1.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions Te 4. Assertion (A) : Molality of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature, Reason (R): The volume of solution changes with the change in temperature. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (0) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct, explanation of Assertion (A). (c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect statement. (4) Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is correct statement. (20200) 2. 50 mL of an aqueous solution of glucose CzHi20, : 180 g/mol) contains 6.02 x 10” (Molar mass molecules. The concentration of the solution will be (a) 01M (b) 02M () 10M (d) 20M (2020) (1mark) _ 3. Define the following term : Molality (mn) (NCERT, 1/2, Delhi 2017) (B] 4. Define the following term: Molarity (M) (NCERT, 1/2, Delhi 2017) (B) 1.3 Solubility ES Eat a Liquid (Henrys Law) - - 5. Value of Henry's constant Ky (a) increases with decrease in temperature (b) decreases with increase in temperature (c)_ increases with increase in temperature (¢) remains constant (2023) (Ri) 6. On dissolving ammonium chloride in water at room temperature, the solution feels cool to touch. Under which of the following conditions does salt dissolve faster? (a) Powdered salt in cold water (b) Powdered salt in hot water (0) Salt crystals in cold water (GEZED CBSE Champion Chemistry Class 12 a (d) Salt crystals in hot water (2023) 7. Lowconcentration of oxygen in the blood and tissues ‘of people living at high altitude is due to {a) high atmospheric pressure (6) low temperature (c) lowatmospheric pressure / (a) both low temperature and high atmospheric pressure. (2023) 8. Anunknown gas ‘X’ is dissolved in water at 2.5 bar pressure and has mole fraction 0.04 in solution. The mole fraction of 'X' gas when the pressure of gas is, doubled at the same temperature is (a) 0.08 (b) 0.04 (c) 0.02 {) 0.92 (Term 1, 2021-22) (An) (1mark) 9. Why aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water? (1/3, 2018) (i) 10. Gas (A) is more soluble in water than gas (B) at the same temperature. Which one of the two gases will have the higher value of Ky (Henry's constant) and why? (4/2, Al 2016) (2marks) = 11. What is Henry's law? Give one application of it. (2023) (R) 12. State Henry's law. Why is air diluted with helium in the tanks used by scubadivers? _(2/5, 2020) (An) 13. State Henry's law. Calculate the solubility of CO, in water at 298 K under 760 mm Hg. (Ky for CO, in water at 298 K is 1.25 x 10° mm Hg) (2020) 14. State Henry's law and mention two of its important applications. (2020¢) U) 15. Give reasons for the following. (a) Aquatic species are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water. (b) At higher altitudes people suffer from anoxia resultingininability tothink, (Al 2019) (Ao) 1.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions Mico 16. Which of the following formula represents Raoult’s law for a solution containing non-volatile solute? () Pratte = P*soute” KoteSolutions (b) p= Kye (0) Prorat (A) Prone (1mark) 17. Identify which liquid will have a higher vapour pressure at 90°C if the boiling points of two liquids A and Bare 140°C and 180°C, respectively. . (One word, 2020) (U Prsieent ‘kent *Nsokent (Term |, 2021-22) (U) BEE @2 mars) 18. State Raoult’s law for a solution containing volatile components. What isthe similarity between Raoult's lawand Henry's law? (2020) (R) 1.5 Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions ee estas Lule} _ 19. Which one of the following pairs will form an ideal solution? (a) Chloroform and acetone (b) Ethanol and acetone (c)_ n-Hexane and n-heptane . (d) Phenol and aniline (Term I, 2021-22) (Ab) (1mark) _ _ 20. Define the following term: Ideal solution (1/2, Delhi 2017, 1/5, Al 2017 C) ENN (2 marks) 24. The vapour pressure of pure liquid X and pure liquid Y at 25 °C are 120 mm Hg and 160 mm Hg respectively. If equal moles of X and Y are mixed to form an ideal solution, calculate the vapour pressure of the solution. (2023)(Ev) HET (3 marks) 22. (a) Differentiate between Ideal solution and Non- ideal solution. (b) 30 g of urea is dissolved in 846 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution if vapour pressure of pure water at 298 Kis 23.8 mm He (2023) A) Ney EVES ey 23. Onmixing 20mLof acetone with 30mLof chloroform, the total volume of the solution is (a) <50mL (b) = 50mL () > 50mb (@) = 10mL (Term |, 2021-22) (RE 1 marty 24. What happens when acetone is added to pure ethanol? (1/2, 2020) Ev HEN (2 marks) 25. What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is observed by mixing chloroform and acetone? Why is a decrease in a vapour pressure observed in mixing chloroform and acetone? (2021¢)(A9) 26. Write