US011492918B1

( 12 ) United
Ostdiek
States Patent ( 10) Patent No .:
( 45 ) Date of Patent:
US 11,492,918 B1
Nov. 8 , 2022

( 54 ) GAS TURBINE ENGINE WITH THIRD FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS

STREAM
CN 1204005 A 1/1999
( 71 ) Applicant: General Electric Company , CN 101657607 A 2/2010
Schenectady, NY ( US ) ( Continued )
( 72 ) Inventor : David Marion Ostdiek , Liberty OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Township , OH ( US )
Crigler, Application of Theodorsen's Theory to Propeller Design ,
( 73 ) Assignee : General Electric Company, NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) Report 924 ,
Schenectady, NY (US ) 1948 , pp . 83-99 .
( Continued )
( * ) Notice : Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this
patent is extended or adjusted under 35
U.S.C. 154 (b ) by 86 days . Primary Examiner — Ninh H. Nguyen
( 74 ) Attorney, Agent, or Firm — Dority & Manning , P.A.
-

( 21 ) Appl . No .: 17 /486,277
( 22) Filed : Sep. 27, 2021 (57) ABSTRACT
Related U.S. Application Data A gas turbine engine defining a centerline and aa circumfer
( 60 ) Provisional application No. 63/ 240,796 , filed on Sep. ential direction , the gas turbine engine including : a turb
3 , 2021 . omachine comprising a compressor section , a combustion
section , and a turbine section arranged in serial flow order,
(51 ) Int. CI. the turbomachine defining a working gas flowpath and a fan
FOID 25/24 ( 2006.01 ) duct flowpath ; a primary fan driven by the turbomachine
FOID 9/04 ( 2006.01 ) defining a primary fan tip radius R , and a primary fan hub
FO2K 3/077 ( 2006.01 ) radius Rz ; a secondary fan located downstream of the
( 52) U.S. CI. primary fan and driven by the turbomachine, at least a
CPC ................ FOID 9/041 ( 2013.01 ) ; F02K 3/077 portion of an airflow from the primary fan configured to
( 2013.01 ) ; F05D 2200/12 ( 2013.01 ) ; bypass the secondary fan , the secondary fan defining a
( Continued )
secondary fan tip radius R3 and a secondary fan hub radius
R4, wherein the secondary fan is configured to provide a fan
( 58 ) Field of Classification Search duct airflow through the fan duct flowpath during operation
CPC FO1D 9/041; F01D 11/162 ; FO1D 25/12 ; to generate a fan duct thrust, wherein the fan duct thrust is
FO1D 25/24 ; F05D 2250/90 ; equal to % Fnzs of a total engine thrust during operation of
( Continued ) the gas turbine engine at a rated speed during standard day
operating conditions ; wherein a ratio of R , to R3 equals
( 56 ) References Cited
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2,999,630 A 9/1961 Warren et al .
3,540,682 A * 11/1970 Ferguson FO2C 7/20
( EFP ) (1–Ral - ( - 1);
Sec . - Fan4
( 1 – RqR Prim.-Fan2)\ % Fnzs
60/797
( Continued ) (Continued )

-R 156 160

150 -164
152
182
186
R3 184 172 174 122
Ready 1190 . 120 142 132 134
192 -140
158
114 , 138 116
188
?????? ? ??? : ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? WWW EWWWWWWWWWWWW

155 176144
180 124 126 200 128
130 136 138 112
A
 US 11,492,918 B1
Page 2

wherein EFP is between 1.5 and 11 , wherein RqR Prim .-Fan 10,260,419
10,263,550
B2
B2
4/2019 Cerny et al.
4/2019 Thet et al .
is a ratio of R, to R2 , and wherein RqR
1 sec.-Fan is a ratio 10,344,674 B2 7/2019 Cerny et al .
of Rz to R4. 10,364,750 B2 7/2019 Rambo
10,443,436 B2 10/2019 Miller et al .
21 Claims , 6 Drawing Sheets 10,487,739
10,644,630
B2
B2
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2010/0014977
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Al
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Shattuck
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CPC F05D 2260/213 ; F02C 7/04 ; F02D 1/06 ; 2011/0192166 Al 8/2011 Mulcaire
FO2D 3/06 ; FO2D 3/077 2012/0177493 A1 7/2012 Fabre
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 US 11,492,918 B1
Page 3

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WO WO2014 / 143248 A1 9/2014

OTHER PUBLICATIONS
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on Intelligent Systems and Control ( ISCO 2013 ) IEEE Explore ,
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https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6481213.
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Turbomachinery, vol . 109 , Jul. 1987 , pp . 313-324 .
Theodorsen, Theory of Propellers, Wartime Report, NACA (National
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ), Aug. 1944 , pp . 1-53 .
Yamamoto et al . , Numerical Calculation of Propfan /Swirl Recovery
Vane Flow Field , AIAA - 92-3771 , AIAA //SAE /ASME /ASEE 28th
Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit , Jul. 6-8 , 1992 , Nashville
TN , pp . 1-9 .
* cited by examiner
U.S. Patent Nov. 8. 2022 Sheet 1 of 6 US 11,492,918 B1
116 112

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122
120
142
132
134
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114

