
described herein , scoops or booster bleed air may be 25 to a fan shaft. The position of the power gear box 336 is not
required to provide cooling air to and through heat exchang- limited to that as shown in the exemplary embodiment of the
ers . engine 300. For example, the position of the power gear box
The third stream can also provide other advantages in 336 may vary along the axial direction A.
terms of reduced nacelle drag, enabling a more aggressive The exemplary core engine 306 depicted generally
nacelle close -out, improved core stream particle separation, 30 includes a substantially tubular outer casing 308 that defines
and inclement weather operation . By exhausting the fan duct an annular inlet 310. The outer casing 308 encases , in serial
flow over the core cowl , this aids in energizing the boundary flow relationship , a compressor section including a booster
layer and enabling the option of a steeper nacelle close out or low -pressure (LP ) compressor 312 and a high -pressure
angle between the maximum dimension of the engine core (HP ) compressor 314 ; a combustion section 316 ; a turbine
cowl 272 and the exhaust 256. The close - out angle is 35 section including a high - pressure ( HP) turbine 318 and a
normally limited by air flow separation, but boundary layer low - pressure ( LP) turbine 320 ; and a jet exhaust nozzle
energization by air from the fan duct 266 exhausting over the section 322. A high -pressure ( HP ) shaft or spool 324 driv
core cowl reduces air flow separation . This yields a shorter, ingly connects the HP turbine 318 to the HP compressor 314 .
lighter structure with less frictional surface drag. A low -pressure (LP ) shaft or spool 326 drivingly connects
The fan assembly and / or vane assembly can be shrouded 40 the LP turbine 320 to the LP compressor 312. Additionally,
or unshrouded ( as shown in FIGS . 1 and 2 ) . Although not the compressor section , combustion section 316 , and turbine
shown , an optional annular shroud or duct can be coupled to section together define at least in part a core air flowpath 327
the vane assembly 210 and located distally from the engine extending therethrough .
centerline axis 220 relative to the vanes 212. In addition to A gear assembly of the present disclosure is compatible
the noise reduction benefit, the duct may provide improved 45 with standard fans , variable pitch fans, or other configura
vibratory response and structural integrity of the vanes 212 tions . For the embodiment depicted, the fan section 304
by coupling them into an assembly forming an annular ring includes a variable pitch fan 328 having a plurality of fan
or one or more circumferential sectors , i.e. , segments form- blades 330 coupled to a disk 332 in a spaced apart manner .
ing portions of an annular ring linking two or more of the As depicted , the fan blades 330 extend outwardly from disk
vanes 212. The duct may also allow the pitch of the vanes 50 332 generally along the radial direction R. Each fan blade
to be varied more easily. For example, FIGS . 3-4 , discussed 330 is rotatable relative to the disk 332 about a pitch axis P
in more detail below , disclose embodiments in which both by virtue of the fan blades 330 being operatively coupled to
the fan assembly and vane assembly are shrouded . a suitable actuation member 334 configured to collectively
Although depicted above as an unshrouded or open rotor vary the pitch of the fan blades 330. The fan blades 330 , disk
engine in the embodiments depicted above , it should be 55 332 , and actuation member 334 are together rotatable about
appreciated that aspects of the disclosure provided herein the longitudinal axis 302 by LP shaft 326 across a gear
may be applied to shrouded or ducted engines, partially assembly or power gear box 336. A gear assembly 336 may
ducted engines, aft- fan engines , or other turbomachinery enable a speed change between a first shaft, e.g. , LP shaft
configurations, including those for marine, industrial, or 326 , and a second shaft, e.g. , LP compressor shaft and /or fan
aero -propulsion systems. Certain aspects of the disclosure 60 shaft. For example, in one embodiment, the gear assembly
may be applicable to turbofan , turboprop , or turboshaft 336 may be disposed in an arrangement between a first shaft
engines. However, it should be appreciated that certain and a second shaft such as to reduce an output speed from
aspects of the disclosure may address issues that may be one shaft to another shaft .
particular to unshrouded or open rotor engines , such as , but More generally, the gear assembly 336 can be placed
not limited to , issues related to gear ratios, fan diameter, fan 65 anywhere along the axial direction A to decouple the speed
speed , length ( L) of the engine, maximum diameter of the of two shafts, whenever it is convenient to do so from a
core engine (Dcore ) of the engine, L /Dcore of the engine, component efficiency point of view , e.g. , faster LP turbine
 US 11,454,195 B2
15 16
and slower fan and LP compressor or faster LP turbine and gear assemblies disclosed herein can provide for increased
LP compressor and slower fan . gear ratios for a fixed gear envelope ( e.g. , with the same size
Referring still to the exemplary embodiment of FIG . 3 , ring gear ), or alternatively, a smaller diameter ring gear may
the disk 332 is covered by rotatable front nacelle 338 be used to achieve the same gear ratios.
aerodynamically contoured to promote an airflow through 5 The core engine 406 comprises a compressor section 430 ,
the plurality of fan blades 330. Additionally, the exemplary a combustor section 432 , and a turbine section 434. The
fan section 304 includes an annular fan casing or outer compressor section 430 can include a high - pressure com
nacelle 340 that circumferentially surrounds the fan 328 pressor 436 and aa booster or a low -pressure compressor 442 .
and / or at least a portion of the core engine 306. The nacelle The turbine section 434 can include a high -pressure turbine
340 is , for the embodiment depicted , supported relative to 10 438 and a low -pressure turbine 444. The low -pressure
the core engine 306 by a plurality of circumferentially- compressor 442 is positioned forward of and in flow rela
spaced outlet guide vanes 342. Additionally, a downstream tionship with the high -pressure compressor 436. The low
section 344 of the nacelle 340 extends over an outer portion pressure compressor 442 is rotatably coupled with the
of the core engine 306 so as to define a bypass airflow low - pressure turbine 444 via a low -pressure shaft 446 to
passage 346 therebetween . 15 enable the low -pressure turbine 444 to drive the low
During operation of the turbofan engine 300 , a volume of pressure compressor 442 ( and a ducted fan 460 ). The
air 348 enters the engine 300 through an associated inlet 350 low - pressure shaft 446 is also operably connected to the gear
of the nacelle 340 and / or fan section 304. As the volume of assembly 402 to provide power to the fan assembly 404. The
air 348 passes across the fan blades 330 , a first portion of the high -pressure compressor 436 is rotatably coupled with the
air 348 as indicated by arrows 352 is directed or routed into 20 high - pressure turbine 438 via a high -pressure shaft 440 to
the bypass airflow passage 346 and a second portion of the enable the high -pressure turbine 438 to drive the high
air 348 as indicated by arrow 354 is directed or routed into pressure compressor 436 .
the LP compressor 312. The ratio between the first portion One portion of the airflow from the ducted fan 460 can be
of air 352 and the second portion of air 354 is commonly directed into the core engine 406 (i.e. , a second stream ).
known as a bypass ratio . The pressure of the second portion 25 Another portion of the airflow from the ducted fan 460 can
of air 354 is then increased as it is routed through the be directed into a third stream 407 defined by the inner
high -pressure ( HP ) compressor 314 and into the combustion surface of the fan cowl 452 and the outer surface of the
section 316 , where it is mixed with fuel and burned to engine core cowl 472. In some examples, the third stream
provide combustion gases 356 . can comprise one or more heat exchangers.