two differences between ideal solutions and non-ideal solutions. (2/3, 2020 C, Delhi 2019, 2/5, Al 2017) 27. What is meant by positive deviations from Raoult's law? Give an example. What is the sign of Ani,H for positive deviation? (Delhi 2015) OR What is meant by negative deviation from Raoult’s law? Give an example. What is the sign of Amit for negative deviation? (Foreign 2015) SEED 4 marks) _ - Case Based Questions 28. Raoult’s law for volatile liquids states that the partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction, whereas for a non-volatile solute, it states that the vapour, pressure of a solution of a non-volatile solute is equal to the vapour pressure of the pure solvent at, that temperature multiplied by its mole fraction. Two liquids A and B are mixed with each other to form a solution, the vapour phase consists of both. components of the solution. Once the components in the solution have reached equilibrium, the total vapour pressure of the solution can be determined by combining Raoult's law with Dalton's law of partial pressures. If a non-volatile solute B is dissolved into a solvent A to form a solution, the vapour pressure of the solution will be lower than that of the pure solvent. The solutions which obey Raoult's law over, the entire range of concentration are ideal solutions, whereas the solutions for which vapour pressure is either higher or lower than that predicted by Raoult’s law are called non-ideal solutions. Non-ideal solutions are identified by determining the strength of the intermolecular forces between the different molecules in that particular solution. They can either show positive or negative deviation from Raoult's law depending on whether the A-B interactions in solution are stronger or weaker than A-A and B-B interactions. Answer the following questions : (a) 20mL of aliquid A was mixed with 20 mL of liquid B. The volume of resulting solution was found tebe less than 40 mL. What do you conclude from the above data? (b) Which of the following show positive deviation from Raoult's law? Carbon disulphide and Acetone: Phenol and Aniline; Ethanol and Acetone (©) The vapour pressure of a solution of glucose in water is 750 mm Hg at 100°C. Calculate the mole fraction of solute. (Vapour pressure of water at 373K = 760mm He) OR (¢) The boiling point of solution increases when 1 mol of NaC! is added to 4 litre of water while addition of 1 mol of methanol to one litre of water decreases its boiling point. Explain the above observations. (2023.¢)cBQ Coon ullse) 29. An azeotropic solution of two liquids has a boiling Point lower than either of the two when it (a) shows a positive de (b) shows a negative deviation from Raoult’s la (c)_ shows no deviation from Raoult’s law (d) is'saturated, (2024, Term |, 2021-22) SME mark) 30. In non-ideal solution, what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum boiling azeotropes? (1/2, Al 2016) BEEN 2 marks) -_ 31. What type of azeotropic mixture will be formed by a solution of acetone and chloroform? Justify on the basis of strength of intermolecular interactions that develop in the solution. (Al2019) (U) 32. Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by positive deviation from Raoult's law? Give an example. (Delhi 2015) Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is formed by negative deviation from Raoult’s law? Give an example. (Foreign 2015) 33. 1.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass Relative Lowering in Vapour Pressure. Lie} 34, The relative lowering of vapour pressure of an aqueous solution containing non-volatile solute is 0.0225. The mole fraction of the non-volatile solute is (CBSE Champion Chemistry Cass 19 (a) 0-80 (b) 0-725 = (9 0-45 (@) 00225 (2024)(i3) (1marl) 35. Define the following term: tive properties (1/2, Delhi 2017) Ce (2marks) 36. A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of non. volatile solute in 200 g of water. It has a vapour pressure of 31.84 mm Hg at 308 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. (Vapour pressure of pure water at 308 K = 32mm He) (2023) HEMI (3 marks) 37. Give reasons: (a) Measurement of osmotic pressure method is preferred for the determination of molar masses of macromolecules such as proteins and polymers. (b) Aquatic animals are more comfortable in cold water than in warm water. (c)_ Elevation of boiling point of 1 M KCI solution is nearly double than that of 1 M sugar solution, (2023) (a) 38. Vapour pressure of water at 293 K is 17.536 mm Hg, Calculate the vapour pressure of aqueous sol when 20 g of glucose (Molar mass = 180 g mol" is dissolved in 500 g of water. (2021¢) 30 g of urea (M = 60 g mol”) is dissolved in 846 g of water. Calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution if vapour pressure of pure water at 298 Kis 23.8mmHg. (3/5, A12017) (Smarks) 40. (a) State Henry's applications. 