R
U.S. Patent Nov. 8 , 2022 Sheet 2 of 6 US 11,492,918 B1
Vc TIP ROR PRIM . Vc TIP SEC. ROR SEC. - EFP RT /R3 % 3rd
PRIM .-FAN FAN FAN FAN STREAM
740 0.34 1900 0.63 1.601 4.6 5%
740 0.25 1900 0.80 1.601 3.4 5%
740 0.34 1900 0.40 1.601 5.4 5%
740 0.34 1900 0.63 1.601 3.1 10 %
740 0.25 1900 0.80 1.601 2.4 10%
740 0.34 1900 0.40 1.601 3.7 10%
740 0.34 1900 0.63 1.601 2.5 15%
740 0.34 1900 0.40 1.601 2.9 15 %
740 0.34 1900 0.63 1.601 2.1 20 %
740 0.34 1900 0.40 1.601 2.5 20 %
1200 0.34 1530 0.63 1.736 4.7 5%
1200 0.25 1530 0.80 1.736 3.6 5%
1200 0.34 1530 0.40 1.736 5.6 5%
1200 0.34 1530 0.63 1.736 3.3 10 %
1200 0.25 1530 0.80 1.736 2.4 10%
1200 0.34 1530 0.40 1.736 3.9 10%
1200 0.34 1530 0.63 1.736 2.6 15 %
1200 0.34 1530 0.40 1.736 3.1 15%
1200 0.34 1530 0.63 1.736 2.2 20%
1200 0.34 1530 0.40 1.736 2.6 20%
740 0.34 1300 0.63 1.926 5.0 5%
740 0.25 1300 0.80 1.926 3.7 5%
740 0.34 1300 0.40 1.926 5.9 5%
740 0.34 1300 0.63 1.926 3.4 10%
740 0.25 1300 0.80 1.926 2.6 10 %
740 0.34 1300 0.40 1.926 4.1 10 %
740 0.34 1300 0.63 1.926 2.7 15 %
740 0.25 1300 0.80 1.926 2.0 15 %
740 0.34 1300 0.40 1.926 3.2 15%
740 0.34 1300 0.63 1.926 2.3 20 %
740 0.34 1300 0.40 1.926 2.7 20%
740 0.34 1300 0.40 1.926 2.1 30%
1200 0.34 1900 0.63 2.084 5.2 5%
1200 0.25 1900 0.80 2.084 3.9 5%
1200 0.34 1900 0.40 2.084 6. ] 5%
1200 0.34 1900 0.63 2.084 3.6 10 %
1200 0.25 1900 0.80 2.084 2.7 10 %
1200 0.34 1900 0.40 2.084 4.2 10%
1200 0.34 1900 0.63 2.084 2.8 15%
1200 0.25 1900 0.80 2.084 2.1 15 %
1200 0.34 1900 0.40 2.084 3.3 15%
1200 0.34 1900 0.63 2.084 2.4 20%
1200 0.34 1900 0.40 2.084 2.8 20%
1200 0.34 1900 0.40 2.084 2.1 30 %
1400 0.34 1900 0.63 2.436 5.6 5% FIG. 2A
U.S. Patent Nov. 8 , 2022 Sheet 3 of 6 US 11,492,918 B1
Vc TIP RoR PRIM. Vc TIP SEC. ROR SEC. - EFP RT /R3 % 3rd
PRIM . FAN FAN FAN FAN STREAM
1400 0.25 1900 0.80 2.436 4.2 5%
1400 0.34 1900 0.40 2.436 6.6 5%
1400 0.34 1900 0.63 2.436 3.9 10 %
1400 0.25 1900 0.80 2.436 2.9 10%
1400 0.34 1900 0.40 2.436 4.6 10%
1400 0.34 1900 0.63 2.436 3.1 15 %
1400 0.25 1900 0.80 2.436 2.3 15%
1400 0.34 1900 0.40 2.436 3.6 15 %
1400 0.34 1900 0.63 2.436 2.6 20 %
1400 0.34 1900 0.40 2.436 3.0 20 %
1400 0.34 1900 0.40 2.436 2.3 30%
740 0.27 1530 0.63 2.795 3.8 11 %
740 0.27 1530 0.63 2.855 3.9 11 %
740 0.34 1300 0.63 3.018 6.3 5%
740 0.25 1300 0.80 3.018 4.7 5%
740 0.34 1300 0.63 3.018 4.3 10%
740 0.25 1300 0.80 3.018 3.2 10%
740 0.34 1300 0.40 3.018 5.1 10 %
740 0.34 1300 0.63 3.018 3.4 15 %
740 0.25 1300 0.80 3.018 2.6 15 %
740 0.34 1300 0.40 3.018 4.0 15%
740 0.34 1300 0.63 3.018 2.9 20 %
740 0.25 1300 0.80 3.018 2.2 20%
740 0.34 1300 0.40 3.018 3.4 20 %
740 0.34 1300 0.63 3.018 2.2 30 %
740 0.34 1300 0.40 3.018 2.6 30%
740 0.34 1300 0.40 3.018 2.1 40%
740 0.34 1530 0.63 3.169 4.2 11 %
740 0.35 1530 0.63 3.169 4.2 11 %
740 0.27 1530 0.50 3.169 4.6 11 %
740 0.27 1530 0.63 3.169 6.3 5%
740 0.27 1530 0.63 3.169 3.4 15 %
740 0.34 1530 0.63 3.169 5.4 7%
740 0.36 1530 0.55 3.169 4.3 12 %
740 0.38 1530 0.50 3.169 4.0 15 %
740 0.42 1530 0.45 3.169 3.5 20%
740 0.42 1530 0.40 3.169 3.1 25%
740 0.34 1530 0.63 3.169 6.4 5%
740 0.25 1530 0.80 3.169 4.8 5%
740 0.34 1530 0.63 3.169 4.4 10%
740 0.25 1530 0.80 3.169 3.3 10%
740 0.34 1530 0.40 3.169 5.2 10 %
740 0.34 1530 0.63 3.169 35 15 %
740 0.25 1530 0.80 3.169 2.6 15 %
740 0.34 1530 0.40 3.169 4.1 15% FIG .2B
U.S. Patent Nov. 8 , 2022 Sheet 4 of 6 US 11,492,918 B1
Vc TIP RqR PRIM . Vc TIP SEC. ROR SEC. - EFP R1 /R3 % 3rd
PRIM .-FAN FAN FAN FAN STREAM
740 0.34 1530 0.63 3.169 2.9 20%
740 0.25 1530 0.80 3.169 2.2 20%
740 0.34 1530 0.40 3.169 3.5 20%
740 0.34 1530 0.63 3.169 2.2 30%
740 0.34 1530 0.40 3.169 2.7 30%
740 0.34 1530 0.40 3.169 2.1 40%
1200 0.34 1900 0.63 3.639 6.9 5%
1200 0.25 1900 0.80 3.639 5.2 5%
1200 0.34 1900 0.63 3.639 4.7 10%
1200 0.25 1900 0.80 3.639 3.5 10%
1200 0.34 1900 0.40 3.639 5.6 10%
1200 0.34 1900 0.63 3.639 3.8 15%
1200 0.25 1900 0.80 3.639 2.8 15%
1200 0.34 1900 0.40 3.639 4.4 15%
1200 0.34 1900 0.63 3.639 3.2 20%
1200 0.25 1900 0.80 3.639 2.4 20%
1200 0.34 1900 0.40 3.639 3.7 20 %
1200 0.34 1900 0.63 3.639 2.4 30%
1200 0.34 1900 0.40 3.639 2.8 30 %
1200 0.34 1900 0.40 3.639 2.3 40%
740 0.25 1530 0.80 5.040 6.1 5%
740 0.34 1530 0.63 5.040 5.6 10%
740 0.25 1530 0.80 5.040 4.2 10%
740 0.34 1530 0.40 5.040 6.6 10%
740 0.34 1530 0.63 5.040 4.4 15%
740 0.25 1530 0.80 5.040 3.3 15%
740 0.34 1530 0.40 5.040 5.2 15%
740 0.34 1530 0.63 5.040 3.7 20%
740 0.25 1530 0.80 5.040 2.8 20%
740 0.34 1530 0.40 5.040 4.4 20 %
740 0.34 1530 0.63 5.040 2.8 30%
740 0.25 1530 0.80 5.040 2.1 30%
740 0.34 1530 0.40 5.040 3.3 30%
740 0.34 1530 0.63 5.040 2.3 40%
740 0.34 1530 0.40 5.040 2.7 40%
740 0.34 1530 0.40 5.040 2.2 50%
740 0.25 1900 0.80 6.491 6.9 5%
740 0.34 1900 0.63 6.491 6.3 10%
740 0.25 1900 0.80 6.491 4.7 10%
740 0.34 1900 0.63 6.491 5.0 15%
740 0.25 1900 0.80 6.491 3.8 15 %
740 0.34 1900 0.40 6.491 5.9 15 %
740 0.34 1900 0.63 6.491 4.2 20%
740 0.25 1900 0.80 6.491 3.2 20%
740 0.34 1900 0.40 6.491 5.0 20 % FIG . 2C
U.S. Patent Nov. 8. 2022 Sheet 5 of 6 US 11,492,918 B1

Vc TIP RqR PRIM . Vc TIP SEC. ROR SEC . --

EFP % 3rd
PRIM .- FAN FAN FAN FAN R1 /R3 STREAM
740 0.34 1900 0.63 6.491 3.2 30%
740 0.25 1900 0.80 6.491 2.4 30%
740 0.34 1900 0.40 6.491 3.8 30%
740 0.34 1900 0.63 6.491 2.6 40%
740 0.34 1900 0.40 6.491 3.0 40%
740 0.34 1900 0.63 6.491 2.1 50 %
740 0.34 1900 0.40 6.491 2.5 50 %
740 0.25 1900 0.80 10.565 6.0 10%
740 0.34 1900 0.63 10.565 6.4 15%
740 0.25 1900 0.80 10.565 4.8 15%
740 0.34 1900 0.63 10.565 5.4 20%
740 0.25 1900 0.80 10.565 4.0 20%
740 0.34 1900 0.40 10.565 6.3 20%
740 0.34 1900 0.63 10.565 4.1 30%
740 0.25 1900 0.80 10.565 3.1 30 %
740 0.34 1900 0.40 10.565 4.8 30 %
740 0.34 1900 0.63 10.565 3.3 40%
740 0.25 1900 0.80 10.565 2.5 40%
740 0.34 1900 0.40 10.565 3.9 40%
740 0.34 1900 0.63 10.565 2.7 50 %
740 0.25 1900 0.80 10.565 2.0 50 %
740 0.34 1900 0.40 10.565 3.2 50%
FIG. 2D
U.S. Patent Nov. 8. 2022 Sheet 6 of 6 US 11,492,918 B1

10

SECOND RANGE

FIRST RANGE
PRIMARY
FAN TO 5
SECONDARY
FAN
RATIO

maafannonoomnom ???
0,0 10% 20% 30% 40 % 50 %
% THRUST FROM 3RD STREAM

FIG. 3
 US 11,492,918 B1
1 2
GAS TURBINE ENGINE WITH THIRD The terms “ forward ” and “ aft ” refer to relative positions
STREAM within a gas turbine engine or vehicle , and refer to the
normal operational attitude of the gas turbine engine or
CROSS - REFERENCE TO RELATED vehicle. For example , with regard to a gas turbine engine,
APPLICATIONS 5 forward refers to a position closer to an engine inlet and aft
refers to a position closer to an engine nozzle or exhaust.
This application is a non -provisional application claiming The terms " upstream ” and “ downstream ” refer to the
the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 ( e) to U.S. relative direction with respect to fluid flow in a fluid path
Provisional Application No. 63 /240,796 , filed Sep. 3 , 2021 , 10 way. For example, " upstream ” refers to the direction from
2

which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety . which the fluid flows, and “ downstream ” refers to the
direction to which the fluid flows.
FIELD The terms " coupled ,” “ fixed ," " attached to ," and the like
>

