QUARTER 1

WEEK 4
MODULE
General
Chemistry 2

Photo taken from: https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1025914-scientist-finding-cure

Learning Competency
Cite and differentiate the types of catalysts.
(STEM-GC11CK-IIIi-j138)

JENNY VHIE S. VINAGRERA

[email protected]
Licerio Antiporda Sr. National High School- Main
 GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

Name: _______________________________ Grade Level: _____________

Date: _______________________________ Score: __________________

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET

CATALYSIS AND TYPES OF CATALYSTS

Background Information for the Learners (BIL)

In chemistry, a catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction
without itself being consumed in the reaction. Any reaction that makes use of a
catalyst is termed catalysis. Be careful about this distinction when reading
chemistry material; a catalyst (plural "catalysts") is a physical substance, but
catalysis (plural "catalyses") is a process.

Catalysts are the unsung

heroes of the chemical reactions
that make human society tick. A
catalyst is some material that
speeds up chemical reactions. With
a helping hand from a catalyst,
molecules that might take years to
interact can now do so in seconds.
Factories rely on catalysts to make
everything from plastic to drugs.
Catalysts help process petroleum
and coal into liquid fuels. They’re
key players in clean-energy The element platinum can be used as a
technologies. Natural catalysts in the catalyst in some chemical reactions.
body — known as enzymes — even (Photo from: allanswart/istockphoto )
play important roles in digestion and
more.

An overview of each of the classes of catalysts is a helpful starting point in

learning analytical chemistry and understanding what happens at the molecular
level when you mix substances together and a reaction occurs. Catalysts and their
associated catalytic reactions come in two main types: homogeneous catalysts,
and heterogeneous catalysts. Some sources considers biocatalysts (usually called
enzymes) as the third type of catalyst. But in this module, we are going to cite and
differentiate the two types of catalyst: homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
General Characteristics of Catalysts

The majority of solid catalysts are metals (e.g., platinum or nickel) or near-
metals (e.g., silicon, boron and aluminum) attached to elements such as oxygen
and sulfur. Catalysts that are in the liquid or gas phase are more likely to consist of
a single element, although they may be combined with solvents and other material,
and solid catalysts may be disseminated within a solid or liquid matrix known as a
catalyst support.

Catalysts speed up reactions by

lowering the activation energy Ea of a
reaction that would proceed without the
catalyst, but far more slowly. Such
reactions have a product or products
with a lower total energy than that of the
reactant or reactants; were this not the
case, these reactions would not occur
without the addition of external energy.
But to get from the higher energy state to
the lower energy state, the products
must "get over the hump" first, that Catalysis: Note the lowered activation
"hump" being the Ea. Catalysts in energy of the catalyzed pathway.
essence smooth out the bumps along
the reaction-energy road by making it easier for the reactants to get to the energy
"downslope" of the reaction by simply lowering the elevation of the "hilltop."

Types of Catalyst

Catalysts may be classified generally according to their physical state, their

chemical nature, or the nature of the reactions that they catalyze.
Catalysts can be divided into two types, homogeneous or heterogeneous,
depending on the reaction phase that they occupy. Homogeneous catalysts are
those that occupy the same phase as the reaction mixture (typically liquid or gas),
while heterogeneous catalysts occupy a different phase.

Homogeneous Catalysis

When the catalyst and the reacting substances are present together in a
single state of matter, usually as a gas or a liquid, it is customary to classify the
reactions as cases of homogeneous catalysis. Oxides of nitrogen serve as catalysts
for the oxidation of sulfur dioxide in the lead chamber process for producing sulfuric
acid, an instance of homogeneous catalysis in which the catalyst and reactants are
gases.

This most often happens with gaseous catalyst-reactant pairs. Types of

homogeneous catalysts include organic acids in which the donated hydrogen atom
is replaced by a metal, a number of compounds blending carbon and metal
elements in some form, and carbonyl compounds. An example of this type of
catalysis involving liquids is the conversion of persulphate and iodide ions to sulfate
ion and iodine:

S2O82- + 2 I- → 2 SO42- + I2

This reaction would have a difficult time

proceeding on its own despite the favorable
energetics, because both reactants are negatively
charged and therefore their electrostatic qualities
are in opposition to their chemical qualities. But if
iron ions, which carry a positive charge, are added
to the mix, the iron "distracts" the negative charges
and the reaction moves forward quickly.