5% aqueous solution of a non-volatile solute was made and its: ‘Vapour pressure at 373 K was found to be 745 mm. Vapour pressure of pure water at this temperature was 760 mm, Calculate the molar mass of solute, (20200) 39. law and mention its two (b) 41. The boiling point of a 0.2 m solution of a nom electrolyte in water is (K, for water = 0.52 K kg mol") (a) 100°C (b) 100.52°C (©) 100.104°¢ (@) 100.26°c a (Term, 2021-22)(G0 Assertion(A): Elevationin| boiling pointis a: colligative Property, Reason (R) : Elevation in boiling point is direct” Proportional to molarity. 42,Solutions {a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the correct ‘explanation of the Assertion (A). (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). (c) Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is wrong, statement. (d) Assertion (A) is wrong, but Reason (R) is correct statement. (2020)(R) HEN (2 marks) _ _ 43. Why does a solution containing non-volatile solute have higher boiling point than the pure solvent? ‘Why is elevation of boiling point a colligative property? (Al 2015) (Bn) (5 marks) = 44, (i) Boiling point of water at 750 mm Hg pressure is 99.68 °C. How much sucrose (Molar mass = 342 g mol”) is to be added to 500 g of water such that it boils at 100 °C? (K, for water = 0.52 K kg mol”) (il) State Henry's law and write its any one @) application. (2024) Piiedarenaas McQ 45. Inthe following diagram point ‘X’ represents 1 Vapour pressure! Teraperature —> {a)_ boiling point of solution (b) freezing point of solvent ()_ boiling point of solvent (d) freezing point of solution. (Term |, 2021-22) (Gr) (2 marks) 46. A solution containing 60 g of a non-volatile solute in 250 g of water freezes at 270.67 K. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. @Q2 (K,of water = 1.86 K kg mol") (2024) 47. Nisha took two aqueous solutions - one containing 7.5 g of urea (Molar mass = 60 g/mol) and the other containing 42.75 g of substance Z in 100 g of water, respectively. It was observed that both the solutions froze at the same temperature. Calculate the molar mass of Z. (2020) (Ev) 48. Calculate the freezing point of a solution containing 60 gof glucose (molar mass = 180 mol") in 250g of water. (Kyof water = 1.86 K ke, mol?) (2018) BEN (3 arts) 49. Anantifreeze solution is prepared by dissolving 318 of ethylene glycol (Molar mass = 62 g mol”) in 600 of water. Calculate the freezing point of the solution. (k; for water = 1.86 K kg mol") (2020) 50. Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (Molar mass = 176 g mol") to be dissolved in 75 g of acetic acid, to lower its freezing point by 1.5°C. (ky=3.9 K kg mol”) (NCERT Intext, 2020) 51, A 4% solution (w/w) of sucrose (M = 342 8 mol) in water has a freezing point of 271.15 K. Calculate the freezing point of 5% glucose (M = 180 g mol’) in water. (Given : Freezing point of pure water = 273.15 K) (Delhi 2019) Er 52. 1.00 g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved in 50 of benzene lowered the freezing point of benzene by 0.40 K. The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12 K kg mol". Find the molar mass of the solute. (3/5, Delhi 2019 C) 53. A.5% solution (by mass) of cane-sugar in water has freezing point of 271 K. Calculate the freezing point, of 5% solution (by mass) of glucose in water if the freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K. [Molecular masses : Glucose C,H1.0, : 180 amu; Cane-sugar C290, : 342 amu] (NCERT, 3/5, Delhi 2019C) => 54, A 10% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of 269.15 K. Calculate the freezing point of 10% glucose in water, if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K. (Given : Molar mass of sucrose = 342 g mol", molar mass of glucose = 180g mol") (Delhi 2017) (Ev, 55. Calculate the freezing point of the solution when 31g of ethylene glycol (CzH,O,) is dissolved in 500 g of water. (K; for water = 1.86 Kkgmol™) (Al 2015) (Smarks) 56. (i) Ishan's automobile radiator is filled with 1.0 kg of water. How many grams of ethylene glycol (Molar mass = 62 g mol!) must Ishan add to get the freezing point of the solution lowered to -2.8°C. (K; for water is 1.86 K kg mol) (ii) What type of deviation from Raoult’s law is shown by ethanol and acetone mixture? (GQ) Give reason. (2024)(OMe kesulstaccssec "7. Isotonic solutions have the same (a) density (b) refractive index (c)_ osmotic pressure oc (2024)(R The colligative property used for the determination of molar mass of polymers and proteins is {a) osmotic pressure {b) depression in freezing point {c) relative lowering in vapour pressure (d) elevation in boiling point, (d) volume. 