refer to both direct coupling , fixing, or attaching, as well as

The present disclosure relates to a gas turbine engine with 15 indirect coupling , fixing, or attaching through one or more
a third stream . intermediate components or features , unless otherwise
BACKGROUND
specified herein .
The singular forms “ a ” , “ an ” , and “ the” include plural
references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise .
A gas turbine engine typically includes a fan and a 20 Approximating language, as used herein throughout the
turbomachine . The turbomachine generally includes an specification and claims , is applied to modify any quantita
inlet, one or more compressors , a combustor, and at least one tive representation that could permissibly vary without
turbine . The compressors compress air which is channeled to resulting in a change in the basic function to which it is
the combustor where it is mixed with fuel. The mixture is related . Accordingly, a value modified by a term or terms,
then ignited for generating hot combustion gases . The com- 25 such as “ about " , " approximately ” , “ generally ”, and “ sub
2

bustion gases are channeled to the turbine ( s) which extracts stantially ” , are not to be limited to the precise value speci
energy from the combustion gases for powering the com- fied . In at least some instances, the approximating language
pressor ( s ), as well as for producing useful work to propel an may correspond to the precision of an instrument for mea
aircraft in flight. The turbomachine is mechanically coupled suring the value , or the precision of the methods or machines
to the fan for driving the fan during operation . 30 for constructing or manufacturing the components and /or
systems . In at least some instances , the approximating
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS language may correspond to the precision of an instrument
for measuring the value , or the precision of the methods or
A full and enabling disclosure of the present disclosure, machines for constructing or manufacturing the components
including the best mode thereof, directed to one of ordinary 35 and / or systems . For example, the approximating language
skill in the art, is set forth in the specification , which makes may refer to being within a 1 , 2 , 4 , 5 , 10 , 15 , or 20 percent
reference to the appended figures, in which : margin in either individual values , range( s) of values and / or
FIG . 1 is a schematic cross -sectional view of a three- endpoints defining range( s) of values . Here and throughout
stream engine in accordance with an exemplary embodiment the specification and claims , range limitations are combined
of the present disclosure . 40 and interchanged, such ranges are identified and include all
FIGS . 2A through 2D is a table of example embodiments the sub -ranges contained therein unless context or language
of the present disclosure . indicates otherwise . For example, all ranges disclosed herein
FIG . 3 is a graph depicting a range of radius ratios ( R1 are inclusive of the endpoints, and the endpoints are inde
over R3 ) to percent thrust of the third stream in accordance pendently combinable with each other.
with various example embodiments of the present disclo- 45 A “ third stream " as used herein means a non -primary air
sure . stream capable of increasing fluid energy to produce a
minority of total propulsion system thrust. A pressure ratio
DETAILED DESCRIPTION of the third stream may be higher than that of the primary
propulsion stream (e.g. , a bypass or propeller driven pro
Reference will now be made in detail to present embodi- 50 pulsion stream ). The thrust may be produced through a
ments of the disclosure, one or more examples of which are dedicated nozzle or through mixing of an airflow through the
illustrated in the accompanying drawings. The detailed third stream with a primary propulsion stream or a core air
description uses numerical and letter designations to refer to stream , e.g. , into a common nozzle .
features in the drawings. Like or similar designations in the In certain exemplary embodiments an operating tempera
drawings and description have been used to refer to like or 55 ture of the airflow through the third stream may be less than
similar parts of the disclosure . a maximum compressor discharge temperature for the
The word “ exemplary " is used herein to mean “ serving as engine, and more specifically may be less than 350 degrees
an example, instance, or illustration . ” Any implementation Fahrenheit ( such as less than 300 degrees Fahrenheit, such
described herein as “ exemplary ” is not necessarily to be as less than 250 degrees Fahrenheit, such as less than 200
construed as preferred or advantageous over other imple- 60 degrees Fahrenheit, and at least as great as an ambient
mentations. Additionally, unless specifically identified oth- temperature ). In certain exemplary embodiments these oper
erwise , all embodiments described herein should be consid- ating temperatures may facilitate heat transfer to or from the
ered exemplary. airflow through the third stream and a separate fluid stream .
As used herein , the terms “ first ” , “ second ” , and “ third ” Further, in certain exemplary embodiments, the airflow
may be used interchangeably to distinguish one component 65 through the third stream may contribute less than 50% of the
from another and are not intended to signify location or total engine thrust (and at least , e.g. , 2 % of the total engine
importance of the individual components . thrust) at a takeoff condition , or more particularly while
 US 11,492,918 B1
3 4
operating at a rated takeoff power at sea level , static flight may be reduced, with the secondary fan providing the
speed, 86 degree Fahrenheit ambient temperature operating difference through the third stream . Such a configuration
conditions . may maintain a desired overall propulsive efficiently for the
Furthermore in certain exemplary embodiments, aspects turbofan engine, or unexpectedly may in fact increase the
of the airflow through the third stream ( e.g. , airstream , 5 over propulsive efficiency of the turbofan engine.
mixing, or exhaust properties ), and thereby the aforemen- The inventor's proceeded in the manner of designing an
tioned exemplary percent contribution to total thrust, may engine with given primary fan characteristics, secondary fan
passively adjust during engine operation or be modified characteristics, and turbomachine characteristics; checking
purposefully through use of engine control features ( such as the propulsive efficiency of the designed turbofan engine;
fuel flow , electric machine power , variable stators , variable 10 redesigning the turbofan engine with varying primary fan,
inlet guide vanes , valves , variable exhaust geometry, or secondary fan , and turbomachine characteristics; rechecking
fluidic features) to adjust or optimize overall system perfor- the propulsive efficiency of the redesigned turbofan engine;
mance across a broad range of potential operating condi- etc. during the design of several different types of turbofan
tions . engines, including the gas turbine engine described below
The term “ disk loading ” refers to an average pressure 15 with reference to FIG . 1. During the course of this practice
change across a plurality of rotor blades of a rotor assembly , of studying /evaluating various primary fan characteristics,
such as the average pressure change across a plurality of fan secondary fan characteristics, and turbomachine character
blades of a fan . istics considered feasible for best satisfying mission require
The term “ rated speed ” refers to an operating condition of ments, it was discovered that a certain relationship exists
an engine whereby the engine is operating in the maximum , 20 between a percentage of a total turbofan engine thrust
full load operating condition that is rated by the manufac- provided by a third stream ( as defined herein ) and the
turer. relative sizes of aa turbofan's primary to secondary fan, or
The term “ standard day operating condition ” refers to more particularly a radius ratio of the primary fan to
ambient conditions of sea level altitude, 59 degrees Fahr- secondary fan . The resulting radius ratio to third -stream
enheit, and 60 percent relative humidity. 25 thrust relationship , as herein referred to , can be thought of as
The term “ propulsive efficiency ” refers to an efficiency an indicator of the ability of a turbofan engine to maintain
with which the energy contained in an engine's fuel is or even improve upon a desired propulsive efficiency via the
converted into kinetic energy for the vehicle incorporating third stream and , additionally, indicating an improvement in
the engine, to accelerate it , or to replace losses due to the turbofan engine's packaging concerns and weight con
aerodynamic drag or gravity . 30 cerns, and thermal management capabilities.
The term “ bypass ratio ” refers to a ratio in an engine of Referring now to FIG . 1 , a schematic cross -sectional view
an amount of airflow that is bypassed around the engine's of a gas turbine engine is provided according to another
ducted inlet to the amount that passes through the engine's example embodiment of the present disclosure . Particularly,
ducted inlet . For example, in the embodiment of FIG . 1 , FIG . 1 provides an engine having a rotor assembly with a
discussed below, the bypass ratio refers to an amount of 35 single stage of unducted rotor blades . In such a manner, the
airflow from the fan 152 that flows over the fan cowl 170 to rotor assembly may be referred to herein as an “ unducted
an amount of airflow from the fan 152 that flows through the fan , ” or the entire engine 100 may be referred to as an
engine inlet 182 . “ unducted engine .” In addition , the engine of FIG . 1
The term “ corrected tip speed, ” with respect to a fan includes a third stream extending from the compressor
