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Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

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Jasmine Seun
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8 views16 pages

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Uploaded by

Jasmine Seun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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www.covenantuniversity.edu.

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Raising a new Generation of Leaders

TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE


Department of Biological Sciences
College of Science & Technology
• The tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle – also known
as the citric acid cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a
series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic
organisms to generate energy through the
oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from
carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon
dioxide and chemical energy in the form of
adenosine triphosphate.
2
Overview

TCA Cycle
3
The Net Equation

Acetyl CoA + 3 NAD + FAD + ADP + HPO4-2 —————> 2 CO2 + CoA + 3 NADH+ +
FADH+ + ATP

4
• The TCA cycle consists of eight steps catalyzed
by eight different enzymes.

5
STEP [1] - Acetyl CoA reacts with the compound
oxaloacetate to form citrate and to release
coenzyme A (CoA-SH).
- Enzyme: Citrate
synthase.
- Citrate formed form
condensation of Acetyl-
CoA with Oxaloacetate.
- CoA (CoA-SH) is
removed and recycled.

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Step [2]. Citrate is rearranged to form isocitrate

- Enzyme: Aconitase.
- Isocitrate is formed
from re-arranged
Citrate
- –OH group is moved
from the 3ʹ to the 4ʹ
position.
- H2O is lost.

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Step [3]. Isocitrate loses a molecule of carbon
dioxide and then undergoes oxidation to form
alpha-ketoglutarate.
- Enzyme: Isocitrate
dehydrogenase.
- Alpha- Ketoglutarate is
formed.
- CO2 is lost.
- NADH generated

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Step [4]. Alpha-ketoglutarate loses a molecule of
carbon dioxide and is oxidized to form succinyl
CoA
- Enzyme: Alpha-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase.
- Succinyl-CoA is formed (4C).
- Alpha-ketoglutarate is
oxidized.
- CO2 is removed, and
coenzyme A (CoA) is added
- NADH generated.

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Step [5]. Succinyl CoA is enzymatically
converted to succinate.
- Enzyme: Succinyl-CoA
synthase.
- Succinate is formed from
Succinyl-CoA.
- CoA is removed
- ATP is generated Guanosine
triphosphate (GTP). (Only
Substrate Level
Phosphorylation).

10
Step [6]. Succinate is oxidized to fumarate

- Enzyme: Succinate
dehydrogenase synthase.
- Fumarate is formed from
oxidation of Succinate.
- FAD is reduced to FADH2

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Step [7]. Fumarate is hydrated to produce malate.

- Enzyme: Fumarase.
- Malate is formed from
H2O addition.
- Hydrogen and Oxygen are
added through Water.

12
Step [8]. Malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate.

- Enzyme: Malate
dehydrogenase.
- Oxaloacetate is formed
from oxidation of Malate.
- NADH generated.

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Cycle Analysis
Each complete turn of the cycle results in the regeneration of:
• Oxaloacetate
• 2 Molecules of CO2.
• 3 NAD+ = 9 ATP
• 1 FAD = 2 ATP
• 1 ATP = 1 ATP
§ 12 ATP (Total ATP)

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• For each turn of the TCA cycle, three molecules of
NAD+ are reduced to NADH and one molecule of FAD
is reduced to FADH2.

• These molecules then transfer their energy to the


electron transport chain - ETC, a pathway that is part
of the third stage of cellular respiration.

• The electron transport chain in turn releases energy


so that it can be converted to ATP through the process
of oxidative phosphorylation.

15
• Review and make a summary of the topic

16

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