58. (2029) (8) Assertion (A): Araw mango placed in saline solution loses water and shrivel into pickle. Reason (R): Through the process of reverse osmosis raw mango shrivel into pickle. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect statement. Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is correct statement. (Term 1, 2021-22) (Ip) Assertion (A) : Osmotic pressure is a colligative property. Reason(R): Osmotic pressureis directly proportional to molarity. (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, and Reason (R) is the correct explanation ofthe Assertion (A) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect statement. Assertion (A) is incorrect, but Reason (R) is correct statement, (2020) (1mark) 61. What happens when a pressure greater than osmotic Pressure is applied on the solution side separated from solvent by a semi-permeable membrane? (1/2, 2020) (i) (b) ) (a) 60. (b) (Co) (d) 62. Give reason for the following Measurement of osmotic pressure method is referred for the determination of molar masses of ‘macromolecules such as proteins and polymers. (12,2018) (0) 63. Define the following term Osmotic pressure WEA (2 mars) 64. A 6% solution of glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol) is isotonic with 2.5% solution of an unknown organic substance. Calculate the molecular weight Q of the unknown organic substance. (2024) For a 5% solution of urea (Molar mass = 60 g/mol), calculate the osmotic pressure at 300 K. [R= 0.0821 L atm K* mol] Give reasons: (a) Cooking is faster in pressure cooker than in cooking pan. (b) Red blood cells (RBC) shrink when placed in saline water but swell in distilled water. (2019) (Out of 1 M glucose and 2 M glucose, which one has ahigher boiling point and why? (i) What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmoticpressure of solution? (2/5, Delhi 2016) (An) Blood cells are isotonic with 0.9% sodium chloride solution. What happens if we place blood cells in a solution containing (i) 1.2%sodium chloride solution? (ii) 0.4% sodium chloride solution? (2/5, Delhi 2016) (i) (marks) _ 69. At 300 K, 30 g of glucose present in a litre of its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If the osmotic pressure of a glucose solution is 152 bar at the same temperature, what would be its concentration? (al2019) HE 6 mars) 70. (i) Define reverse osmosis. (il) Why are aquatic species more comfortable in cold water in comparison to warm water? (ii) A solution containing 2 g of glucose (M = 180g mol") in 100 g of water is prepared at 303 K. If the vapour pressure of pure water at 303 K is 32.8mm Hg, what would be the vapour @) Pressure of the solution? (2024) (1/5,412017¢) (3!) 65. (2020) 66. 67. 68. 1.7 Abnormal Molar Masses van't Hoff Factor and Abnormal Molar Mass 7 71. van't Hoff factor for KCI solution assuming the complete dissociation is. 1 ( 0s (b) 2 (d) 15 (2024) igSolutions (mark) 72. Define the following term van't Hoff factor (Dethi 2017) 73. Define the following term Abnormal molar mass (Dethi 2017) BEY 2 marks) 74. Predict the state of the solute in the solution in the following situations (a) When ‘i’ is found to be more than one. (b) When‘? isfound tobe essthanone. (2020) eee Lon ea ts Nasties HEI (3 marks) 75. The vapour pressure of a solvent at 283 K is 100 mm Hg. Calculate the vapour pressure of a dilute solution containing 1 mole of a strong electrolyte AB in 50 moles of the solvent at 283 K (assuming complete dissociation of solute AB). (2024) nde een tae’ (amark) 76. Give reason for the following: Elevation of boiling point of 1M KC! solutions nearly double than that of 1M sugar solution. (1/2, 2018)(U) HEN 02 marks) 77. Give reasons: (i) 0.1. M KCI has higher boiling point than 0.1 M glucose. (ii) Meat is preserved for a longer time by salting. (2020) (an) HEMI (3 marks) sieececeeeceneseearaE 78. (a) Out of 0-1 molal aqueous solution of glucose and 0-1 molal aqueous solution of KCI, which one will have higher boiling point and why ? (b) Predict whether van't Hoff factor, (is less than one or greater than one in the following : (i) CHyCOOH dissolved in water (i) CH,COOH dissolved in benzene (2019) 79. Calculate the boiling point elevation for a solution prepared by adding 10 g of CaCl, to 200 g of water. (k, for water = 0.52 K kg mol”, molar mass of CaCl, =111gmol) (3/5,A1 2017 C) 80. Calculate the boiling point of solution when 4 g of MgSO, (M = 120 g mol") was dissolved in 100g of water, assuming MgSO, undergoes complete ionization. (kK, for water = 0.52 K kg mol") (al2016) 11 EW 65 marks) 81. (2) Whyis boiling point of 1M NaCI solution more than that of 1 M glucose solution? (i) Anon-volatile solute X (molar mass = 50 g mol*) when dissolved in 78 g of benzene reduced its vapour pressure to 90%. Calculate