having fan blades, refers to a speed of the fan blades at an 40 section to a rotor assembly flowpath over the turbomachine ,
outer tip of the fan blades along a radial direction, corrected as will be explained in more detail below.
to correspond to standard day conditions ( i.e. , the speed the For reference, the engine 100 defines an axial direction A ,
fan blades at their outer tips would rotate at if the upstream a radial direction R , and a circumferential direction C.
temperature corresponded to standard day conditions ). Moreover, the engine 100 defines an axial centerline or
Generally , a turbofan engine includes a relatively large 45 longitudinal axis 112 that extends along the axial direction
fan to provide a desired amount of thrust without overload- A. In general, the axial direction A extends parallel to the
ing the fan blades ( i.e. , without increasing a disk loading of longitudinal axis 112 , the radial direction R extends outward
the fan blades of the fan beyond a certain threshold ), and from and inward to the longitudinal axis 112 in aa direction
therefore to maintain aa desired overall propulsive efficiency orthogonal to the axial direction A , and the circumferential
for the turbofan engine. Conventional turbofan engine 50 direction extends three hundred sixty degrees (360 ° ) around
design practice has been to provide a large fan , or rather a the longitudinal axis 112. The engine 100 extends between
high diameter fan , on the engine to provide as much of a a forward end 114 and an aft end 116 , e.g. , along the axial
total thrust for the turbofan engine as reasonably possible . direction A.
The objective, when designing the conventional turbofan The engine 100 includes aa turbomachine 120 and a rotor
engine was to maximize a propulsive efficiency of the 55 assembly, also referred to a fan section 150 , positioned
turbofan engine. A turbofan engine including such a large upstream thereof. Generally, the turbomachine 120 includes ,
fan , however, may result in , e.g. , problems packaging the in serial flow order, a compressor section , a combustion
turbofan engine on an aircraft, a relatively heavy turbofan section , a turbine section, and an exhaust section . Particu
engine (particularly for ducted turbofan engines ), etc. Fur- larly, as shown in FIG . 1 , the turbomachine 120 includes a
ther, as the need for turbofan engines to provide more thrust 60 core cowl 122 that defines an annular core inlet 124. The
continues, the thermal demands on the turbofan engines core cowl 122 further encloses at least in part a low pressure
correspondingly increases . system and a high pressure system . For example, the core
The inventor of the present disclosure , however, found cowl 122 depicted encloses and supports at least in part a
that for aa three stream turbofan engine having a primary fan booster or low pressure (“ LP ” ) compressor 126 for pressur
and a secondary fan, with the secondary fan being a ducted 65 izing the air that enters the turbomachine 120 through core
fan providing an airflow to a third stream of the engine, the inlet 124. A high pressure ( “HP ' ), multi - stage, axial- flow
amount of thrust generation required from the primary fan compressor 128 receives pressurized air from the LP com
 US 11,492,918 B1
5 6
pressor 126 and further increases the pressure of the air. The in FIG . 1 ) disposed around the longitudinal axis 112. For this
pressurized air stream flows downstream to a combustor 130 embodiment, the fan guide vanes 162 are not rotatable about
of the combustion section where fuel is injected into the the longitudinal axis 112. Each fan guide vane 162 has a root
pressurized air stream and ignited to raise the temperature and a tip and a span defined therebetween . The fan guide
and energy level of the pressurized air . 5 vanes 162 may be unshrouded as shown in FIG . 1 or,
It will be appreciated that as used herein , the terms alternatively, may be shrouded, e.g. , by an annular shroud
" high / low speed " and " high /low pressure " are used with spaced outward from the tips of the fan guide vanes 162
respect to the high pressure /high speed system and low along the radial direction R or attached to the fan guide
pressure / low speed system interchangeably. Further, it will vanes 162 .
be appreciated that the terms “ high ” and “ low ” are used in 10 Each fan guide vane 162 defines a central blade axis 164 .
this same context to distinguish the two systems , and are not For this embodiment, each fan guide vane 162 of the fan
meant to imply any absolute speed and / or pressure values . guide vane array 160 is rotatable about their respective
The high energy combustion products flow from the central blades axes 164 , e.g. , in unison with one another .
combustor 130 downstream to a high pressure turbine 132 . One or more actuators 166 are provided to facilitate such
The high pressure turbine 128 drives the high pressure 15 rotation and therefore may be used to change a pitch of the
compressor 128 through a high pressure shaft 136. In this fan guide vane 162 about their respective central blades axes
regard , the high pressure turbine 128 is drivingly coupled 164. However, in other embodiments, each fan guide vane
with the high pressure compressor 128. The high energy 162 may be fixed or unable to be pitched about its central
combustion products then flow to a low pressure turbine blade axis 164. The fan guide vanes 162 are mounted to a fan
134. The low pressure turbine 134 drives the low pressure 20 cowl 170 .
compressor 126 and components of the fan section 150 As shown in FIG . 1 , in addition to the fan 152 , which is
through a low pressure shaft 138. In this regard, the low unducted , a ducted fan 184 is included aft of the fan 152 ,
pressure turbine 134 is drivingly coupled with the low such that the engine 100 includes both a ducted and an
pressure compressor 126 and components of the fan section unducted fan which both serve to generate thrust through the
150. The LP shaft 138 is coaxial with the HP shaft 136 in this 25 movement of air without passage through at least a portion
example embodiment. After driving each of the turbines of the turbomachine 120 ( e.g. , without passage through the
132 , 134 , the combustion products exit the turbomachine HP compressor 128 and combustion section for the embodi
120 through a turbomachine exhaust nozzle 140 . ment depicted ). The ducted fan is rotatable at about the same
Accordingly, the turbomachine 120 defines a working gas axis as the fan blade 154. The ducted fan 184 is , for the
flowpath or core duct 142 that extends between the core inlet 30 embodiment depicted, driven by the low pressure turbine
124 and the turbomachine exhaust nozzle 140. The core duct 134 (e.g. coupled to the LP shaft 138 ) . In the embodiment
142 is an annular duct positioned generally inward of the depicted, as noted above , the fan 152 may be referred to as
core cowl 122 along the radial direction R. The core duct the primary fan , and the ducted fan 184 may be referred to
142 (e.g. , the working gas flowpath through the turboma- as a secondary fan . It will be appreciated that these terms
chine 120 ) may be referred to as a second stream . 35 “ primary ” and “ secondary ” are terms of convenience, and do
The fan section 150 includes a fan 152 , which is the not imply any particular importance, power, or the like .
primary fan in this example embodiment. For the depicted The ducted fan 184 includes a plurality of fan blades ( not
embodiment of FIG . 1 , the fan 152 is an open rotor or separately labeled in FIG . 1 ) . The fan blades of the ducted
unducted fan 152. As depicted , the fan 152 includes an array fan 184 can be arranged in equal spacing around the longi
of fan blades 154 (only one shown in FIG . 1 ) . The fan blades 40 tudinal axis 112. Each blade of the ducted fan 184 has a root
154 are rotatable, e.g. , about the longitudinal axis 112. As and a tip and a span defined therebetween . Further, each fan
noted above , the fan 152 is drivingly coupled with the low blade of the ducted fan 184 defines a fan blade tip radius Rz
pressure turbine 134 via the LP shaft 138. For the embodi- along the radial direction R from the longitudinal axis 12 to
ments shown in FIG . 1 , the fan 152 is coupled with the LP the tip , and a hub radius ( or inner radius) R4 along the radial
shaft 138 via a speed reduction gearbox 155 , e.g. , in an 45 direction R from the longitudinal axis 12 to the base .
indirect - drive or geared -drive configuration. Further, the ducted fan 184 , or rather each fan blade of the
Moreover, the fan blades 154 can be arranged in equal ducted fan 184 , defines a fan radius ratio , RqR , equal to Rz
spacing around the longitudinal axis 112. Each blade 154 has divided by R4. As the ducted fan 184 is the secondary fan of
a root and a tip and a span defined therebetween . Further, the engine 100 , the fan radius ratio , RqR , of the ducted fan
each fan blade 154 defines aa fan blade tip radius R , along the 50 184 may be referred to as the secondary fan radius ratio ,
radial direction R from the longitudinal axis 12 to the tip , RqRsec .-Fan.
and a hub radius ( or inner radius) R2 along the radial The fan cowl 170 annularly encases at least a portion of
direction R from the longitudinal axis 12 to the base . the core cowl 122 and is generally positioned outward of at
Further, the fan 152 , or rather each fan blade 154 of the fan least a portion of the core cowl 122 along the radial direction
152 , defines a fan radius ratio, RqR, equal to R , divided by 55 R. Particularly , a downstream section of the fan cowl 170
R2 . As the fan 150 is the primary fan of the engine 100 , the extends over a forward portion of the core cowl 122 to define
fan radius ratio , RqR , of the fan 152 may be referred to as a fan flowpath or fan duct 172. According to this embodi
the primary fan radius ratio , RqR Prima .-Fan ment, the fan flowpath or fan duct 172 may be understood
