Masonry: Masonry is the simplest of building techniques: The mason cement or lime is commonly used as a binding material.

ding material. They undergo

stacks pieces of material (bricks, stones, or concrete blocks, collectively very little expansion and contraction.
called masonry units) atop one another to make walls.Simple tool: can
be used to set an entire building like a trowel, a shovel, a hammer, a #days to remove formwork
level, a square, a string, and a plumb bob. Bricks: Among the masonry #days for Regular slab= 2*short span+2
materials, brick is special in two respects: 1- fire resistance and 2- size. #days for Cantilever= 4*short span+2 Reinforcement: Determine
As a product of fire, it is the most resistant to building fires of any single or double mesh: Double mesh if slab thickness larger than 160
masonry unit type. Bricks (also about size) 25x 12x 6.5; 25x 12x 13: A mm
traditional brick is shaped and dimensioned to fit the human hand. Overlapping length= 60φ or 1 meter which is larger regular slab
Hand-sized bricks are less likely to crack during drying or firing than Overlapping length in cantilever is 1.5*short span of cantilever part
larger bricks, and they are easy for the mason to manipulate. This small #bars/ m = 5bars/m
Length of a bar is either 12m, 6m, 4m, 3m
unit size makes brickwork very flexible in adapting to small-scale
1 m of bars= 1.2 kg
geometries and patterns and gives a pleasing scale and texture to a brick
Example 16m *16m slab
wall or floor.Concrete Masonry (process of manufacturing): Concrete #bars for 12 m= 5bars/m *16= 80 bars
masonry units are manufactured by vibrating a stiff concrete mixture For the last 4 m (4m+1m overlap), then use 6m= half bar
into metal molds, then immediately turning out the wet blocks or bricks Waste of bars = 1m in each half *5 bars/m *16 m length of slab
onto a rack. The racks of concrete masonry units are cured at an #bars for the last 4 meters =0.5bars*5bars/m * 16 m length of slab =40
accelerated rate by subjecting them to steam. After steam curing, the bars
units are bundled on wooden pallets for shipping to the construction Then total number of bars= (80+40) *2 directions *1 mesh= 240 White: Stretcher (25cm)
site.*Concrete masonry units are made in a variety of sizes and shapes. bars Black: Queen closure (6.25 cm)
They are also made with different densities of concrete.Mortar Weight of steel needed= 240* 12m/bar * 1.2 kg/m Hatched diagonal: Header (12.5 cm)
(function): Is as vital a part of masonry as the masonry units themselves. Example Cantilever: Hatch NET: bats (12.5 cm)
Mortar cushions the masonry units, giving them full bearing against one Blue: three quarters closure (18.75cm)
another despite their surface irregularities. Mortar Advantages: 1- seals
between the units to keep water and wind from penetrating; 2- it
adheres the units to one another to bond them into a monolithic
structural unit; 3- and, inevitably, it is important to the appearance of
the finished masonry wall.Mortar Type (constituents): The most
characteristic type of mortar is cement–lime mortar, made of Portland
cement, hydrated lime, an inert aggregate, and water. Quality Control
of mortar used: The aggregate, sand, must be clean and must be #of bars= [(2m+3m cant. overlap +2m+1m overlap+10m) /12m length
screened to eliminate particles that are too coarse or too fine; ASTM of bar]*5bars/m *10 m=75 bars for horizontal direction
specification C144 establishes standards for mortar sand. The Portland #bars for other directions= 5bars/m * 12m = 60 bars
cement is the bonding agent in the mortar. Only Portland cement Types Total #bars= 135 bars
I, II, and III are recommended for use in masonry mortars. Bricks Bonds: Weight = 1.2 kg/m *135*12m/ bar = 1944 kg
Activity of Masonry Question 1: # of bricks= height in m *(0.25 If
1. Stretcher bond,2. English Bond,3. Flemish Bond. Laying Bricks:
double wall or 0.12 if single) * (parameter of wall) *(555.5 bricks/
Aligning, Leveling, Plumbing.
m3)
Question 2 Calculate the volume of mortar needed to build a one cubic
Bricks Footing: should be min. twice width of concrete block. (Typical meter wall using a brick size of 7x13x25 cm.
8*8*16 block requires 16-inch-wide footing). Footing depth should be Solution:
below frost line. 1m/0.25m brick dimension= 4 bricks in a row
1m/ 0.07 m brick dimension= 14.3 = 15 bricks
STACKING AND STORING OF BRICKS AT SITE (Standards): 1. Stack the Surface area of a course = 1*1= 1 m2
bricks close to the site of work so that less effort is required to unload Thickness of mortar layer= 0.01m
and transport the bricks again by loading on pallets or in barrows. 2. Volume of mortar in horizontal joints = (15+1)*0.01 m*1 m2= 0.16 m3
Different types of bricks (such as clay bricks, cement bricks etc) shall be Volume of mortar in vertical joints = (4+1)*0.01 m *1 m2= 0.05 m3
stacked separately. 3. Bricks of different strengths and sizes (i.e. modular Total volume of mortar needed= 0.16+0.05= 0.21 m3 of mortar/ m3 of
and non-modular) should be stacked separately.4. Bricks of different bricks
types such as solid bricks, hollow bricks, and perforated bricks should be Question 4 Determine the no. of cement bags needed to render 200m2
walls with internal plastering and 600 m2 with external plastering
stacked separately. 5. While stacking the bricks, following guidelines
Internal plastering thickness = 0.02 m
must be followed for easy quality inspection and counting. 6. Stack the External plastering thickness = 0.03 m
bricks on dry firm ground. 7. Stack should be 50 bricks long, 10 bricks Volume internal = 200*0.02 = 4 m3
high and not more than 4 bricks in width. 8. Clear distance between Volume external= 600 * 0.03= 18 m3
adjacent stacks should not be less than 0.8m. 9. Put bricks of each truck Internal wall 1 cement: 4 sand
load in one stack. 1m3 of sand = 24 bags
Then 6 cement bags : 24 sand bags
Plastering: the process of covering rough walls&uneven surfaces in #cement bags internal = volume*6= 4*6=24
construction of houses. Cement plastering: homogeneous lean mixture #cement bags external= volume*8= 18*8=144
of Portland cement with sand and water. For protective&decorative Total #cement bags=24+144=168 bags
finishes. Internal plastering cement to sand ratio 1:4. External plastering
cement to sand ratio 1:3.Gypsum plaster:used: -as binding material
instead of cement or lime, decorative designs on wall and roofs.
properties: resistance to fire,insulation against heat and sound,set and
harden quickly,very little expansion and contraction.

Types of plasters:1) Ready mix: -consist of plaster and sand in a dry

mix form in a determined proportion that is mixed with water, applied
into patterns or textured surfaces, conventional plaster for intermediate or
final coats. 2) Gypsum Veneer plaster: pure gypsum plaster without
aggregate needs only water to get mixed.
reduced to homogeneous paste with simultaneous addition of water and
stirring with the help of the trowel or electric agitator. Used as base/ final
coat. 3) Stucco plasters: Used for decorative external surfaces and gives
a marble finish structure.