The combustion gases 356 are routed through the HP 30 The engine 400 ( and /or the engine 300 ) comprises a pitch
turbine 318 where a portion of thermal and / or kinetic energy change mechanism 482 coupled to the fan assembly 404 and
from the combustion gases 356 is extracted via sequential configured to vary the pitch of the fan blades 408. In certain
stages of HP turbine stator vanes 358 that are coupled to the embodir ts , the pitch change mechanism 482 can be a
outer casing 308 and HP turbine rotor blades 360 that are linear actuated pitch change mechanism .
coupled to the HP shaft or spool 324 , thus causing the HP 35 In some embodiments, the engine 400 can comprise a
shaft or spool 324 to rotate, thereby supporting operation of variable fan nozzle . Operationally, the engine 400 may
the HP compressor 314. The combustion gases 356 are then include a control system that manages the loading of the fan,
routed through the LP turbine 320 where a second portion of as well as potentially the exit area of the variable fan nozzle ,
thermal and kinetic energy is extracted from the combustion to provide different thrust, noise , cooling capacity and other
gases 356 via sequential stages of LP turbine stator vanes 40 performance characteristics for various portions of the flight
362 that are coupled to the outer casing 308 and LP turbine envelope and various operational conditions associated with
rotor blades 364 that are coupled to the LP shaft or spool aircraft operation . For example, nozzle actuation modulates
326 , thus causing the LP shaft or spool 326 to rotate, thereby the fan operating line and overall engine fan pressure ratio
supporting operation of the LP compressor 312 and / or independent of total engine airflow . In other examples, the
rotation of the fan 328 . 45 engine can comprise a static nozzle.
The combustion gases 356 are subsequently routed In some embodiments , an engine (e.g. , the engine 100 , the
through the jet exhaust nozzle section 322 of the core engine engine 200 , and / or the engine 400 ) can comprise a counter
306 to provide propulsive thrust. Simultaneously, the pres- rotating low - pressure turbine . For example, FIGS . 5-6 depict
sure of the first portion of air 352 is substantially increased schematic cross - sectional illustrations of counter - rotating
as the first portion of air 352 is routed through the bypass 50 low - pressure turbines. In particular, FIG . 5 depicts a coun
airflow passage 346 before it is exhausted from aa fan nozzle ter -rotating turbine 500 , and FIG . 6 depicts a counter
exhaust section 366 of the engine 300 , also providing rotating turbine 600. The counter- rotating turbines comprise
propulsive thrust. The HP turbine 318 , the LP turbine 320 , inner blade stages and outer blade stages arranged in an
and the jet exhaust nozzle section 322 at least partially define alternating inner - outer configuration. In other words , the
a hot gas path 368 for routing the combustion gases 356 55 counter- rotating turbines do not comprise stator vanes dis
through the core engine 306 . posed between the blade stages .
For example, FIG . 4 is a cross -sectional schematic illus- Referring to FIG . 5 , the counter - rotating turbine 500
tration of an exemplary embodiment of an engine 400 that comprises a plurality of inner blade stages 502 and a
includes a gear assembly 402 in combination with a ducted plurality of outer blade stages 504. More specifically, the
fan assembly 404 and a core engine 406. However, unlike 60 counter -rotating turbine 500 includes three inner blades
the open rotor configuration of the engine 200 , the fan stages 502 that are coupled to and extend radially outwardly
assembly 404 and its fan blades 408 are contained within an from an inner shaft 506 (which can also be referred to as “ a
annular fan case 480 ( which can also be referred to as “ a rotor ”) and three outer blade stages 504 that are coupled to
nacelle ” ) and the vane assembly 410 and the vanes 412 extend radially inwardly from an outer shaft 508 (which can
extend radially between the fan cowl 452 ( and /or the engine
65 also be referred to as “ a drum ” ). In this manner, the
core cowl 472 ) and the inner surface of the fan case 480 , counter - rotating turbine 500 can be considered a six stage
thereby defining the bypass stream . As discussed above , the turbine.
 US 11,454,195 B2
17 18
Referring to FIG . 6 , the counter - rotating turbine 600 stage . In some embodiments, the first- stage carrier can
comprises a plurality of inner blade stages 602 and a comprise a different number of star gears than the second
plurality of outer blade stages 604. More specifically, the stage carrier. For example, the first - carrier can comprise five
counter - rotating turbine 600 includes four inner blades star gears , and the second - stage carrier can comprise three
stages 602 that are coupled to and extend radially outwardly 5 star gears, or vice versa .
from an inner shaft 606 and three outer blade stages 604 that In some embodiments, the radius Ry of the gearbox 700
are coupled to extend radially inwardly from an outer shaft can be about 16-19 inches. In other embodiments , the radius
608. In this manner , the counter -rotating turbine 600 can be R , of the gearbox 700 can be about 22-24 inches . In other
1

considered a seven stage turbine . embodiments, the radius Ry of the gearbox 700 can be
According to some embodiments there is a turbomachin- 10 smaller than 16 inches or larger than 24 inches .