Moreover, each blade 154 defines a central blade axis 156 . as forming at least a portion of the third stream of the engine
For this embodiment, each blade 154 of the fan 152 is 60 100 .
rotatable about their respective central blades axes 156 , e.g. , Incoming air may enter through the fan duct 172 through
in unison with one another. One or more actuators 158 are a fan duct inlet 176 and may exit through a fan exhaust
provided to facilitate such rotation and therefore may be nozzle 178 to produce propulsive thrust. The fan duct 172 is
used to change a pitch the blades 154 about their respective an annular duct positioned generally outward of the core
central blades axes 156 . 65 duct 142 along the radial direction R. The fan cowl 170 and
The fan section 150 further includes a fan guide vane the core cowl 122 are connected together and supported by
array 160 that includes fan guide vanes 162 ( only one shown a plurality of substantially radially -extending, circumferen
 US 11,492,918 B1
7 8
tially - spaced stationary struts 174 ( only one shown in FIG . such a manner, the engine 100 includes one or more actua
1 ) . The stationary struts 174 may each be aerodynamically tors 192 for modulating the variable geometry exhaust
contoured to direct air flowing thereby. Other struts in nozzle . For example, the variable geometry exhaust nozzle
addition to the stationary struts 174 may be used to connect may be configured to vary a total cross - sectional area ( e.g. ,
and support the fan cowl 170 and / or core cowl 122. In many 5 an area of the nozzle in a plane perpendicular to the
embodiments, the fan duct 172 and the core duct 142 may longitudinal axis 112 ) to modulate an amount of thrust
at least partially co - extend ( generally axially ) on opposite generated based on one or more engine operating conditions
sides (e.g. , opposite radial sides ) of the core cowl 122. For (e.g. , temperature, pressure , mass flowrate, etc. of an airflow
example , the fan duct 172 and the core duct 142 may each through the fan duct 172 ) . A fixed geometry exhaust nozzle
extend directly from the leading edge 144 of the core cowl 10 may also be adopted .
122 and may partially co -extend generally axially on oppo- The combination of the array of inlet guide vanes 186
site radial sides of the core cowl . located upstream of the ducted fan 184 , the array of outlet
The engine 100 also defines or includes an inlet duct 180 . guide vanes 190 located downstream of the ducted fan 184 ,
The inlet duct 180 extends between an engine inlet 182 and and the exhaust nozzle 178 may result in a more efficient
the core inlet 124 / fan duct inlet 176. The engine inlet 182 is 15 generation of third stream thrust, Fnzs, during one or more
defined generally at the forward end of the fan cowl 170 and engine operating conditions . Further, by introducing a vari
is positioned between the fan 152 and the fan guide vane ability in the geometry of the inlet guide vanes 186 and the
array 160 along the axial direction A. The inlet duct 180 is exhaust nozzle 178 , the engine 100 may be capable of
an annular duct that is positioned inward of the fan cowl 170 generating more efficient third stream thrust, Fnzs, across a
along the radial direction R. Air flowing downstream along 20 relatively wide array of engine operating conditions , includ
the inlet duct 180 is split , not necessarily evenly , into the ing takeoff and climb (where a maximum total engine thrust
core duct 142 and the fan duct 172 by a splitter or leading FnTotal, is generally needed ) as well as cruise ( where aa lesser
edge 144 of the core cowl 122. The inlet duct 180 is wider amount of total engine thrust, Fn Total, is generally needed ).
than the core duct 142 along the radial direction R. The inlet Referring still to FIG . 1 , in exemplary embodiments, air
duct 180 is also wider than the fan duct 172 along the radial 25 passing through the fan duct 172 may be relatively cooler
direction R. (e.g. , lower temperature) than one or more fluids utilized in
During operation of the engine 100 at an operating the turbomachine 120. In this way, one or more heat
condition, the engine 100 generates a total thrust, FnTotal exchangers 200 may be positioned in thermal communica
The operating condition may be operation of the engine 100 tion with the fan duct 172. For example, one or more heat
at a rated speed during standard day operating condition . 30 exchangers 200 may be disposed within the fan duct 172 and
The total thrust is a sum of aa first stream thrust, Fnis ( e.g. , utilized to cool one or more fluids from the core engine with
a primary fan thrust generated by an airflow over the fan the air passing through the fan duct 172 , as a resource for
cowl 170 and core cowl 122 , generated by the fan 152 ) , a removing heat from a id ,e.g. , compressor bleed air, oil or
third stream thrust, Fnzs (e.g. , a thrust generated by an fuel.
airflow through the fan duct 172 exiting through the fan 35 Although not depicted, the heat exchanger 200 may be an
exhaust nozzle 178 , generated at least in part by the ducted annular heat exchanger extending substantially 360 degrees
fan 184 ) , and a second stream thrust, Fn2s ( e.g. , a thrust in the fan duct 172 (e.g. , at least 300 degrees, such as at least
generated by an airflow through the core duct 142 exiting 330 degrees ). In such a manner , the heat exchanger 200 may
through the exhaust nozzle 140 ) . effectively utilize the air passing through the fan duct 172 to
Notably, for the embodiment depicted, the engine 100 40 cool one or more systems of the engine 100 (e.g. , lubrication
includes one or more features to increase an efficiency of the oil systems, compressor bleed air, electrical components ,
third stream thrust, Fnzs . In particular, the engine 100 further etc. ) . The heat exchanger 200 uses the air passing through
includes an array of inlet guide vanes 186 positioned in the duct 172 as a heat sink and correspondingly increases the
inlet duct 180 upstream of the ducted fan 184 and down- temperature of the air downstream of the heat exchanger 200
stream of the engine inlet 182. The array of inlet guide vanes 45 and exiting the nozzle 178 .
186 are arranged around the longitudinal axis 112. For this As alluded earlier, the inventor discovered, unexpectedly
embodiment, the fan inlet guide vanes 186 are not rotatable during the course of turbofan engine design i.e., designing
about the longitudinal axis 112. Each inlet guide vanes 186 turbofan engines (both ducted and unducted turbofans)
defines a central blade axis (not labeled for clarity ), and is having a variety of different primary fan and secondary fan
rotatable about their respective central blade axes, e.g. , in 50 characteristics , both physical and operational and evaluat
unison with one another. One or more actuators 188 are ing an overall propulsive efficiency, a significant relation
provided to facilitate such rotation and therefore may be ship exists between a percentage of aa total turbofan engine
used to change a pitch of the inlet guide vanes 186 about thrust provided by a third stream ( as defined herein ) and the
their respective central blades axes. However, in other relative sizes of a turbofan's primary to secondary fan . The
embodiments, each inlet guide vanes 186 may be fixed or 55 resulting radius ratio to third - stream thrust relationship, as
unable to be pitched about its central blade axis . herein referred to , can be thought of as an indicator of the
Further, located downstream of the ducted fan 184 and ability of a turbofan engine to maintain or even improve
upstream of the fan duct inlet 176 , the engine 100 includes upon a desired propulsive efficiency via the third stream and,
an array of outlet guide vanes 190. As with the array of inlet additionally, indicating an improvement in the turbofan
guide vanes 186 , the array of outlet guide vanes 190 are not 60 engine's packaging concerns and weight concerns , and
rotatable about the longitudinal axis 112. However, for the thermal management capabilities.
embodiment depicted, unlike the array of inlet guide vanes As will be appreciated , higher and lower third stream
186 , the array of outlet guide vanes 190 are configured as thrusts change the packaging abilities of the turbofan engine
fixed - pitch outlet guide vanes . and the thermal sink capabilities of the turbofan engine . For
Further, it will be appreciated that for the embodiment 65 example , increased thrust from an airflow through the third
depicted, the fan exhaust nozzle 178 of the fan duct 172 is stream generally means more airflow ( on a mass flowrate
further configured as a variable geometry exhaust nozzle . In basis ) through the third stream , which in turn mean more
 US 11,492,918 B1
9 10
thermal capacity for such airflow . Further, the inventor % Fnzs is defined while operating the engine at a rated speed
found that you provide too little thrust from the third stream , during standard day operating conditions .
the turbofan engine may be unnecessarily large ( and thus EFP is a function of a corrected tip speed of the primary
more difficult to package ) and heavy, and further may not fan , a corrected tip speed of the secondary fan , a disk loading
provide a desired amount of thermal sink capabilities. If you 5 of the primary fan , and aa disk loading of the secondary fan .
provide too much thrust through the third stream , the engine EFP, by taking into account the corrected tip speeds of the
may not fully take advantage of relatively efficient thrust that primary and secondary fans, accounts for such factors as the
may be generated by the primary fan . specific engine configuration ( e.g. , geared , direct drive , etc. ) ,
The above relationship may be a function of a bypass ratio which may have some influence on the relationship between
of the turbofan engine , which may generally be limited by 10 tip radius
reasonable engine temperatures, including operating tem third streamratio( %(Fnzs R , to R3 ) and the percent thrust through the
1