the mass of X dissolved in the solution. (iii) Calculate the boiling point of elevation for a solution prepared by adding 10g of MgCl, to 200 g of water assuming MgCl, is completely dissociated. (K, for water = 0.512 K kg mol", molar mass MgCl, = 95 gmol"*) (2023) Rear acomc neces ea naked And Tee 7 82. Out of the following 1.0 M aqueous solutions which one will show largest freezing point depression? (a) NaCl (b) NaySO, (0) CeHy20g, (d) Al(SO4). (2023) (Ev) HEMI (3 marks 83. When 19.5 g of F—CH,—COOH (molar mass = 78gmol")is dissolved in 500g of water, the depression in freezing point is observed to be 1°C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of F—CH,—COOH. [Given :K,for water = 1.86 K kg mot} (2023, 3/5, 2020) (Ev, 84, The freezing point of a solution containing 5 g of benzoic acid (M = 122 g mol") in 35 g of benzene is depressed by 2.94 K. What is the percentage association of benzoic acid if it forms a dimer in solution? (K;for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol-*) (2020) An) 85. A 0.01 m aqueous solution of AICI; freezes at -0.068 °C. Calculate the percentage of dissociation. [Given :k,for water = 1.86 K kgmol"'] —_ (2020)(Ev) 86. Calculate the freezing point of solution when 1.9 g of MegCl, (M = 95 g mol") was dissolved in 50 g of water, assuming MgCl, undergoes complete ionization. (Kk; for water = 1.86 K kg mol") (Delhi 2016) 87. When 2.56 of sulphur was dissolved in 100g of CS, the freezing point lowered by 0.383 K. Calculate the formula of sulphur (S,). (K; for CS, = 3.83 K kg mol, atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g mol”) (3/5 Delhi 2016)( cr) 88. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolvec 49 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point of 1.62 K. Calculate the van't Hoff factor and predict the nature of solute (associated or dissociated) (Given : Molar mass of benzoic acid = 122 g mol, k;for benzene =4.9Kkgmol") (Delhi 2015)(Ey)Calculate the mass of NaCI (molar mass = 58.5 g mol") to be dissolved in 37.2 g of water to lower the freezing point by 2°C. assuming that NaCI undergoes complete dissociation. (K, for water = 1.86 K kg mol") (Foreign 2015) EE 5 marks) 20. (i) Predict whether van't Hoff factor will be less or greater than one, when ethanoic acid is dissolved in benzene. Define ideal solution Calculate the mass of CaCl, (molar mass = 111g mol”) to be dissolved in 500 g of water to lower its freezing point by 2 K , assuming that CaCl, undergoes complete dissociation. @) (k; for water = 1.86 K kg mol") (2024) 91. (@) Give two differences between ideal and non-ideal solutions. Calculate the amount of NaC! (M = 58.5 g mol) that must be added to 100 g of water so that freezing point is depressed by 2 K. K, for water is 1.86 K/m, (2020) Write two characteristics of non-ideal solution. 2. of benzoic (CsHsCOOH) dissolved in 25 g of benzene shows a depression in freezing point equal to 1.62 K. Molal depression constant for benzene is 4.9 K kgmoi"*. What is the percentage association of acid if it forms dimer in solution ? (2019) ‘van't Hoff Factor and Osmotic Pr BEINIB (3 marks) _ 93. (a) Find the value of van't Hoff factor for acetic acid in benzene as per the given equation 2CHsCOOH = (CH;COOH)», assuming its complete association. (b) 92. (a) (b) 1.2 Expressing Concentration of Solutions re) _ 1. Given below are two statements assertion (A) and Reason (R). Assertion (A) : Molarity of a solution changes with temperature. Reason (R) : Molarity is a colligative property. Select the most appropriate answer from the options given below: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A. labelled as fol Ty) ee ret (b) Osmotic pressure of a solution containing 3:5 g of dissolved protein in 0-05 Lof a solutionis 0.035 atm at 310 K. Calculate the molar mass of the protein. (R = 0-0821 L atm K ' molt) (2023¢) A solution contains 5.85 g NaCI (Molar mass = 58.5 g mol”) per litre of solution. It has an osmotic pressure of 4.75 atm at 27°C. Calculate the degree of dissociation of NaCl in this solution. (Given : R= 0.082 Latm K*! mol") (3/5, 2020) Asolution 0.1 M of Na,SQ, is dissolved to the extent, of 95%, What would be its osmotic pressure at 27°C? (R= 0.0821 Latm K* mol") (2019) (a) Draw the graph between vapour pressure and temperature and explain the elevation in boiling point of a solvent in solution. Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 25 mg of K,SO, in 2 litres of water at 25°C assuming it to be completely dissociated. (Atomic masses : K = 39 u, $= 32u,O=16u) (2019) 94. 