ery characterized by a high gear ratio . A high gear ratio FIG . 8 schematically depicts a gearbox 800 that can be
gearbox means a gearbox with a gear ratio of above about used , for example, with engines 100 , 200 , 300 , 400. The
4 : 1 to about 14 : 1 ( or about 4.5 : 1 to about 12 : 1 in particular gearbox 800 comprises a single - stage star configuration. The
embodiments ). For example, the engines disclosed herein gearbox 800 includes a sun gear 802 , a carrier 804 housing
can include a gearbox configured such the output speed (i.e. , 15 a plurality of star gears ( e.g. , 3-5 star gears ), and a ring gear
the speed of the propulsor) is about 400-1200 rpm at aa cruise 806. The sun gear 802 can mesh with the star gears, and the
flight condition , or more particularly 450-1000 rpm at a star gears can mesh with the ring gear 806. The sun gear 802
cruise flight condition . can be coupled to a low -pressure shaft 808 , which in turn is
Various exemplary gear assemblies are shown and coupled to the low -pressure turbine of the engine. The
described herein . In particular, FIGS . 7-11 schematically 20 carrier 804 can be fixed from rotation by a support member
depict several exemplary gear assemblies that can be used 810. The ring gear 806 can be coupled to a fan shaft 812 .
with the engines 100 , 200 , 300 , 400. The disclosed gear In some embodiments, the radius R2 of the gearbox 800
assemblies may be utilized with any of the exemplary can be about 18-23 inches. In other embodiments , the radius
engines and / or any other suitable engine for which such gear R2 of the gearbox 700 can be smaller than 18 inches or larger
assemblies may be desirable . In such a manner , it will be 25 than 23 inches .
appreciated that the gear assemblies disclosed herein may FIG . 9 schematically depicts a gearbox 900 that can be
generally be operable with an engine having a rotating used , for example, with engines 100 , 200 , 300 , 400. The
element with a plurality of rotor blades and a turbomachin- gearbox 900 comprises a single - stage star configuration . The
ery having a turbine and aa shaft rotatable with the turbine . gearbox 900 includes a sun gear 902 , a carrier 904 housing
With such an engine, the rotating element ( e.g. , fan assembly
2 30 a plurality of star gears ( e.g. , 3-5 star gears ) , and a ring gear
104 ) may be driven by the shaft (e.g. , low -pressure shaft) of 906. The sun gear 902 can mesh with the star gears, and the
the turbomachinery through the gear assembly . star gears can mesh with the ring gear 906. The sun gear 902
Although the exemplary gear assemblies shown are can be coupled to a low -pressure shaft 908 , which in turn is
mounted at a forward location ( e.g. , forward from the coupled to the low -pressure turbine of the engine. The
combustor and / or the low -pressure compressor ), in other 35 carrier 904 can be fixed from rotation by a support member
embodiments, the gear assemblies described herein can be 910. The ring gear 906 can be coupled to a fan shaft 912 .
mounted at a aft location (e.g. , aft of the combustor and / or In some embodiments , the radius Rz of the gearbox 900
the low -pressure turbine ). can be about 10-13 inches. In other embodiments, the radius
Various embodiments of the gear assembly provided Rz of the gearbox 900 can be smaller than 10 inches or larger
herein may allow for gear ratios of up to 14 : 1 . Still various 40 than 13 inches .
embodiments of the gear assemblies provided herein may FIG . 10 schematically depicts a gearbox 1000 that can be
allow for gear ratios of at least 4.1 : 1 or 4.5 : 1 . Still yet used , for example , with engines 100 , 200 , 300 , 400. The
9

various embodiments of the gear assemblies provided herein gearbox 1000 comprises a two - stage configuration in which
allow for gear ratios of 6 : 1 to 12 : 1 . the first stage is a star configuration and the second stage is
FIG . 7 schematically depicts a gearbox 700 that can be 45 a planet configuration.
used , for example, with engines 100 , 200 , 300 , 400. The The first stage of the gearbox 1000 includes a first - stage
gearbox 700 comprises a two - stage star configuration . sun gear 1002 , a first- stage star carrier 1004 comprising a
The first stage of the gearbox 700 includes a first -stage plurality of first - stage star gears (e.g. , 3-5 star gears ) , and a
sun gear 702 , a first - stage carrier 704 housing a plurality of
7 first- stage ring gear 1006. The first - stage sun gear 1002 can
first - stage star gears, and a first -stage ring gear 706. The 50 mesh with the first- stage star gears , and the first- stage star
first - stage sun gear 702 can be coupled to a low - pressure gears can mesh with the first- stage ring gear 1006. The
shaft 708 , which in turn is coupled to the low -pressure first - stage sun gear 1002 can be coupled to a higher - speed
turbine of the engine. The first - stage sun gear 702 can mesh shaft 1008 of the low spool , which in turn is coupled to the
with the first - stage star gears, which mesh with the first- inner blades of the low -pressure turbine of the engine. The
stage ring gear. The first -stage carrier 704 can be fixed from 55 first- stage star carrier 1004 can be fixed from rotation by a
rotation by a support member 710 . support member 1010 .