peratures, such as exhaust gas temperatures (EGT ) . For propulsive efficiency.) The for a turbofan engine having a desired
example , as will be appreciated in view of the foregoing factors to EFP to the tip relationshipradius ratio
of these contributing
( R , to R3) and the
teaching , a radius of the primary fan relative to a radius of
the secondary fan, along with a percentage of a total 15 percent thrust through the third stream ( % Fnzs) for a
turbofan engine thrust generated by an airflow through the turbofan engine is described in more detail above .
third stream during operation , are each , in part, a function of Values for R / R3 and the corresponding values of the
the bypass ratio and together characterize the balancing in influencing characteristics of an engine defined by Equation
the relationship noted above . ( 1 ) are set forth in TABLE 1 :
Many aspects of an architecture dictate the bypass ratio of 20
a turbofan engine . For example , the bypass ratio is , in part, TABLE 1
a function of a corrected tip speed of the primary fan relative Ranges appropriate for using
to a corrected tip speed the secondary fan , as well as a Symbol Description Eq . ( 1 )
specific thrust of the respective primary and secondary fans .
The specific thrusts of the primary and secondary fans, in 25 Ry /Rz Tip radius ratio about 2 to about 10 , such as
turn , are a function of a pressure ratio of the primary and about 2 to about 7 , such as about
3 to about 5 , such as at least 3.5 ,
secondary fans, respectively, and a disk loading ( also such as 3.7 , such as at least 4 ,
referred to as a power loading) on the primary and secondary such as up to about 10 , such as
fans, respectively . These factors also affect the balancing in RqRsec .-Fan Secondary fan radius
up to about 7
about 0.2 to about 0.7 , such as
the relationship noted above, as will described in more detail 30 ratio about 0.35 to about 0.5
below with reference to an effective fan parameter, EFP. RqRprim .-Fan Primary fan radius about 0.2 to about 0.4 , such as
As noted above , the inventor of the present disclosure EFP ratio about 0.25 to about 0.35
discovered a relationship between the percentage of engine Effective fan
parameter
about 1.5 to about 11 , such as
about 2 to about 4.5 , such as
thrust configured to be provided by the airflow through the about 2.5 to about 4 , such as
third stream and the radius ratio of the primary fan and 35 about 3 to about 3.5
secondary fan that can result in a turbofan engine maintain- Vc Prim. Corrected primary
fan tip speed
about 500 feet per second ( fps) to
ing or even improving upon a desired propulsive efficiency, Fan about 2,000 fps, such as about
750 fps to about 1,750 fps
while also improving the turbofan engine's packaging con Vc Sec . - Fan Corrected secondary about 500 feet per second ( fps) to
cerns and weight concerns, and also providing desired 40 fan tip speed about 2,000 fps, such as about
thermal management capabilities. 750 fps to about 1,750 fps
Utilizing this relationship , the inventor found that the %Fnzs Percent thrust through about 1 % to about 50 % , such as
third stream about 3 % to about 30 % , such as
number of suitable or feasible turbofan engine designs about 5 % to about 20 % , such as
incorporating a primary fan and a secondary fan , and defin at least about 7 % , such as at least
ing a third stream , capable of meeting both the propulsive about 10 % , such as at least about
efficiency requirements and packaging, weight , and thermal 45 15 % , and below about 50 %
sink requirements could be greatly diminished , thereby
facilitating a more rapid down selection of designs to
consider as a turbofan engine is being developed. Such a in FIGS . 2A through 2D and 3 illustrate gas turbine engines
accordance with one or more exemplary embodiments of
benefit provides more insight to the requirements for a given the present disclosure , showing the relationships between
turbofan engine well before specific technologies , integra- 50 the tip radius ratio and
tion and system requirements are developed fully. It avoids stream . In particular, FIGSpercent
. 2A
thrust through the third
through 2D provides a table
late - stage redesign . The desired relationship is represented including numerical values corresponding to several of the
by the following Equation ( 1 ) : plotted gas turbine engines in FIG . 3. FIG . 3 is a plot of gas
55 turbine engines in accordance with one or more exemplary
R1 ( 1 – RqRSec . - Fan2 Equation ( 1 ) embodiments of the present disclosure , showing the rela
(1 – RqR Prim .-Fan ?66% Fnzs -1 )
1
R3
(EFP ) tionships between the tip radius ratio ( R , to R3 ; Y - Axis) and
the percent thrust through the third stream ( % Fnzs ; X - Axis ) .
Notably, in FIG . 3 , a first range and a second range are
where R , is a tip radius of the primary fan , R2 is a hub 60 provided. The first range may correspond to an EFP of
radius of the primary fan , Rz is a tip radius of the secondary between 1.5 and 11 , with % Fnzs equal to between about 2 %
fan , R4 is a hub radius of the secondary fan, RqR Prim .- Fan is and about 50 % . Such may result in an engine having a
the ratio of R , to R2 , RqR Sec .-Fan is the ratio of R3 to R4, %
1 desired propulsive efficiency.
Fnzs is the percentage of thrust through the third stream The second range may correspond to an EFP of about 2.5
relative to a total thrust of the engine ( e.g. , for the embodi- 65 and about 4 , with % Fnzs equal to between about 5 % and
ment of FIG . 1 , Fnzs divided by Fn Total), and EFP is called about 20 % . Such may result in an engine having a more
an effective fan parameter. For the purposes of Equation ( 1 ) , preferred propulsive efficiency.
 US 11,492,918 B1
11 12
As will be appreciated from the description herein , vari- least twelve ( 12 ) blades . In yet another suitable embodiment,
ous embodiments of a gas turbine engine are provided . the fan may have at least fifteen ( 15 ) blades. In yet another
Certain of these embodiments may be an unducted , single suitable embodiment, the fan may have at least eighteen ( 18 )
rotor gas turbine engine, or a ducted turbofan engine. An blades. In one or more of these embodiments, the fan
example of a ducted turbofan engine can be found in U.S. 5 includes twenty - six (26 ) or fewer blades , such as twenty (20 )
patent application Ser. No. 16 / 811,368 ( Published as U.S. or fewer blades .
Patent Application Publication No. 2021/0108597 ) , filed Further, in certain exemplary embodiments, the rotor
Mar. 6 , 2020 ( FIG . 10 , Paragraph [ 0062 ], et al . , including an assembly may define a rotor diameter ( or fan diameter) of at
annular fan case 13 surrounding the airfoil blades 21 of least 10 feet, such as at least 11 feet, such as at least 12 feet,
rotating element 20 and surrounding vanes 31 of stationary 10 such as at least 13 feet, such as at least 15 feet, such as at
element 30 ; and including a third stream / fan duct 73 ( shown least 17 feet, such as up to 28 feet, such as up to 26 feet, such
in FIG . 10 , described extensively throughout the applica- as up to 24 feet, such as up to 18 feet.
tion )). Various additional aspects of one or more of these In various embodiments, it will be appreciated that the
embodiments are discussed below . These exemplary aspects engine includes a ratio of a quantity of vanes to a quantity
may be combined with one or more of the exemplary gas 15 of blades that could be less than, equal to , or greater than 1 : 1 .
turbine engine (s ) discussed above with respect to the figures . For example, in particular embodiments, the engine includes
For example, in some embodiments of the present dis- twelve ( 12 ) fan blades and ten ( 10 ) vanes . In other embodi
closure , the engine may include a heat exchanger located in ments , the vane assembly includes a greater quantity of
an annular duct, such as in a third stream . The heat vanes to fan blades . For example , in particular embodi
exchanger may extend substantially continuously in a cir- 20 ments, the engine includes ten ( 10) fan blades and twenty
cumferential direction of the gas turbine engine (e.g. , at least three ( 23 ) vanes . For example, in certain embodiments, the
about 300 degrees, such as at least about 330 degrees ). engine may include a ratio of a quantity of vanes to a
In one or more of these embodiments , a threshold power quantity of blades between 1 : 2 and 5 : 2 . The ratio may be
or disk loading for a fan (e.g. , an unducted single rotor or tuned based on a variety of factors including a size of the
primary forward fan ) may range from 25 horsepower per 25 vanes to ensure a desired amount of swirl is removed for an
square foot (hp / ft?) or greater at cruise altitude during a airflow from the primary fan .
cruise operating mode . In particular embodiments of the Additionally, in certain exemplary embodiments, where
engine, structures and methods provided herein generate the engine includes the third stream and aa mid - fan (a ducted
power loading between 80 hp / ft2 and 160 hp / ft? or higher at fan aft of the primary , forward fan ), a ratio R1 / R2 may be
cruise altitude during a cruise operating mode , depending on 30 between about 1 and 10 , or 2 and 7 , or at least about 3.3 , at
whether the engine is an open rotor or ducted engine. least about 3.5 , at least about 4 and less than or equal to
In various embodiments, an engine of the present disclo- about 7 , where R1 is the radius of the primary fan and R2
sure is applied a vehicle with a cruise altitude up to is the radius of the mid - fan .
approximately 65,000 ft. In certain embodiments, cruise It should be appreciated that various embodiments of the
altitude is between approximately 28,000 ft and approxi- 35 engine, such as the single unducted rotor engine depicted
mately 45,000 ft. In still certain embodiments, cruise alti- and described herein , may allow for normal subsonic aircraft
tude is expressed in flight levels based on a standard air cruise altitude operation at or above Mach 0.5 . In certain
pressure at sea level , in which a cruise flight condition is embodiments, the engine allows for normal aircraft opera
between FL280 and FL650 . In another embodiment, cruise tion between Mach 0.55 and Mach 0.85 at cruise altitude. In
flight condition is between FL280 and FL450 . In still certain 40 still particular embodiments, the engine allows for normal
embodiments, cruise altitude is defined based at least on a aircraft operation between Mach 0.75 and Mach 0.85 . In
barometric pressure, in which cruise altitude is between certain embodiments, the engine allows for rotor blade tip
approximately 4.85 psia and approximately 0.82 psia based speeds at or less than 750 feet per second ( fps ). In other
on a sea level pressure of approximately 14.70 psia and sea embodiments, the rotor blade tip speed at a cruise flight
2