A naturally occurring gaseous homogeneous

catalysis is the conversion of oxygen gas, or O 2, in
the atmosphere to ozone, or O 3, where
oxygen radicals (O-) are intermediates. Here, Earth’s Ozone Layer. Source:
ultraviolet light from the sun is the true https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2016/06
catalyst, but every physical compound 30/Ozone-hole-on-the-mend-say-scientists
present is in the same (gas) state.

As an important illustration of homogeneous catalysis, consider the earth’s

ozone layer. Ozone in the upper atmosphere, which protects the earth from
ultraviolet radiation, is formed when oxygen molecules absorb ultraviolet light and
undergo the reaction:

3O2 (g) ⟶ 2O3 (g)

Ozone is a relatively unstable molecule that decomposes to yield diatomic

oxygen by the reverse of this equation. This decomposition reaction is consistent
with the following mechanism:

O3 → O2 + O
O + O3 → 2O2

The presence of nitric oxide, NO, influences the rate of decomposition of

ozone. Nitric oxide acts as a catalyst in the following mechanism:

NO(g) + O3(g) → NO2(g) + O2(g)

O3(g) → O2(g) + O(g)
NO2(g) + O(g) → NO(g) + O2(g)

The overall chemical change for the catalyzed mechanism is the same as:

2O3(g) → 3O2(g)

The nitric oxide reacts and is regenerated in these reactions. It is not

permanently used up; thus, it acts as a catalyst. The rate of decomposition of ozone
is greater in the presence of nitric oxide because of the catalytic activity of NO.
Certain compounds that contain chlorine also catalyze the decomposition of ozone.

Examples of Homogeneous Catalysts

Acid catalysis, organometallic catalysis, and enzymatic catalysis are

examples of homogeneous catalysis. Most often, homogeneous catalysis involves
the introduction of an aqueous phase catalyst into an aqueous solution of reactants.
In such cases, acids and bases are often very effective catalysts, as they can speed
up reactions by affecting bond polarization.

An advantage of homogeneous catalysis is that the catalyst mixes into the

reaction mixture, allowing a very high degree of interaction between catalyst and
reactant molecules. However, unlike with heterogeneous catalysis, the
homogeneous catalyst is often irrecoverable after the reaction has run to completion.

Homogeneous catalysts are used in variety of industrial applications, as they

allow for an increase in reaction rate without an increase in temperature.

Heterogeneous Catalysis

A heterogeneous catalyst is a catalyst that is present in a different phase

(usually a solid) than the reactants. Such catalysts generally function by furnishing
an active surface upon which a reaction can occur. Gas and liquid phase reactions
catalyzed by heterogeneous catalysts occur on the surface of the catalyst rather than
within the gas or liquid phase. Heterogeneous catalysis is most often involves
gaseous reactants being adsorbed on the surface of a solid catalyst. Adsorption
refers to the collection of one substance on the surface of another substance;
absorption refers to the penetration of one substance into another. Water is
absorbed by the sponge.

Mechanism

Heterogeneous catalysis has at least four steps:

1. Adsorption of the reactant onto the surface of the catalyst

2. Activation of the adsorbed reactant
3. Reaction of the adsorbed reactant
4. Diffusion of the product from the surface into the gas or liquid phase
(desorption).
Any one of these steps may be slow and thus may serve as the rate
determining step. In general, however, in the presence of the catalyst, the overall
rate of the reaction is faster than it would be if the reactants were in the gas or liquid
phase.
 Figure 1 illustrates the
steps that chemists
believe to occur in the
reaction of compounds
on a catalyst.
Source:
http://www.knockhardy.
org.uk/catalyst.htm

Advantages and
Disadvantages of Heterogeneous Catalysis

Heterogeneous catalysis has a number of

benefits. For one, heterogeneous catalysts can be
separated from a reaction mixture in a straightforward
manner, such as by filtration. In this way, expensive
catalysts can be easily and effectively recovered, which
is an important consideration for industrial manufacturing
processes.