The second stage of the gearbox 700 includes a second- The second stage of the gearbox 1000 includes a second
stage sun gear 712 , a second -stage carrier 714 housing a stage sun gear 1012 , a second - stage planet carrier 1014
plurality of second - stage star gears , and a second - stage ring comprising a plurality of second - stage planet gears ( e.g. , 3-5
gear 716. The second- stage sun gear 712 can be coupled to 60 planet gears ), and a second - stage ring gear 1016. The
a shaft 718 which in turn is coupled to the first - stage ring second - stage sun gear 1012 can mesh with the second - stage
gear 706. The second- stage carrier 714 can be fixed from planet gears . The second - stage planet carrier 1014 can be
rotation by a support member 720. The second - stage ring coupled to the first- stage ring gear 1006. The second - stage
gear 716 can be coupled to a fan shaft 722 . sun gear 1012 can be coupled to a lower -speed shaft 1018 of
In some embodiments , each stage of the gearbox 700 can 65 the low spool , which in turn is coupled to the outer blades
comprise five star gears. In other embodiments, the gearbox of the low - pressure turbine of Engine 4. The second - stage
700 can comprise fewer or more than five star gears in each planet carrier 1014 can be coupled to the first -stage ring gear
 US 11,454,195 B2
19 20
1006. The second - stage planet carrier 1014 can also be ber ( e.g. , the actuation member 334 ) , which may also be
coupled to a fan shaft 1020. The second - stage ring gear 1016 referred to as a pitch change mechanism . The disclosed
can be fixed from rotation by a support member 1022 . engines can also comprise a gearbox. Adoption of a variable
In some embodiments, each stage of the gearbox 1000 can pitch fan provides one or more advantages ( e.g. , increased
comprise three star/planet gears . In other embodiments, the 5 propulsive efficiency ) and also presents significant chal
gearbox 1000 can comprise fewer or more than three star/ lenges. For example, incorporating variable pitch fan blades
planet gears in each stage . In some embodiments, the creates challenges with the mechanical packaging and
first -stage carrier can comprise a different number of star mechanical integration including the packaging and integra
gears than the second- stage carrier has planet gears . For tion of the actuation member and coupling between the
example, the first - carrier can comprise five star gears , and 10 blades and actuation member. Turbomachinery that instead
the second - stage carrier can comprise three planet gears , or have a fixed pitch for fan blades are comparatively simpler
vice versa . to implement. For example, when a fixed pitch turboma
Since the first stage of the gearbox 1000 is coupled to the chinery is adopted it is much easier to achieve aa reduction in
higher - speed shaft 1008 of the low spool and the second fan radius ratio (as defined below ) because less space is
stage of the gearbox 1000 is coupled to the lower -speed shaft 15 needed for packaging and integration of aa fan blade below
1018 of the low spool , the gear ratio of the first stage of the
gearbox 1000 can be greater than the gear ratio of the second the blade root, e.g. , less space is needed because attachment
stage of the gearbox. For example, in certain embodiments , of a blade is made directly to the fan disk as opposed to
the first stage of the gearbox can comprise a gear ratio of through a bearing assembly. The desire to achieve an accept
4.1-14 , and the second stage of the gearbox can comprise a 20 able fan radius ratio while providing a variable pitch capa
gear ratio that is less than the gear ratio of the first stage of bility for a fan blade , and arriving at a turbomachinery
the gearbox. In particular embodiments, the first stage of the design incorporating such a capability while satisfying other
gearbox can comprise a gear ratio of 7 , and the second stage necessary requirements, such as acceptable reliability for its
of the gearbox can comprise a gear ratio of 6 . intended use, mission requirements, etc. , safety margin in
In some embodiments , an engine comprising the gearbox 25 the event of, e.g. , debris impacting and damaging a fan
1000 can be configured such that the higher -speed shaft blade, and accessibility for servicing of a variable pitch fan ,
1008 provides about 50 % of the power to the gearbox 1000 blade replacement, etc. presents formidable challenges to
and the lower - speed shaft 1018 provides about 50% of the overcome .
power to the gearbox 1000. In other embodiments, an engine Starting from this basis , the inventors set out to define the
comprising the gearbox 1000 can be configured such that the 30 various demands on a variable pitch fan and then con
higher -speed shaft 1008 provides about 60 % of the power to structed a variety of embodiments to meet those varying
the gearbox 1000 and the lower -speed shaft 1018 provides demands . During the process of developing the aforemen
about 40 % of the power to the gearbox 1000 . tioned embodiments of turbomachinery engines comprising
In some embodiments, the radius R4 of the gearbox 1000 variable pitch fans, the inventors discovered , unexpectedly,
can be about 18-22 inches. In other embodiments, the radius 35 that a few particular fan parameters arranged in a unique
R4 of the gearbox 700 can be smaller than 18 inches or larger combination provided a good approximation for an overall
than 22 inches. variable pitch fan design . More specifically, the inventors
FIG . 11 depicts a gearbox 1100 that can be used , for discovered that certain ranges of values defining embodi
example , with the engines disclosed herein (e.g. , the engines ments of a variable pitch fan including, but not limited to
100 , 200 , 300 , 400 ) . The gearbox 1100 is configured as a 40 bearing size , shape, orientation, material , etc. , can inform
compound star gearbox . The gearbox 1100 comprises a sun the skilled artisan of the positive and negative attributes of
gear 1102 and a star carrier 1104 , which includes a plurality choosing one embodiment over another, and as a function of
of compound star gears having one or more first portions the performance requirements of the turbomachinery. Thus
1106 and one or more second portions 1108. The gearbox the inventors realized they had discovered values defining
1100 further comprises a ring gear 1110. The sun gear 1102 45 not only benefits but also penalties associated with choosing
can also mesh with the first portions 1106 of the star gears . one design over another depending on the requirements of
The star carrier can be fixed from rotation via a support the engine ( e.g. blade size , tip speed of fan , packaging ,
member 1114. The second portions 1108 of the star gears can integration , etc. ). The embodiments defined by these VPF
mesh with the ring gear 1110. The sun gear 1102 can be parameters, as they are called , therefore provide a significant
coupled to a low -pressure turbine via the turbine shaft 1112. 50 benefit because they define a design space down to a reduced
The ring gear 1110 can be coupled to a fan shaft 1116 . number of practical embodiments based on the underlying
The gear assemblies shown and described herein can be structural requirements needed to meet the demand . Those
used with any suitable engine. For example, although FIG . structural requirements implicated are with respect to
4 shows an optional ducted fan and optional fan duct ( similar demands such as achieving a particular weight, size , drag,
to that shown in FIG . 2 ) , it should be understood that such 55 and / other factors relevant to the mechanical packaging of
gear assemblies can be used with other ducted turbofan the VPF . For example, the VPF parameter ranges disclosed
engines ( e.g. , the engine 300 ) and / or other open rotor herein account for limitations (e.g. , bearing stress) and thus
engines that do not have one or more of such structures. allow for adequate mechanical integration. One particularly
The engines depicted in FIGS . 1-4 are configured such advantageous aspect of the inventor's discovery is that the
that the fan assembly and the core engine are concentric (i.e. , 60 VPF parameters can be utilized with either unducted or
the rotate about a common axis , which may also be referred ducted fan designs .
to as “ coaxial” ). In other embodiments, an engine can be There are two VPF parameters that the inventors discov
configured such that the fan assembly rotates about a first ered to be of particular significance. The first VPF parameter
axis and the core engine rotates about a second axis that are is defined as the hub - to - tip radius ratio of the fan (“ RR ” )
non - concentric (also referred to as “ eccentric " ). 65 divided by the fan pressure ratio (“ FPR ” ) measured at a
Each embodiment of a turbomachinery disclosed herein static sea - level takeoff operating condition . The second VPF
comprises a variable pitch fan (“ VPF ” ) and actuation mem- parameter is defined as the bearing spanwise force of the fan
 US 11,454,195 B2
21 22
( “ F_span ” ) at a redline operating condition measured in Referring to FIG . 17 , in particular embodiments, a VPF
pounds force divided by the fan area ( “ F_area ” ) measured in can be configured such that the first VPF parameter is or is
square inches. about 0.1-0.25 and the second VPF parameter is or is about
As used herein , fan radius ratio is defined as the fan hub 5.25-30 lbf/in ?. This range of VPF parameters can , for
radius (R_hub ) divided by the fan tip radius (R_tip ), both 5 example, be particularly advantageous for unducted fans.