level temperature at approximately 59 degrees Fahrenheit. 45 condition can be 650 to 900 fps, or 700 to 800 fps.
In another embodiment, cruise altitude is between approxi- A fan pressure ratio ( FPR) for the fan of the fan assembly
mately 4.85 psia and approximately 2.14 psia . It should be can be 1.04 to 1.20 , or in some embodiments 1.05 to 1.1 , or
appreciated that in certain embodiments, the ranges of cruise in some embodiments less than 1.08 , as measured across the
altitude defined by pressure may be adjusted based on a fan blades at a cruise flight condition .
different reference sea level pressure and / or sea level tem- 50 In order for the gas turbine engine to operate with a fan
perature . having the above characteristics to define the above FPR , a
As such , it will be appreciated that an engine of such a gear assembly may be provided to reduce aa rotational speed
configuration may be configured to generate at least about of the fan assembly relative to a driving shaft ( such as a low
25,000 pounds and less than about 80,000 of thrust during pressure shaft coupled to a low pressure turbine ). In some
operation at a rated speed , such as between about 25,000 and 55 embodiments, a gear ratio of the input rotational speed to the
50,000 pounds of thrust during operation at a rated speed, output rotational speed is greater than 4.1 . For example , in
such as between about 25,000 and 40,000 pounds of thrust particular embodiments, the gear ratio is within a range of
during operation at a rated speed . 4.1 to 14.0 , within a range of 4.5 to 14.0 , or within a range
In various exemplary embodiments, the fan may include of 6.0 to 14.0 . In certain embodiments, the gear ratio is
twelve ( 12 ) fan blades . From a loading standpoint, such a 60 within a range of 4.5 to 12 or within a range of 6.0 to 11.0 .
blade count may allow a span of each blade to be reduced As such , in some embodiments, the fan can be configured to
such that the overall diameter of the primary fan may also be rotate at a rotational speed of 700 to 1500 rpm at a cruise
reduced ( e.g. , to about twelve feet in one exemplary embodi- flight condition , while the power turbine (e.g. , the low
ment). That said, in other embodiments, the fan may have pressure turbine) is configured to rotate at a rotational speed
any suitable blade count and any suitable diameter. In certain 65 of 2,500 to 15,000 rpm at a cruise flight condition . In
suitable embodiments, the fan includes at least eight ( 8 ) particular embodiments, the fan can be configured to rotate
blades . In another suitable embodiment, the fan may have at at a rotational speed of 850 to 1,350 rpm at a cruise flight
 US 11,492,918 B1
13 14
condition , while the power turbine is configured to rotate at core engine ( Dcore ) of the engine , L /Dcore of the engine ,
a rotational speed of 5,000 to 10,000 rpm at a cruise flight desired cruise altitude, and / or desired operating cruise
condition . speed , or combinations thereof.
With respect to a turbomachine of the gas turbine engine , This written description uses examples to disclose the
the compressors and / or turbines can include various stage 5 present disclosure, including the best mode , and also to
counts . As disclosed herein , the stage count includes the enable any person skilled in the art to practice the disclosure,
number of rotors or blade stages in a particular component including making and using any devices or systems and
( e.g. , a compressor or turbine ). For example , in some performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope
embodiments, a low pressure compressor may include 1 to of the disclosure is defined by the claims, and may include
8 stages, a high-pressure compressor may include 8 to 15 10 other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such
stages , a high -pressure turbine may include 1 to 2 stages , other examples are intended to be within the scope of the
and / or a low pressure turbine ( LPT) may include 3 to 7 claims if they include structural elements that do not differ
stages . In particular, the LPT may have 4 stages , or between from the literal language of the claims, or if they include
4 and 7 stages . For example , in certain embodiments , an equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences
engine may include a one stage low pressure compressor, an 15 from the literal languages of the claims.
11 stage high pressure compressor, a two stage high pressure Further aspects are provided by the subject matter of the
turbine, and 4 stages , or between 4 and 7 stages for the LPT. following clauses :
As another example, an engine can include a three stage A gas turbine engine defining a centerline and a circum
low -pressure compressor, a 10 stage high pressure compres- ferential direction , the gas turbine engine comprising: a
sor, a two stage high pressure turbine, and a 7 stage low 20 turbomachine comprising a compressor section , a combus
pressure turbine. tion section , and a turbine section arranged in serial flow
A core engine is generally encased in an outer casing order, the turbomachine defining a working gas flowpath and
defining one half of a core diameter ( Dcore) , which may be a fan duct flowpath ; a primary fan driven by the turboma
thought of as the maximum extent from a centerline axis chine defining a primary fan tip radius R , and a primary fan
( datum for R) . In certain embodiments, the engine includes 25 hub radius Rz ; a secondary fan located downstream of the
a length ( L ) from a longitudinally ( or axial) forward end to primary fan and driven by the turbomachine, at least a
a longitudinally aft end . In various embodiments, the engine portion of an airflow from the primary fan configured to
defines aa ratio of L / Dcore that provides for reduced installed bypass the secondary fan , the secondary fan defining a
drag. In one embodiment, L /Dcore is at least 2. In another secondary fan tip radius R3 and a secondary fan hub radius
embodiment, LID core is at least 2.5 . In some embodiments, 30 R4, wherein the secondary fan is configured to provide a fan
:
the L /Dcore is less than 5 , less than 4 , and less than 3. In duct airflow through the fan duct flowpath during operation
various embodiments , it should be appreciated that the to generate a fan duct thrust, wherein the fan duct thrust is
L / Dcore is for a single unducted rot engine . equal to % Fnzs of a total engine thrust during operation of
The reduced installed drag may further provide for the gas turbine engine at a rated speed during standard day
improved efficiency, such as improved specific fuel con- 35 operating conditions ; wherein a ratio of R , to R2 equals
sumption. Additionally, or alternatively, the reduced drag
may provide for cruise altitude engine and aircraft operation
at the above describe Mach numbers at cruise altitude. Still
( EFP ) (1 – RqRsec .-Fan )
particular embodiments may provide such benefits with
reduced interaction noise between the blade assembly and 40
Sec.
36
( 1 – RqRPrim, . - Fan4 % Fnzs -1 )
the vane assembly and / or decreased overall noise generated
by the engine by virtue of structures located in an annular wherein EFP is between 1.5 and 11 , wherein RqR Prim -Fan
duct of the engine . is aa ratio of R , to R2 , and wherein RqR sec .-Fan is a ratio of
Additionally, it should be appreciated that ranges of Rz to R.
power loading and /or rotor blade tip speed may correspond 45 The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses,
to certain structures, core sizes , thrust outputs , etc. , or other wherein the ratio of R , to R3 is between about 2 and about
structures at the core engine and the than . However, as 10 , such as between about 2 and about 7 .
previously stated , to the extent one or more structures The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses,
provided herein may be known in the art, it should be wherein the ratio of R1 to R3 is between about 3 and about
appreciated that the present disclosure may include combi- 50 5 .
nations of structures not previously known to combine, at The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses,
least for reasons based in part on conflicting benefits versus wherein EFP is between about 2.5 and about 4 , and wherein
losses , desired modes of operation , or other forms of teach- % Fn3S is greater than or equal to about 5 % and less than
ing away in the art. or equal to about 20 % .
Although depicted above as an unshrouded or open rotor 55 The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses,
engine in the embodiments depicted above , it should be wherein RqRPrim .- Fan is between 0.2 and 0.4 .
appreciated that aspects of the disclosure provided herein The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses,
may be applied to shrouded or ducted engines , partially wherein RqRPrim .- Fan is between 0.25 and 0.35 .
ducted engines , aft- fan engines , or other gas turbine engine The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses,
configurations, including those for marine, industrial, or 60 wherein RqRSec . -Fan is between 0.2 and 0.7 .
aero -propulsion systems . Certain aspects of the disclosure The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses,
may be applicable to turbofan, turboprop, or turboshaft wherein RqRSec . -Fan is between 0.35 and 0.5 .
engines . However, it should be appreciated that certain The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses,
aspects of the disclosure may address issues that may be wherein EFP is between A2 and B2 , wherein the primary fan
particular to unshrouded or open rotor engines , such as , but 65 defines a primary fan corrected tip speed during operation of
not limited to , issues related to gear ratios, fan diameter, fan the gas turbine engine at the rated speed during standard day
speed , length ( L) of the engine , maximum diameter of the operating conditions , wherein the secondary fan defines a
 US 11.492.918 B1
15 16
secondary fan corrected tip speed during operation of the gas secondary fan , the secondary fan defining a secondary
turbine engine at the rated speed during standard day oper- fan tip radius R3 and a secondary fan hub radius R4,
ating conditions , wherein the primary fan corrected tip speed wherein the secondary fan is configured to provide a
is between 500 feet per second and 2,000 feet per second , fan duct airflow through the fan duct flowpath during
and wherein the secondary fan corrected tip speed is 5 operation to generate a fan duct thrust, wherein the fan
between 500 feet per second and 2,000 feet per second . duct thrust is equal to % Fnzs of aa total engine thrust
The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses, during operation at a rated speed during standard day
wherein % Fn3S is between 1 % and 50 % . operating conditions ;
The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses , wherein a ratio of R 1, to R3 equals
wherein % Fn3S is between 3 % and 30 % . 10
The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses ,
wherein % Fn3S is between 5 % and 20 % . ( 1 - RRSec. - Fan2
The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses,
wherein the fan duct flowpath defines an outlet, and wherein
( EFP )
le - 1);
( 1 - RqRprim.Fall ) \ % Fnzs
the gas turbine engine further comprises: a variable geom- 15
etry component associated with the secondary fan , wherein wherein EFP is between 1.5 and 11 , wherein RqR Prim . - Fan
the variable geometry component is a stage of variable inlet is a ratio of R , to R2 , and wherein RqRsec .--Fan is a ratio
1
guide vanes located immediately upstream of the secondary of R3 to R4
fan , a variable exhaust nozzle located at the outlet of the fan 2. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of
duct flowpath , or both . 20 R 1, to R3 is between about 2 and about 10 .
The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses , 3. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of
wherein the primary fan is an unducted fan . R , to R3 is between about 3 and about 7 .
The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses , 4. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , wherein EFP is
wherein the gas turbine engine defines a bypass airflow between about 2.5 and about 4 , and wherein % Fnzs is
passage , wherein the primary fan is configured to provide a 25 greater than or equal to about 5 % and less than or equal to
first portion of a primary fan airflow to the bypass airflow about 20 % .
passage and a second portion of the primary fan airflow to 5. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , wherein
the secondary fan , and wherein the secondary fan is con RqR Prim .-Fan is between 0.2 and 0.4 .
figured to provide a first portion of a secondary fan airflow 6. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , wherein
to the fan duct flowpath as the fan duct airflow and a second 30 RqR Prim .-Fan is between 0.25 and 0.35 .
portion of the secondary fan airflow to the working gas 7. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , wherein RqRsec. -Fan
flowpath. is between 0.2 and 0.7 .
The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses , 8. The gas turbine engine of claim wherein RqRsecSec .. - Fan
further comprising: a heat exchanger positioned in thermal is between 0.35 and 0.5 .
communication with the fan duct flowpath . 35 9. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , wherein EFP is
The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses , between A2 and B2 , wherein the primary fan defines a
2