However, one limitation of heterogeneous

catalysis has to do with the available surface area of the
catalyst. Once the surface of the catalyst is completely
saturated with reactant molecules, the reaction cannot
proceed until products leave the surface, and some
space opens up again for a new reactant molecule to
adsorb, or attach. It is for this reason that the adsorption
step in a heterogeneously catalyzed reaction is
oftentimes the rate-limiting step. Despite this, the overall
benefits of heterogeneous catalysis often outweigh its
disadvantages, in that the catalyzed reaction is still much
faster than the uncatalyzed reaction.

One example of a heterogeneous catalyst is the

catalytic converter in gasoline or diesel-fueled cars.
Catalytic converters contain transition metal catalysts Adsorption of ethene on a solid
embedded on a solid phase support. The solid-phase catalyst surface: The catalyst
catalyst comes into contact with gases from the car's aligns the ethene molecule with
exhaust stream, increasing the rate of reactions to hydrogen, allowing the two to react
form less toxic products from pollutants in the exhaust more efficiently than if they were
simply combined in a container,
stream such as carbon monoxide and unburnt fuel.
and were colliding at random.
Other significant industrial processes that
involve the use of heterogeneous catalysts include the
preparation of sulfuric acid, the preparation of ammonia, the oxidation of ammonia to
nitric acid, and the synthesis of methanol, CH3OH.
Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts in living systems. These

enzymes have components called substrate binding sites, or active sites, where the
molecules involved in the reaction under catalysis become attached. The
component parts of all proteins are amino acids, and each of these individual acids
has an uneven charge distribution from one end to the other. This property is the
main reason enzymes possess catalytic capabilities.

In general, when more substrate and more of an enzyme are present, the
reaction will proceed more quickly. But if more and more substrate is added without
adding more enzyme as well, all of the enzymatic binding sites become saturated,
and the reaction has reached its maximum rate for that enzyme concentration.
Each reaction catalyzed by an enzyme can be represented in terms of the
intermediate products formed owing to the presence of the enzyme.

Enzymes, although classified as category of catalyst distinct from those

listed above, can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous.

ENZYME STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

The study of enzymes is an important interconnection between biology and
chemistry. Enzymes are usually proteins (polypeptides) that help to control the rate
of chemical reactions between biologically important compounds, particularly those
that are involved in cellular metabolism. Different classes of enzymes perform a
variety of functions, as shown in Table 1.
 Enzyme molecules possess an active site, a part of the molecule with a shape
that allows it to bond to a specific substrate (a reactant molecule), forming an
enzyme-substrate complex as a reaction intermediate. There are two models that
attempt to explain how this active site works. The most simplistic model is referred to
as the lock-and-key hypothesis, which suggests that the molecular shapes of the
active site and substrate are complementary, fitting together like a key in a lock. The
induced fit hypothesis, on the other hand, suggests that the enzyme molecule is
flexible and changes shape to accommodate a bond with the substrate. This is not to
suggest that an enzyme’s active site is completely malleable, however. Both the
lock-and-key model and the induced fit model account for the fact that enzymes can
only bind with specific substrates, since in general a particular enzyme only
catalyzes a particular reaction (Figure 2).

Figure 2. (a) According to the lock-and-key model, the shape of an enzyme’s active site
is a perfect fit for the substrate. (b) According to the induced fit model, the active site is
somewhat flexible, and can change shape in order to bond with the substrate.

Key Concepts/ Summary

 A catalyst is a substance that can be added to a reaction to increase the reaction
rate without getting consumed in the process.

 Catalysts typically speed up a reaction by reducing the activation energy or changing

the reaction mechanism.

 Catalysts can be divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts,

depending on whether they occupy the same phase as the reaction mixture.

 In general, heterogeneous catalysts are solids that are added into gas or liquid
reaction mixtures.
 In heterogeneous catalysis, the reactants adsorb onto binding sites on the surface of
the catalyst, and the availability of these reaction sites can limit the rate of
heterogeneous reactions.

 Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical reactions.

Since catalysis and types of catalysts were already discussed in the first part
of this module, there are different learning activities which were prepared in order to
test your understanding with regards to the topic. Let’s get started!