measured at the leading edge of the fan blades . An exem- FIG . 18 depicts a plurality of engines (both unducted and
plary fan comprising the various dimensions is depicted in ducted ) comprising VPFs that fall within one or more of the
FIG . 19. In some examples, the fan radius ratio is within a disclosed ranges of VPF parameters depicted in FIGS .
range of 0.125-0.55 . In other examples, the fan radius ratio 12-17 . FIG . 18 also depicts various other parameters of the
is within a range of 0.2-0.5 . In particular examples, the fan 10 VPFs . It should be noted that in FIG . 18 the fan tip speeds ,
radius ratio is within a range of 0.25-0.35 . fan redline speed (w ) , and bearing spanwise force of the fan
Fan pressure ratio is defined as the ratio of total pressures (F_span) are listed at a redline operating condition , and the
across the fan ( exit /inlet) during a static sea - level takeoff fan pressure ratio ( FPR) is listed at a static sea - level takeoff
( SLTO ) operating condition . In some examples, the fan operating condition .
pressure ratio at aa static sea - level takeoff operating condition 15 Thus, the exemplary engines listed in FIG . 18 define a
is within a range of 1.05-1.5 . In other examples, the fan variable pitch fan compatible with achieving , for example, a
pressure ratio at a static sea - level takeoff operating condition particular weight, size, and / or drag requirement, and /other
is within a range of 1.05-1.15 , which (in certain instances ) factors relevant to the mechanical packaging of the engine.
can correspond to an unducted fan . In particular examples, As discussed earlier, the disclosed engines and their VPFs
the fan pressure ratio at a static sea - level takeoff operating 20 account for other limitations (e.g. , bearing stress ), thereby
condition is within a range of 1.2-1.4 , which (in certain allowing for adequate mechanical integration. As indicated
instances) can correspond to a ducted fan . in FIG . 18 , the disclosed VPF parameters are applicable to
Bearing spanwise force (F_span ) of the fan is defined as both unducted and ducted VPF designs. As explained earlier
(mass of the fan /386.4 ) * R_cg *02, where R_cg is the radius and demonstrated further in FIG . 18 , the relationship of the
of the center of gravity of the fan measured in inches and w 25 VPF parameters to turbomachinery embodiments discov
is aa redline speed of the fan measured in radians / second . The ered by the inventors provides a relatively quick and
center of gravity and thus the R_cg can be calculated or straightforward way of determining the feasibility of a
approximated in various ways. As one example, R_cg can be particular VPF design . Accordingly, the inventor’s disclosed
approximated by the following equation: R_hub + / * methods and VPF parameters can improve the design of
(R_tip -R_hub ). F_span is measured in pounds force ( lbf ). In 30 ducted and unducted turbomachinery engines .
some examples, F_span is within a range of 20,000-200,000 This written description uses examples to disclose the
lbf at a redline operating condition . In other examples, technology, including the best mode , and also to enable any
F_span is within a range of 50,000-100,000 lbf at a redline person skilled in the art to practice the disclosed technology,
operating condition . including making and using any devices or systems and
The fan area (F_area) equals n * (R_tip - R_hub ? ), which 35 performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope
results in an area in square inches. In some examples, F_area of the disclosed technology is defined by the claims , and
is within a range of 3,000-25,000 in ?. In other examples, may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the
F_area is within a range of 5,000-15,000 in?. In particular art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope
examples, F_area is within a range of 4,000-8,000 in ?. of the claims if they include structural elements that do not
Referring now to FIG . 12 , in some embodiments, a VPF 40 differ from the literal language of the claims , or if they
can be configured such that the first VPF parameter (i.e. , include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial
RR / FPR ) is or is about 0.1-0.25 and the second VPF differences from the literal language of the claims .
parameter ( i.e. , F_span /Fan_area ) is or is about 2-30 lbf/ in ? Further aspects of the disclosure are provided by the
or the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.1-0.4 and a second subject matter of the following examples:
VPF factor is or is about 5.25-30 lbf /in2. 45 Example 1. A turbomachinery engine comprising a fan
As depicted in FIG . 13 , in particular embodiments, a VPF assembly, a pitch change mechanism , a vane assembly, a
can be configured such that the first VPF parameter is or is core engine, and a gearbox . The fan assembly includes a
about 0.1-0.25 and the second VPF parameter is or is about plurality of fan blades , a first VPF parameter, and a second
2-30 lbf/ in ?. VPF parameter. The first VPF parameter is defined by a fan
With reference to FIG . 14 , in certain embodiments, a VPF 50 blade radius ratio ( RR ) divided by a fan pressure ratio (FPR)
can be configured such that the first VPF parameter is or is at a static sea - level takeoff operating condition . The second
about 0.1-0.4 and the second VPF parameter is or is about VPF parameter is defined by a bearing spanwise force
5.25-30 lbf /in?. This range of VPF parameters can, for (F_Span) at a redline operating condition measured in
example , be particularly advantageous for ducted fans . pounds force divided by a fan area ( F_Area ) measured in
As shown in FIG . 15 , in some embodiments, a VPF can 55 square inches . The first VPF parameter is within a range of
be configured such that the first VPF parameter is or is about 0.1 to 0.25 and the second VPF parameter is within a range
0.1-0.25 and the second VPF parameter ( i.e. , F_span / of 2-30 lbf/ in ?, or the first VPF parameter is within a range
Fan_area ) is or is about 2-30 lbf/ in2 and the first VPF of 0.1 to 0.4 and the second VPF parameter is within a range
parameter is or is about 0.1-0.4 and a second VPF factor is of 5.25-30 lbf/ in². The pitch change mechanism is coupled
or is about 5.25-30 lbf/in ?. Stated another way, the VPF can 60 to the plurality of fan blades and configured for adjusting a
be configured such that the first VPF parameter is or is about pitch of the plurality of fan blades . The vane assembly
0.1-0.25 and the second VPF parameter is or is about includes a plurality of vanes disposed aft of the fan blades .