further comprising: an array of inlet guide vanes located primary fan corrected tip speed during operation of the gas
immediately upstream of the secondary fan . turbine engine at the rated speed during standard day oper
The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses , ating conditions , wherein the secondary fan defines a sec
further comprising: an array of outlet guide vanes located 40 ondary fan corrected tip speed during operation of the gas
immediately downstream of the secondary fan and upstream turbine engine at the rated speed during standard day oper
of the fan duct . ating conditions , wherein the primary fan corrected tip speed
The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses , is between 500 feet per second and 2,000 feet per second ,
further comprising
? : a variable geometry exhaust nozzle and wherein the secondary fan corrected tip speed is
located at an exit of the fan duct . 45 between 500 feet per second and 2,000 feet per second .
The gas turbine engine of one or more of these clauses , 10. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , wherein % Fnzs is
further comprising: a fan cowl surrounding the secondary between 1 % and 50 % .
fan located downstream of the primary fan , the fan cowl 11. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , wherein % Fnzs is
defining in part an engine inlet located downstream of the between 3 % and 30 % .
primary fan ; wherein the turbomachine further comprises a 50 12. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , wherein % Fnzs is
core cowl surrounding at least in part the compressor between 5 % and 20 % .
section , the combustion section , and the turbine section , and 13. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , wherein the fan
wherein the fan duct is defined between the core cowl and duct flowpath defines an outlet , and wherein the gas turbine
the fan cowl . engine further comprises :
I claim : 55 a variable geometry component associated with the sec
1. A gas turbine engine defining a centerline and a ondary fan , wherein the variable geometry component
circumferential direction , the gas turbine engine comprising: is a stage of variable inlet guide vanes located imme
a turbomachine comprising a compressor section , a com diately upstream of the secondary fan , a variable
bustion section , and aa turbine section arranged in serial exhaust nozzle located at the outlet of the fan duct
flow order, the turbomachine defining a working gas 60 flowpath , or both .
flowpath and a fan duct flowpath ; 14. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , wherein the
a primary fan driven by the turbomachine defining a primary fan is an unducted fan .
primary fan tip radius R , and a primary fan hub radius 15. The gas turbine engine of claim 14 , wherein the gas
R ; turbine engine defines a bypass airflow passage , wherein the
a secondary fan located downstream of the primary fan 65 primary fan is configured to provide a first portion of a
and driven by the turbomachine, at least a portion of an primary fan airflow to the bypass airflow passage and a
airflow from the primary fan configured to bypass the second portion of the primary fan airflow to the secondary
 US 11,492,918 B1
17 18
fan , and wherein the secondary fan is configured to provide combustion section , and the turbine section, and
a first portion of a secondary fan airflow to the fan duct wherein the fan duct is defined between the core cowl
and the fan cowl .
flowpath as the fan duct airflow and a second portion of the 21. A gas turbine engine defining a centerline and a
secondary fan airflow to the working gas flowpath .
16. The gas turbine engine of claim 1, further comprising: 5 circumferential
a heat exchanger positioned in thermal communication a turbomachinedirection , the gasa compressor
comprising turbine engine comprising
section , a com:
with the fan duct flowpath . bustion section, and a turbine section arranged in serial
17. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , further comprising: flow order, the turbomachine defining a working gas
flowpath and a fan duct flowpath ;
an array of inlet guide vanes located immediately 10 a primary fan driven by the turbomachine defining a
upstream of the secondary fan . primary fan tip radius R , and a primary fan hub radius
1
18. The gas turbine engine of claim 17 , further compris R ;
ing : a secondary fan located downstream of the primary fan
an array of outlet guide vanes located immediately down- and driven by the turbomachine , at least a portion of an
stream of the secondary fan and upstream of the fan 15 airflow from the primary fan configured to bypass the
duct. secondary fan , the secondary fan defining a secondary
19. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , further comprising: fan tip radius R2 and a secondary fan hub radius R4,
a variable geometry exhaust nozzle located at an exit of wherein the secondary fan is configured to provide a
the fan duct . fan duct airflow through the fan duct flowpath during
20. The gas turbine engine of claim 1 , further comprising: 20 operation to generate a fan duct thrust, wherein the fan
a fan cowl surrounding the secondary fan located down duct thrust is equal to % Fnzs of aa total engine thrust
stream of the primary fan, the fan cowl defining in part during operation of the gas turbine engine at a rated
an engine inlet located downstream of the primary fan; speed during standard day operating conditions ;
wherein the turbomachine further comprises a core cowl wherein a ratio of R 1, to R2 is between 2 and 7 .
surrounding at least in part the compressor section , the