Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur

MICROPROCESSORS &
MICROCONTROLLERS
(GEC-401)
Unit-1
By
Dr. Mangal Deep Gupta
(Assistant Professor-ECE)
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Syllabus

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Syllabus

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Books

IET, DDUGU, MDG

 Unit-1
8085 Microprocessor
1. History and Evolution of Microprocessor and their Classification
2. Microprocessor architecture and its operations, Memory, Input &
output devices
3. The 8085 MPU- Architecture, Pins and signals
4. Address/Data Bus Multiplexing and De-Multiplexing
5. Status and Control signal generation
6. Timing Diagrams
7. Logic devices for interfacing, Memory interfacing, Interfacing
output displays, Interfacing input devices, Memory mapped I/O
8. 8085 Interrupts
9. Classification of Instructions
10.Addressing Modes
IET, DDUGU, MDG
Block Diagram of Computer

Fig. Traditional Block Diagram of Computer

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Block Diagram of Computer

Fig. Block Diagram of Computer with Microprocessor as CPU IET, DDUGU, MDG
Block Diagram of Computer

Fig. The block diagram of a microprocessor-based computer system.

IET, DDUGU, MDG
Block Diagram of Computer

Fig. Block Diagram of Microcontroller

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Block Diagram of Computer

Fig. Microprocessor-based system with Bus Architecture

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Microprocessor
• The microprocessor is a clock-driven semiconductor IC consisting of electronic logic
circuits manufactured by using very-large-scale integration (VI.SI) technique.
• The microprocessor is capable of performing various computing functions and making
decisions to change the sequence of program execution.
• In large computers, a CPU implemented on one or more circuit bounds performs these
computing functions.
• The microprocessor is in many ways similar to the CPU, but includes all the logic
circuitry, including the control unit, on one chip.
• The microprocessor can be divided into three segments:
1. Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU),
2. Register array, and
3. Control unit.

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Microprocessor
1. Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU): This is the area of the microprocessor where various
computing functions are performed on data. The ALU unit performs such
arithmetic operations as addition and subtraction, and such logic operations as
AND, OR, and exclusive-OR.
2. Register array: This area of the microprocessor consists of various registers
identified by letters such as B, C, D, E, H. and L. These registers are primarily used
to store data temporarily during the execution of a program and are accessible to
the user through instructions.
3. Control unit: The control unit provides the necessary timing and control signals to
all the operations in the microcomputer. It controls the flow of data between the
microprocessor and memory and peripherals.

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Microprocessor
MEMORY

• Memory stores such binary information as instructions and data, and provides
that information to the microprocessor whenever necessary.
• To execute programs, the micro-processor reads instructions and data from
memory and performs the computing operations in its ALU section.
• Results are either transferred to the output section for display or stored in
memory for later use.
• The memory block has two sections:
1. Read-Only memory (ROM) and
2. Read/Write memory (R/WM), popularly known as RAM

• The ROM is used to store programs that do not need alterations.

• The monitor pro gram of a single-board microcomputer is generally stored in the
ROM.
• This program interprets the information entered through a keyboard and
provides equivalent binary digits to the microprocessor.
• The Read/Write memory (R/WM) is also known as user memory.
• It is used to store user programs and data.
• The information stored in this memory can be easily read and altered.

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Microprocessor
I/O (INPUT/OUTPUT)

• The third component of a microprocessor-based system is I/O (input/output);

• It communicates with the outside world. It are also known as peripherals.
• The input devices such as a keyboard, switches, and an analog-to-digital (A/D).
• Typically, a microcomputer used either a hexadecimal keyboard or an ASCII
keyboard as an input device.
• The output devices transfer data from the microprocessor to the outside world.
They include devices such as LEDs, a cathode-ray tube (CRT) or video screen, a
printer, X-Y plotter, a magnetic tape, and digital-to-analog (DVA) converter.