5.25-30 lbf/in ?. The core engine includes one or more compressor sections
With reference to FIG . 16 , in certain embodiments , a VPF and one or more turbine sections . The gearbox includes an
can be configured such that the first VPF parameter is or is 65 input and an output. The input is coupled to the one or more
about 0.25-0.4 and the second VPF parameter is or is about turbine sections of the core engine and comprises a first
5.25-30 lbf/ in2. rotational speed , and the output is coupled to the fan
 US 11,454,195 B2
23 24
assembly and has a second rotational speed which is less Example 21. The turbomachinery engine of any example
than the first rotational speed . herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-20 , wherein
Example 2. The turbomachinery engine of any example a fan blade tip speed of the fan assembly at a redline
herein , and particularly example 1 , wherein the plurality of 5 operating condition is within a range of 700-1,400 ft / s .
fan blades is 8-20 fan blades. Example 22. The turbomachinery engine of any example
Example 3. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein , and particularly example 21 , wherein the fan blade
herein , and particularly example 1 or example 2 , wherein the tip speed of the fan assembly at a redline operating condition
plurality of fan blades is 12-16 fan blades . is within a range of 800-950 ft/ s .
Example 4. The turbomachinery engine of any example Example 23. The turbomachinery engine of any example
herein, and particularly any one of examples 1-3 ,wherein 10 herein , andof the
tip speed particularly example
fan assembly 21 , wherein
at a redline the condition
operating fan blade
the plurality of fan blades is exactly 12-14 fan blades .
Example 5. The turbomachinery engine of any example is within Example
a range of 1,000-1,200 ft/ s.
24. The turbomachinery engine of any example
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-4 , wherein herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-23 , wherein
the RR is within a range of 0.125-0.55 .
Example 6. The turbomachinery engine of any example gear ratio is defined by thegear
15 the gearbox comprises a ratio of 4.1-14 , wherein the
first rotational speed divided by
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-5 , wherein the second rotational speed .
the RR is within a range of 0.2-0.5 . Example 25. A turbomachinery engine comprises a fan
Example 7. The turbomachinery engine of any example assembly, a core engine, and a gearbox. The fan assembly
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-6 , wherein 20 includes a plurality of variable pitch fan blades, a first VPF
the RR is within a range of 0.25-0.35 . parameter, and a second VPF parameter. The first VPF
Example 8. The turbomachinery engine of any example parameter is defined by a fan blade radius ratio (RR) divided
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-6 , wherein by a fan pressure ratio ( FPR) at a static sea - level takeoff
the RR is within a range of 0.25-0.3 . operating condition . The second VPF parameter is defined
Example 9. The turbomachinery engine of any example 25 by a bearing spanwise force ( F_Span ) at a redline operating
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-8 , wherein condition measured in pounds force divided by a fan area
the FPR at the static sea - level takeoff operating condition is ( F_Area) measured in square inches . The first VPF param
within a range of 1.05-1.5 . eter is within a range of 0.1 to 0.25 , and the second VPF
Example 10. The turbomachinery engine of any example parameter is within a range of 2-30 lbf/ in². The core engine
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-9 , wherein 30 includes one or more compressor sections and one or more
the FPR at the static sea - level takeoff operating condition is turbine sections . The gearbox includes an input and an
within a range of 1.05-1.15 . output. The input is coupled to the one or more turbine
Example 11. The turbomachinery engine of any example sections of the core engine and comprises a first rotational
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-9 , wherein speed , and the output is coupled to the fan assembly and has
the FPR at the static sea - level takeoff operating condition is 35 a second rotational speed, which is less than the first
within a range of 1.2-1.4 . rotational speed.
Example 12. The turbomachinery engine of any example Example 26. The turbomachinery engine of any example
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-11 , wherein herein , and particularly example 25 , further comprising a
the F_Span at the redline operating condition is within a pitch change mechanism coupled to the plurality of variable
range of 20,000-200,000 lbf. 40 pitch fan blades and configured for adjusting a pitch of the
Example 13. The turbomachinery engine of any example plurality of variable pitch fan blades .
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-12 , wherein Example 27. The turbomachinery engine of any example
the F_Span at the redline operating condition is within a herein , and particularly example 26 , wherein the pitch
range of 100,000-175,000 lbf. change mechanism is a linear actuated pitch change mecha
Example 14. The turbomachinery engine of any example 45 nism .
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-12 , wherein Example 28. The turbomachinery engine of any example
the F_Span at the redline operating condition is within a herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-27 , wherein
range of 50,000-100,000 lbf. the plurality of fan blades is 10-18 fan blades .
Example 15. The turbomachinery engine of any example Example 29. The turbomachinery engine of any example
herein , and particularly example 14 , wherein the F_Span at 50 herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-28 , wherein
the redline operating condition is within a range of 65,000- the plurality of fan blades is 12-14 fan blades .
85,000 lbf. Example 30. The turbomachinery engine of any example
Example 16. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-29 , wherein
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-15 , wherein the plurality of fan blades is exactly 14 fan blades .
the F_Area is within a range of 3,000-25,000 in?. 55 Example 31. The turbomachinery engine of any example
Example 17. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-30 , wherein
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-16 , wherein the RR is within a range of 0.125-0.55 .
the F_Area is within a range of 15,000-20,000 in ”. Example 32. The turbomachinery engine of any example
Example 18. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-31 , wherein
herein , and particularly example 17, wherein the F_Area is 60 the RR is within a range of 0.2-0.5 .
within a range of 17,000-18,000 in ?. Example 33. The turbomachinery engine of any example
Example 19. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, and particularly any one of examples 25-31 , wherein
herein , and particularly any one of examples 1-16 , wherein the RR is within a range of 0.25-0.35 .
the F_Area is within a range of 3,000-10,000 in?. Example 34. The turbomachinery engine of any example
Example 20. The turbomachinery engine of any example 65 herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-33 , wherein
herein , and particularly example 18 , wherein the F_Area is the FPR at the static sea - level takeoff operating condition is
within a range of 4,000-7,000 in?. within a range of 1.05-1.5 .
 US 11,454,195 B2
25 26
Example 35. The turbomachinery engine of any example linear actuated pitch change mechanism coupled to the fan
herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-34 , wherein assembly and configured for adjusting a pitch of the plurality
the FPR at the static sea -level takeoff operating condition is of variable pitch fan blades .
1.05-1.15 . Example 49. The turbomachinery engine of any example
Example 36. The turbomachinery engine of any example 5 herein, and particularly any one of examples 47-48 , wherein
herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-34 , wherein the plurality of fan blades is 12-16 fan blades .
the FPR at the static sea - level takeoff operating condition is Example 50. The turbomachinery engine of any example
within a range of 1.20-1.40 . herein , and particularly any one of examples 47-49 , wherein
Example 37. The turbomachinery engine of any example the plurality
herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-36 , wherein 10 Example 51.of The fan blades is 12-14 fan blades .
turbomachinery engine of any example
the F_Span at the redline operating condition is within a herein, and particularly any one of examples 47-50 , wherein
range of 20,000-200,000 lbf. the RR is within a range of 0.125-0.55 .