95, 96. (b) (Smarks) Whatis the value of van't Hoff factor for ethanoic acid in benzene close to 0.5? Determine the osmotic pressure of a solution prepared by dissolving 2.32 x 10 g of KSO, in 2 L of solution at 25°C, assuming that K,SO, is completely dissociated. (iil) When 25.6 g of sulphur was dissolved in 1000 g of benzene, the freezing point lowered by 0.512 K. Calculate the formula of sulphur (S,). (K;for benzene = 5.12 K kgmol", Atomic mass of sulphur = 32g mol") (2023) E) 97. (i) (b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (0) Ais true but Ris false. (d) Ais false but Ris true. 1.3 Solubility 2. The table below shows the Kj, values for some gases at 293 K and at the same pressure. | Kuvalues | 144.97] 69.16 | 76.48 | 3486 | (Term |, 2021-22)() ‘Helium | Hydrogen | Nitrogen | Oxygen | eelIn which of the following are the gases arranged in their decreasing order of solubility (from left to right)? (a) Helium > Nitrogen > Hydrogen > Oxygen (b) Hydrogen > Helium > Nitrogen > Oxygen (©) Nitrogen > Hydrogen > Oxygen > Helium (a) Oxygen > Hydrogen > Nitrogen > Helium (2023-24) APQ Solubility of gases in liquids decreases with rise in temperature because dissolution is an (a) endothermic and reversible process (b) exothermic and reversible process (©) endothermic and irreversible process (4) exothermic and irreversible process. (Term |, 2021-22) HEMI (3 marks) 4. Answer the following question: {a) State Henry's law and explain why are the tanks used by scuba divers filled with air diluted with helium (11.7% helium, 56.2% nitrogen and 32.1% oxygen)? (b) Assume that argon exerts a partial pressure of 6 bar. Calculate the solul (Given Henry's law constant for argon dissolved inwater, Ky = 40 kbar) (2022-23) 4.4 Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions IIe) 5. Identify the law which is stated as “For any solution, the partial vapour pressure of each volatile component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction” (a) Henry's law (b) Raoult’s law (c) Dalton’s law (d) Gay-Lussac’s Law (Term , 2021-22) (Ao) 1.6 Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass McQ 6. Inwhich of the following cases blood cells will shrink? (a) When placed in water containing more than 0.9% (mass/ volume) NaCl solution. (b) When placed in water containing less than 0.9% (mass /volume) NaC! solution. (c) When placed in water containing 0.9% (mass/ volume) NaCl solution. (a) When placed in distilled water. (Term |, 2021-22) (An) How much ethyl alcohol must be added to 1 litre of water so that the solution will freeze at = 14°C? (K; for water = 1.86°C/mol) (a) 7.5 mol (b) 8.5 mol (©) 9.5mol (a) 10.5 mot (Term I, 2021-22) 8. Water retention or puffiness due to high salt intake occurs due to (2) diffusion (b) vapour pressure difference (c) osmosis (d) reverse osmosis. (2 marks) : 9. 'Colligative properties help in determining the molar masses of the solutes’ The method based on which colligative property is preferred over others for determining molar masses of biomolecules and why? (2023-24) APQ (Term |, 2021-22) (Smarks) _ _ 10. (a) What type of deviation from Raoult’s Law is ‘expected when phenol and aniline are mixed with each other? What change in the net volume of the mixture is expected? Graphically represent the deviation. (b) The vapour pressure of pure water at a certain temperature is 23.80 mm Hg. If 1 mole of a non-volatile non-electrolytic solute is dissolved in 100 g water, calculate the resultant vapour (2023-24) (Aa) pressure of the solution. 1.7 Abnormal Molar Masses BENE 2 marks) _ 11. A 5% solution of NaSO,-10H,0 (MW. = 322) is isotonic with 2% solution of non-electrolytic, non- volatile substance X. Find out the molecular weight of x. (2023-24) (Ev) ERE 4 marks) Case Based Questions 12. Henna is investigating the melting point of different salt solutions. She makes asalt solution using 10 mL of water with a known mass of NaCl salt. She puts the salt solution into a freezer and leaves it to freeze. She takes the frozen salt solution out of the freezer and measures the temperature when the frozen salt solution melts. She repeats each experiment.MEME (5 marks) 13. The following table contains osmot [SNo] Massofthe SNo) Massofthe | Melting pointin®¢ | ~ [Readings Set 1) Readings Set 2 1) os | a9 | ty 2) 04 | -as -26 3) os 30 | -55__—| 4 06 38 | -38 | 5 08 -S1 -5.0 L6 10 64 -63 Assuming the melting point of pure water as 0°C, answer the following questions : (a) One temperature in the second set of results does not fit the pattern. Which temperature is that? Justify your answer. (b) Why did Henna collect two sets of results? () In place of NaCl, if Henna had used glucose, what would have been the melting point of the solution with 0.6 g glucose in it? OR What is predicted melting point, if 1.2 g of salt is added to 10 mL of water? Justify your answer. (2022-23) CBQ pressure data for three compounds dissolved in various solvents. Compound | Concentration, | Osmotic pressure Cie) (atm) L__ Cellulose 12.5 0.0021 | Protein 285 0.0026 Haemoglobin 5 0.0018 (R= 0.083 L bar mol K) (a) If the concentration of protein is doubled keeping all other variables constant, what will be the osmotic pressure of the new solution? (b) When one litre of cellulose solution was heated to 315 K, its osmotic pressure changed to 14. 