SYSTEM BUS

• The system bus is a communication path between the microprocessor and

peripherals;
• It is nothing but a group of wires to carry bits.
• All peripherals (and memory) share the same bus;
• however, the microprocessor communicates with only one peripheral at a time.
• The timing is provided by the control unit of the microprocessor.

IET, DDUGU, MDG

How Does the Microprocessor Work?
• The instructions are stored sequentially in the memory.
• The microprocessor:
• Fetches the first instruction from its memory sheet,
• Decodes it, and
• Executes that instruction.
• The sequence of fetch, decode, and execute is continued until the microprocessor
comes across an instruction to stop.
• During the entire process, the microprocessor uses the system bus to fetch the
binary instructions and data from the memory.
• It uses registers from the register section to store data temporarily, and it
performs the computing function in the ALU section.
• Finally, it sends out the result in binary, using the same bus lines, to the seven-
segment LED, etc.

IET, DDUGU, MDG

History and Evolution of Microprocessor

IET, DDUGU, MDG

History and Evolution of Microprocessor

IET, DDUGU, MDG

History and Evolution of Microprocessor

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Programming Language

1. Low level programming Language

•Machine Language
•Assembly Language
2. High Level programming Language

• Machine language and assembly language are microprocessor specific and are
both considered low-level languages.
• The machine language is in binary, and the assembly language is in English-like
words; however, the microprocessor understands only the binary.
• The assembly language mnemonics written and translated into machine language
or binary code?

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Programming Language
Machine Language
• The number of bits in a word for a given machine is fixed, and words are formed through
various combinations of these bits.
• For example, a machine with a word length of eight bits can have 256 (2^8) combinations
of eight bits thus a language of 256 words.
• The microprocessor design engineer selects combinations of bit patterns and gives a
specific meaning to each combination by using electronic logic circuits, this is called an
instruction.
• Instructions are made up of one word or several words. The set of instructions designed
into the machine makes up its machine language a binary language, composed of 0s and
1s-that is specific to each computer.
• The 8085 microprocessor has 246 such bit patterns, amounting to 74 different instructions
for performing various operations.
• These 74 different instructions are called ins instruction set. This binary language with a
predetermined instruction set is called the 8085 machine language.
• For example: 0011 1100 is an instruction that increments the number in the register called
the accumulator by one.
IET, DDUGU, MDG
Programming Language
8085 Assembly Language
• Even though the instructions can be written in hexadecimal code, it is still difficult
to understand a program written in hexadecimal numbers. Therefore, each
manufacturer of a microprocessor has devised a symbolic code for each
instruction, called a mnemonic.
• The mnemonic for a particular instruction consists of letters that suggest the
operation to be performed by that instruction.
• For example, the binary code 0011 1100 (or 3CH in hexadecimal) of the 8085
microprocessor is represented by the mnemonic INR A
• INR stands for increment, and A represents the accumulator. This symbol suggests
the operation of incrementing the accumulator contents by one.
• The Assembler is a program that translates the mnemonics into the corresponding
binary machine codes of the microprocessor.

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Programming Language
High-Level Languages
• High-Level Languages Programming languages that are intended to be machine
independent are called high-level languages.
• These include such languages as BASIC, PASCAL, C, C++, and Java, all of which
have certain sets of rules and draw on symbols and conventions from English.
• Instructions written in these languages are known as statements rather than
mnemonics.
• The compiler reads the entire program first and translates it into the object code
that is executed by the microprocessor.

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Writing and Executing an Assembly Language
Program in 8085 Microprocessor

• The following steps are necessary:

1. Write the instructions in mnemonics obtained from the instruction set supplied
by the manufacturer.
2. Find the hexadecimal machine code for each instruction by searching through the
set of instructions
3. Enter (load) the program in the user memory in a sequential order by using the
Hex keyboard as the input device.
4. Execute the program by pressing the Execute key.
5. The answer will be displayed.

IET, DDUGU, MDG

Writing and Executing an Assembly Language
Program in 8085 Microprocessor

Example:

IET, DDUGU, MDG