Example 38. The turbomachinery engine of any example Example 52. The turbomachinery engine of any example
herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-37 , wherein
.
the F_Span at the redline operating condition is within a 15 herein, and particularly any one of examples 47-51 , wherein
range of 60,000-90,000 lbf. the RR is within a range of 0.2-0.5 .
Example 39. The turbomachinery engine of any example Example 53. The turbomachinery engine of any example
herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-37 , wherein herein, and particularly any one of examples 47-51 , wherein
the F_Span at the redline operating condition is within a the RR is within a range of 0.25-0.35 .
range of 100,000-150,000 lbf. 20 Example 54. The turbomachinery engine of any example
Example 40. The turbomachinery engine of any example herein, and particularly any one of examples 47-53 , wherein
herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-39 , wherein the FPR at the static sea -level takeoff operating condition is
the F_Area is within a range of 3,000-25,000 in ?. within a range of 1.05-1.5 .
Example 41. The turbomachinery engine of any example Example 55. The turbomachinery engine of any example
herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-40 , wherein 25 herein, and particularly any one of examples 47-54 , wherein
the F_Area is within a range of 16,000-18,000 in ?. the FPR at the static sea - level takeoff operating condition is
Example 42. The turbomachinery engine of any example within a range of 1.05-1.15 .
herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-40, wherein Example 56. The turbomachinery engine of any example
the F_Area is within a range of 5,500-6,500 in ?. herein , and particularly any one of examples 47-54 , wherein
Example 43. The turbomachinery engine of any example 30 the FPR at the static sea -level takeoff operating condition is
herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-42 , wherein within a range of 1.2-1.4 .
a fan blade tip speed of the fan assembly at a redline Example 57. The turbomachinery engine of any example
operating condition is within a range of 800-1,200 ft/ s . in, and particularly any one of examples 47-56 , wherein
Example 44. The turbomachinery engine of any example the F_Span at the redline operating condition is within a
herein, and particularly any one of examples 25-43 , wherein 35 range of 20,000-200,000 lbf.
the gearbox comprises a gear ratio of 6 : 1 to 11 : 1 , and Example 58. The turbomachinery engine of any example
wherein the gear ratio is defined by the first rotational speed herein, and particularly any one of examples 47-57 , wherein
divided by the second rotational speed . the F_Span at the redline operating condition is within a
Example 45. The turbomachinery engine of any example range of 140,000-183,000 lbf.
herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-44 , wherein 40 Example 59. The turbomachinery engine of any example
the second VPF parameter is within a range of 2.0-5.25 herein, and particularly any one of examples 47-57 , wherein
1bf/ in ?. the F_Span at the redline operating condition is within a
Example 46. The turbomachinery engine of any example range of 50,000-75,000 lbf.
herein , and particularly any one of examples 25-44, wherein Example 60. The turbomachinery engine of any example
the second VPF parameter is within a range of 5.25-30 45 herein , and particularly any one of examples 47-59 , wherein
1bf/in ?
Example 47. A turbomachinery engine comprises a fan
theExample
F_Area is61.within a range of 3,500-18,000 in?.
The turbomachinery engine of any example
assembly, a core engine, and a gearbox . The fan assembly herein , and particularly any one of examples 47-60 , wherein
includes a plurality of variable pitch fan blades , a first VPF the F_Area is within a range of 15,000-18,000 in ?.
parameter , and a second VPF parameter. The first VPF 50 Example 62. The turbomachinery engine of any example
parameter is defined by a fan blade radius ratio (RR) divided herein , and particularly any one of examples 47-60 , wherein
by a fan pressure ratio ( FPR ) at a static sea - level takeoff the F_Area is within a range of 4,000-5,500 in?.
operating condition . The second VPF parameter is defined Example 63. The turbomachinery engine of any example
by a bearing spanwise force (F_Span ) at a redline operating herein , and particularly any one of examples 47-62 , wherein
condition measured in pounds force divided by a fan area 55 a fan blade tip speed of the fan assembly at a redline
( F_Area) measured in square inches . The first VPF param- operating condition is within a range of 800-950 ft / s .
eter is within a range of 0.10 to 0.40 , and the second VPF Example 64. The turbomachinery engine of any example
parameter is within a range of 5.25-30 lbf/in ?. The core herein , and particularly any one of examples 47-63 , wherein
engine includes one or more compressor sections and one or the gearbox comprises a gear ratio of 4.5 : 1 to 12 : 1 .
more turbine sections . The gearbox includes an input and an 60 Example 65. The turbomachinery engine of any example
output. The input is coupled to the one or more turbine herein, and particularly any one of examples 47-64 , wherein
sections of the core engine and comprises a first rotational the first VPF parameter is within a range of 0.10 to 0.25 .
speed , and the output is coupled to the fan assembly and has Example 66. The turbomachinery engine of any example
a second rotational speed, which is less than the first herein, and particularly any one of examples 47-64 , wherein
rotational speed . 65 the first VPF parameter is within a range of 0.25 to 0.40 .
Example 48. The turbomachinery engine of any example Example 67. The turbomachinery engine of any example
herein , and particularly example 47 , further comprising a herein , further comprising a third stream .
 US 11,454,195 B2
27 28
Example 68. A variable pitch fan assembly for a turb- a core engine including one or more compressor sections
omachinery engine can be provided . The variable pitch fan and one or more turbine sections ; and
assembly includes a plurality of variable pitch fan blades , a a gearbox including an input and an output, wherein the
fan blade radius ratio (RR ), a fan pressure ratio ( FPR ) at a input is coupled to the one or more turbine sections of
static sea - level takeoff operating condition , a bearing span- 5 the core engine and comprises a first rotational speed ,
wise force (F_Span ) at a redline operating condition mea wherein the output is coupled to the fan assembly and
sured in pounds force, and aa fan area (F_Area ) measured in has a second rotational speed which is less than the first
square inches . The variable pitch fan assembly is configured rotational speed .
such that the RR divided by the FPR is within a range of 2. The turbomachinery engine of claim 1 , wherein the
2
0.10-0.25 and the F_Span divided by the F_Area is within a 10 plurality of fan blades is 8-20 fan blades .
range of 2.0-30.0 lbf/ in ?.