45. 0.00248 atm. What is the molecular mass of the cellulose in the solution? (c) A solution of 10 g of protein in a litre of solvent was found to be isotonic to the haemoglobin solution given above in the table, at the same temperature. If the molecular weight of the protein is 130,000 g/mol, what is the molecular weight of haemoglobin. (2023-24) APQ The relation between the osmotic pressure of three solutions A, B, and Cis: Ma< Te Tc > Ta Ta? Ta The three solutions have the same molarity and are at the same temperature. (2) For which of the solutions is the value of ‘7 expected to be the greatest? Give a reason. (b) Which of the solutions is MOST LIKELY to be glucose, potassium sulphate, and sodium chloride? (c) Which of the solutions is expected to give a vapour pressure-mole fraction graph similar to that of an acetone-chloroform mixture? Give reason. (2023-24) APQ (2) What is the effect of temperature on the solubility of glucose in water? (b) Ibrahim collected a 10 mL each of fresh water and ocean water. He observed that one sample labelled “P” froze at 0 °C while the other “Q” at -13 °C. Ibrahim forgot which of the two, “P* or “Q" was ocean water. Help him identify which container contains ocean water, giving rationalization for your answer. () Calculate van't Hoff factor for an aqueous solution of Kg[Fe(CN),] if the degree of dissociation (a) is 0.852. What will be boiling Point of this solution if its concentration is Amolal?(K,=0.52Kkg/mol) _(2023-24)(Ev) Nota), eeease Based Questions 1 Self Assessment (5 marks) Read the passage given below and answer the following questions : The properties of the solutions which depend only fon the number of solute particles but not on the nature of the solute are called colligative properties. Relative lowering in vapour pressure is also an ‘example of colligative properties. For an experiment, sugar solution is prepared for which lowering in vapour pressure was found to be 0.061 mm of Hg. (Vapour pressure of water at 20°C is 17.5 mmof Hg) (Relative lowering of vapour pressure for the given solution is (2) 0.00348 (b) 0.061 (<) 0.122 (a) 1.75 (ii) Thevapour pressure(mmofHg)ofsolutionwillbe (a) 175 (b) 061 (©): 17.439 (d) 0.00348 (iii) Mole fraction of sugar in the solution is, (a) 0.00348 (0) 0.9965 (© 0061 (@ 175 (iv) If weight of sugar taken is 5 g in 108 g of water then molar mass of sugar will be (2) 358 (b) 120 (©) 240d) 400 (v) The vapour pressure (mm of Hg) of water at 293 K when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 of water is (a) 17.2 (b) 174 (e) 17.120 (d) 17.02 A&R Questions (1mark) In the following questions a statement of assertion followed by a statement of reason n. Choose the correct answer out of the following. (a) (b) ) Assertion and reason both are correct statements and reason is correct explanation for assertion. Assertion and reason both are correct statements but reason is not correct explanation for assertion. Assertion is correct statement but reason is wrong statement. Assertion is wrong statement but reason is correct statement, Assertion : The vapour pressure of 0.1 M sugar solution is less than 0.1 M MgCl, solution. Reason : Lowering of vapour pressure is directly Proportional to the number of species present in the solution. Assertion : The relative lowering of vapour pressure for the CH;COOH-H,0 solution is more in comparison to CH;COOH ~ C,H,. Reason : Water is less volatile than benzene. (Multiple Choice Questions 4, 0,001 molal solution of Pt(NH;):Cle in water had a freezing point depression of 0.0054 °C. If K, for water is 1.80, the correct formula of the compound is, (a) [Pt(NH,),ClJCI (b) [Pt(NH,) Cla} (0) [PtINHg)ClaICl, —(d)_ [Pt(NH3),CIICIs 5. At high altitudes, the boiling point of water lowers because (a) atmospheric pressure is low (b) temperature is low (©) atmospheric pressure is high (d) none of these. 6. The correct order of increasing boiling point is (a) 0.01 m NaNO, < 0.01 m La(NO,)s < 0.01 m (1mark) MgBr2 (b) 0.01 m NaNO; < 0.01 m MgBr, < 0.01 m La(NOo) (2) 0.01. m MgBr2 < 0.01 m La(NOq)s < 0.01 m NaNO, (@) 0.01 mLa(NO,)s < 0.01 m MgBr, < 0.01 m NaNO. OR In comparison to a 0.01 M solution of glucose, the depression in freezing point of a 0.01 M MgCl, solution is (2) the same (b) about twice (©) about three times (d) about six times (SA Type Questions (1marke) 7. Why are soda water and soft drink bottles sealed under pressure? 