Learning Competency:
 Cite and differentiate the types of catalysts. (STEM-GC11CK-IIIi-j138)

Activity 1: Compare & Contrast Two Types of Catalyst

Objective: Differentiate the types of catalysts.
Materials: Paper and pen
Procedure:
 Using the Graphic Organizer below, compare and contrast the two types of
catalyst by filling-up the boxes.
 Refer to the Rubrics below on how your Graphic Organizer will be graded.
First Type of Catalyst: Second Type of Catalyst:

Different Features: Similar Features: Different Features:

 Conclusion:

Rubrics

CRITERIA Full Credit Partial Credit Limited Credit Minimal Credit RATING
(10 points) (7 points) (5 points) (2 points)
- Compares & - Compares
- Compares
contrasts and contrasts - Compares or
and contrasts
items clearly clearly, but contrasts, but
clearly, but
- Only includes supporting does not do
Purpose & supporting
relevant and information is both
Supporting information is
accurate general - No supporting
Details incomplete.
information - Only information, or
- May include
includes incomplete
irrelevant
relevant information
information
information

- Whole-to- - Beaks
- Breaks
whole information
information
similarities into one of the
into structure, - Many details
- Whole-to- structures
but some are not in
whole - Does not
information logical
Organization differences follow
is in wrong order
& Structure - Similarities- consistent
section - Little sense
to-differences order when
- Some details that the writing
- Consistent comparing
are not in is organized
order when
logical or
discussing the
expected order
comparison

- No errors in - 1-2 errors in - 3-4 errors - Excessive

grammar grammar or that distract errors that
Grammar &
or spelling spelling that the reader distract the
Spelling
distract the reader from the
reader content

Transitions - Moves - Moves from - Some - Transitions

smoothly from one idea to transitions are unclear or
one idea to the the next, but work well, but nonexistent
next with little connections
- Comparison variety between other
and contrast - Uses ideas are fuzzy
transition comparison
words to show and contrast
relationships transition
- Variety of words to
sentence show
structures & relationships
transitions between
ideas
 TOTAL:

ACTIVITY 2: Self-Check with the Concept

Direction: Answer the following questions completely.
1. Identify each of the following as examples of the action of homogeneous or
heterogeneous catalysts:
a. Rhodium and platinum metals are used in an automobile catalytic converter
to convert exhaust gases into safer gases.
_____________________________
b. Gaseous chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have been shown to catalyze the
breakdown of ozone in the upper atmosphere. ________________________
c. Aqueous sulfuric acid catalyzes the decomposition of aqueous formic acid to
carbon monoxide and water. ______________________________________
d. Powdered TiCl4 is used in the formation of polyethylene polymer from
gaseous ethylene.
_____________________________________________________

2. What are the key stages in heterogeneous catalysis?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
3. Many gas reactions are catalyzed by solids, and the process starts with the gas
molecules being adsorbed on to the metal surface. Explain the difference between
the words adsorbed and absorbed.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. Silver and tungsten aren't very good catalysts, but platinum and nickel can be
excellent catalysts. Explain why this is in terms of the strength of the adsorption of
gases to their surfaces.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

5. A heterogeneous catalyst works by interacting with a reactant in a process

called adsorption. What occurs during this process? Explain how this can lower the
activation energy.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Activity 3: Testing your Understanding