Example 69. The variable pitch fan assembly of any 3. The turbomachinery engine of claim 1 , wherein the
example herein, and particularly example 68 , wherein the plurality of fan blades is 12-16 fan blades .
F_Span divided by the F_Area is within a range of 2-5.25 4. The turbomachinery engine of claim 1 , wherein the
lbf/ in2. 15 plurality of fan blades is 12-14 fan blades .
Example 70. The variable pitch fan assembly of any 5. The turbomachinery engine of claim 1 , wherein the RR
9

example herein , and particularly example 68 , wherein the is within a range of 0.125-0.55 .
F_Span divided by the F_Area is within a range of 5.25-30 6. The turbomachinery engine of claim 1 , wherein the RR
lbf/in2. is within a range of 0.2-0.5 .
Example 71. A variable pitch fan assembly for a turb- 20 7. The turbomachinery engine of claim 1 , wherein the RR
omachinery engine can be provided. The variable pitch fan is within a range of 0.25-0.35 .
assembly includes a plurality of variable pitch fan blades , a 8. A turbomachinery engine comprising:
fan blade radius ratio (RR ), a fan pressure ratio ( FPR) at a a fan assembly including a plurality of variable pitch fan
static sea - level takeoff operating condition , a bearing span- blades, a first VPF parameter, and a second VPF
wise force ( F_Span ) at a redline operating condition mea- 25 parameter, wherein :
sured in pounds force, and aa fan area (F_Area ) measured in the first VPF parameter is defined by a fan blade radius
square inches . The variable pitch fan assembly is configured ratio ( RR ) divided by a fan pressure ratio ( FPR ) at a
such that the RR divided by the FPR is within a range of static sea - level takeoff operating condition ;
0.10-0.40 and the F_Span divided by the F_Area is within a the second VPF parameter is defined by a bearing
range of 5.25-30.0 lbf/in ?. 30 spanwise force ( F_Span ) at aa redline operating con
Example 72. The variable pitch fan assembly of any dition measured in pounds force divided by a fan
example herein, and particularly example 71, wherein the area ( F_Area ) measured in square inches ; and
RR divided by the FPR is within a range of 0.1-0.25. the first VPF parameter is within a range of 0.1 to 0.25
Example 73. The variable pitch fan assembly of any and the second VPF parameter is within a range of
example herein, and particularly example 71 , wherein the 35 2-30 lbf/ in ?;
RR divided by the FPR is within a range of 0.25-0.40 . a core engine including one or more compressor sections
Example 74. The variable pitch fan assembly of any and one or more turbine sections ; and
example herein , wherein the fan blades are configured to be a gearbox including an input and an output, wherein the
used with an unducted engine . input is coupled to the one or more turbine sections of
Example 75. The variable pitch fan assembly of any 40 the core engine and comprises a first rotational speed ,
example herein , wherein the fan blades are configured to be wherein the output is coupled to the fan assembly and
used with a ducted engine . has a second rotational speed which is less than the first
Example 76. The variable pitch fan assembly of any rotational speed.
example herein , wherein the fan blades are configured to be 9. The turbomachinery engine of claim 8 , further com
used with an engine comprising a third stream . 45 prising a pitch change mechanism coupled to the plurality of
variable pitch fan blades and configured for adjusting a pitch
The invention claimed is : of the plurality of variable pitch fan blades .
1. A turbomachinery engine comprising: 10. The turbomachinery engine of claim 8 , wherein the
a fan assembly including a plurality of fan blades, a first pitch change mechanism is aa linear actuated pitch change
VPF parameter, and a second VPF parameter, wherein : 50 mechanism .
the first VPF parameter is defined by a fan blade radius 11. The turbomachinery engine of claim 8 , wherein the
ratio (RR) divided by a fan pressure ratio ( FPR) at a plurality of fan blades is 10-18 fan blades .
static sea - level takeoff operating condition ; 12. The turbomachinery engine of claim 8 , wherein the
the second VPF parameter is defined by a bearing plurality of fan blades is 12-14 fan blades .
spanwise force ( F_Span ) at a redline operating con- 55 13. The turbomachinery engine of claim 8 , wherein the
dition measured in pounds force divided by a fan plurality of fan blades is exactly 14 fan blades .
area (F_Area ) measured in square inches; and 14. The turbomachinery engine of claim 8 , wherein the
the first VPF parameter is within a range of 0.1 to 0.25 RR is within a range of 0.125-0.55 .
and the second VPF parameter is within a range of 15. A turbomachinery engine comprising:
2-30 lbf/ in ?, or the first VPF parameter is within a 60 a fan assembly including a plurality of variable pitch fan
range of 0.1 to 0.4 and the second VPF parameter is blades, a first VPF parameter, and a second VPF
within a range of 5.25-30 lbf/in ?; parameter, wherein :
a pitch change mechanism coupled to the plurality of fan the first VPF parameter is defined by a fan blade radius
blades and configured for adjusting a pitch of the ratio (RR) divided by a fan pressure ratio (FPR) at a
plurality of fan blades ; 65 static sea - level takeoff operating condition ;
a vane assembly including a plurality of vanes disposed the second VPF parameter is defined by a bearing
aft of the fan blades; spanwise force ( F_Span ) at a redline operating con
 US 11,454,195 B2
29 30
dition measured in pounds force divided by a fan
area ( F_Area ) measured in square inches; and
the first VPF parameter is within a range of 0.10 to 0.40
and the second VPF parameter is within a range of
5.25-30.0 lbf / in ?; 5
a core engine including one or more compressor sections
and one or more turbine sections ; and
a gearbox including an input and an output , wherein the
input is coupled to the one or more turbine sections of
the core engine and comprises a first rotational speed , 10
wherein the output is coupled to the fan assembly and
has aa second rotational speed which is less than the first
rotational speed .
16. The turbomachinery engine of claim 15 , further com
prising a linear actuated pitch change mechanism coupled to 15
the fan assembly and configured for adjusting a pitch of the
plurality of variable pitch fan blades .
17. The turbomachinery engine of claim 15 , wherein the
plurality of fan blades is 12-16 fan blades .
18. The turbomachinery engine of claim 15 , wherein the 20
plurality of fan blades is 12-14 fan blades .
19. The turbomachinery engine of claim 15 , wherein the
RR is within a range of 0.125-0.55 .
20. The turbomachinery engine of claim 15 , wherein the
RR is within a range of 0.2-0.5 . 25
* * *