8. A graph showing variation of osmotic pressure —(n) 1 versus molar concentration ‘C’ of an aqueous solution at temperature T is given below. What does the slope of the line represents? 9. What are isotonic solutions? 10. Why does the freezing point of a solution decreases on adding non-volatile solute? 11. On what factor does the elevation in boiling point depend? SA I Type Questions — (2marks) 12. Find the molality of a solution containing a non- volatile solute if the vapour pressure is 2% lower than the vapour pressure of pure water.26 “>. What will be the degree of dissociation of 0.1. M Mg(NO,); solution if van't Hoff factor is 2.74? Define vapour pressure. What happens to the vapour pressure when (i) volatile solute dissolves in the liquid, (i) non-volatile solute dissolves in the liquid? Explain why on addition of 1 mole of NaC! to 1 litre of water, the boiling point of water increases, while addition of 1 mole of methyl alcohol to one litre of water decreases its boiling point, How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing the (N13 CBSE Champion Chemistry Class 19 on whether the A-B interactions in solution are stronger or weaker than A - A and B - B interactions (i) Whattype of solutionis formed when chloroform is mixed with acetone? (ii) What are the signs of AH and AV for a solution with positive deviation from ideal behaviour? (ii) Name two factors on which the vapour pressure of a liquid depends. With suitable diagram and appropriate examples explain a non-ideal solution with negative deviation pheno Foads in hilly areas? Explain the (LA Tyne Questions phenomenon involved in the process. aaa - OR ~ Why is the vapour pressure of an aqueous solution of glucose lower than that of water? SA II Type Questions (3 marks) G ——_________{8 marks) 17. Why is it not possible to obtain Pure ethanol by fractional distillation? What general name is given to binary mixtures which show deviation from Raoult’s law and whose components cannot be separated by fractional distillation. How many types of such mixtures are there? 28. Calculate molarity and molality of a 13% solution (by weight) of sulphuric acid. Its density is 1.020 g cm’, (Atomic mass of H = 1,0 = 16,5 = 32 amu) A 5% solution (W/W) of cane sugar (molar mass = 342 g mol”) has freezing point 271 K. What will be the freezing point of 5% glucose (molar mass = 180 g mol”) in water if freezing point of pure water is 273.15 K? Arrange the depression in freezing point of water observed for the same amount of acetic acid, trichloroacetic acid and trifluoroacetic acid in increasing order. Explain briefly. OR Explain the terms ideal and non-ideal solutions in the light of forces of interactions operating between ‘molecules in liquid solutions, Case Based Questions Case Based Ques 21 (4 marks) Read the passage given below and answer the following questions : An ideal solution may be defined as the solution which obeys Raoult’s law exactly over the entire range of concentration. The solutions for which vapour pressure is either higher or lower than that predicted by Raoult’s law are called non-ideal solutions. Non-ideal solutions can show either positive or negative deviations from Raoult’s law depending (i) When is the value of van't Hoff factor more than one? ‘An aqueous solution of glucose is made by dissolving 10 g of glucose (C1204) in 90 g of water at 303 K. If the vapour pressure of pure water at 303 K be 32.8 mm of Hg, what would be the vapour pressure of the solution? With the help of a suitable diagram show that the lower vapour pressure of a solution than the Pure solvent causes a lowering of freezing point for the solution compared to that of the pure solvent, Calculate the osmotic pressure and the vapour Pressure of 0.6% aqueous solution of non-volati non-electrolyte urea at 25°C. The vapour pressur re Of pure water at 25°C is 24 mm of Hg. Take density tobe 1 gm and assume ideal solution behaviour. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 20% (W/W). The density of the solution is 1.20 g ml". Calculate (i) molality i) molarity and (iii) mole fraction of each component in solution @) H, 2S is a toxic gas used in qualitative analysis. If solubility of HS in water at NTP is 0.195 m, what is the value of Kj? (ii) Define negative deviation from Raoult’s law. Give an example of solution showing negative deviation from ideal behaviour. ii) What are minimum boiling azeotropes? Give an example. oR (i) What is the use of reverse osmosis? 4% NaOH solution (mass/volume) and 6% urea solution (mass/volume) are equimolar but not isotonic. Why? (iii) Name the colligative property mostly used for the determination of molecular mass of macromolecules. (iv) What happens when RBCs are placed in (a) 1% NaCl solution (b) pure water?