Damped Oscillator
Damped Oscillator
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Frictional force acts in the direction opposite to that of
the velocity (see figure below)
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differential
equation
6
The generalized displacement of the damped oscillator which decays
continuously with time is expressed as:
y e pt (C1e qt C 2 e qt )
The quantity q depends both on the external forces (resistive in
nature) as well as intrinsic properties (elasticity and inertia) of the
oscillator.
o The first portion p=r/2m describes the opposition offered by
the external forces on the motion of oscillator.
o The second term s/m indicates the opposition provided to the
oscillator due to its intrinsic properties.
damping resistance term stiffness term
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Such systems are characterized by q>0.
The opposing external forces dominate the intrinsic restoring forces resulting
due to elasticity and inertia of the oscillator.
ye pt
F cosh qt G sinh qt
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Hyperbolic functions of sine and
cosine, in the solution implies
aperiodic nature of oscillations.
Such a system, if disturbed, will not
exhibit oscillations but rather returns
very slowly to the mean position.
Hyperbolic sine:
Hyperbolic cosine:
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• This represents non-oscillatory behaviour
• The actual displacement will depend upon the initial or
boundary conditions
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
If x = 0 at t = 0
F0
x e pt G sinh qt
r 2 s
1/ 2
x Gert / 2m sinh 2
t
4m m
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It will return to zero
displacement quite
slowly without
oscillating about its
equilibrium position
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Case 2: Critical Damping
q=0
satisfies
at t = 0:
Complete solution:
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At maximum displacement:
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
= imaginary quantity
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
the behaviour of the displacement x is oscillatory with a
new frequency
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
Rewrite:
Choose:
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
solution
solution
: heavy damped
: critically damped
: damped SHM
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
: heavy damped
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
: critically damped
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
: damped SHM
Logarithmic Decrement,
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
Energy of an oscillator:
E
• The larger the value of the damping force r the more rapid
the decay of the amplitude and energy
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
Logarithmic Decrement
= measures the rate at which the amplitude dies away
Choose = /2, x = A0 at t = 0:
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
where:
- logarithmic decrement
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
at time
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
where E0 is the energy value at t = 0
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
is also a constant
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
If
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
Solution
(a) Period is approximately that of undamped oscillator:
m 0.25
T 2 2 0.34 s
k 85
ln e rt / 2m rt / 2m ln 0.5
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UEEP1033 Oscillations and Waves Topic 1-2 Damped SHM
Solution
1
(c) Mechanical energy at time t is kA2 e rt / m
2
1 2 rt / m 1 1 2
kA e kA
2 2 2
rt 1
ln
m 2
1
m ln (0.25)(0.6931)
t2 2.48 s
r 0.070
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Every LC circuit has some resistance,
which may result from resistance of
inductor coil and that of connecting
wires.
The charge oscillations in such LC
circuits get damped due to energy loss
caused by Joule’s heating of resistive
components.
The voltage equation, in analogy to
damped mechanical oscillator, is:
q
Rq 0
Lq
C
The solution of this differential equation gives the time
behaviour of charge on the plates of capacitor and is
expressed as:
R
t
t
R2
1
t
R2
1
qe 2L q1e 4 L2 LC
q2 e 4 L2 LC
Over Damped LCR Circuit
R2 1
4 L2 LC