Directions: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1. Which of the following implies a Homogeneous catalysis?
a. reactants and products must be in the same phase
b. reactants and catalyst must be in the same phase
c. composition of the reaction mixture must be homogeneous throughout
d. products and the catalyst must be in the same phase
2. In homogeneous catalytic reactions, which of the following describes the rate
of reaction?
a. It depends upon the concentration of catalyst
b. It depends upon physical state of catalyst
c. It is independent of the physical state of catalyst
d. It is independent of the concentration of catalyst
3. Which of the following kinds of catalysis can be explained by the adsorption
theory?
a. enzyme catalysis c. acid base catalysis
b. homogeneous catalysis d. heterogeneous catalysis
4. Which of the following is an incorrect statement about the adsorption theory?
a. The surface of the solid catalyst possesses some isolated active centers
having residual affinity
b. Due to these centers, the molecules of the gaseous reactants get
adsorbed in unimolecular thick layer
c. The adsorbed reactants get activated and then react
d. The energy required for activation is more than that required for
uncatalyzed reaction
5. Which of the following is changed when a catalyst is added to a system that
reaches an equilibrium?
a. The equilibrium constant
b. The composition of the equilibrium mixture
c. The rate at which equilibrium is achieved
d. The product of which the equilibrium is achieved
6. Why are expensive metals such as platinum and ruthenium used to make
catalytic converters when cheaper metals such as copper and nickel would
also work?
 a. Copper and nickel would be poisoned by sulfur dioxide in the exhaust
emissions
b. Copper and nickel have own melting points and would be melted by the
hot exhaust gases
c. Copper and nickel would rapidly corrode in the hostile environment of a
car exhaust
d. All of the above
7. In 1987 in a Montreal, governments agreed to restrict the production and
release into the atmosphere of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons). Which of the
following reasons persuaded them to do this?
a. CFCs are toxic
b. CFCs cause photochemical smog
c. CFCs contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer
d. CFCs slow down the growth of hormones
8. An automotive catalytic converter contains solid platinum, palladium, and
rhodium compounds and converts NO to N2 and O2. This conversion is an
example of which of the following:
a. Enzyme catalysis c. Heterogeneous catalysis
b. Homogeneous catalysis d. Sub-program catalysis
9. The following reaction is an example of _____________
2SO2 + O2 ⟶ 2SO3
a. Homogeneous catalysis c. Enzyme catalysis
b. Heterogeneous catalysis d. Sub-program catalysis
10. The following reaction is an example of _________
N2 + 3H2 ⟶ 2NH3
a. Homogeneous catalysis c. Enzyme catalysis
b. Heterogeneous catalysis d. Sub-program catalysis

Activity 4: Real World Examples

In this activity, you will be finding examples of heterogeneous and homogeneous

catalysts or catalytic reactions in the real world.

Instructions:
Step 1: To successfully complete this activity, you will need to find two examples of
each type of catalyst:

 Heterogeneous
 Homogeneous

Note: You can cite enzymes as an example of each type of catalyst.

Step 2: For each catalyst (or catalytic reaction) you identify, you will need to:
  Identify where in the real world the reaction can be found. For example
o The conversion of oxygen gas, or O 2, in the atmosphere to ozone
 Label the reaction with its correct catalyst type (heterogeneous or
homogeneous)
 Explain how you know which type of catalyst or catalytic reaction it is. For
example:
o The conversion of oxygen gas, or O 2, in the atmosphere to ozone is
homogeneous catalysis because the ultraviolet light from the sun is
the true catalyst, but every physical compound present is in the same
(gas) state.
 Write a brief summary of how the reaction takes place; what chemical
changes occur due to the catalyst and why.

Step 3: Finally, write a summary of your findings. Answer these questions:

 What do all homogeneous catalysts have in common?

o You may notice that when these happen in nature, they are slow
reactions that occur over time.
 What do all the heterogeneous catalysts have in common?
o As an example, you may notice these are explosive.
 Is it possible to tell what type of catalyst is reacting with substances without
being able to see things on a molecular level?
o Why or why not?

With regards to the output, the following instructions should be followed:

a. The answers should be handwritten and placed in 1 whole sheet pad paper.
b. Make sure to properly cite the sources or references used in this activity.
c. A Rubric is prepared that will be used as a basis on how your output will be
graded.
d. If there are questions or clarifications, it is better to ask me directly.

Rubrics

CRITERIA Excellent Good Fair Needs RATING

Improvement
Content (20 points) (15 points) (10 points) (5 points)
(20 points) -Demonstrates - Is at ease - Is - Does not have
full knowledge with expected uncomfortable group of
by answering answers to all with information information and
all questions questions, and is able to cannot answer
with without answer only questions about
explanation elaboration basic questions subject
and - Has - attempts to - Does not
elaboration somewhat define purpose clearly define
- Provides clear purpose and subject; subject and
clear purpose and subject; provides weak purpose;
and subject; some examples, facts provides weak
pertinent examples, and/or statistics or no support of
example, facts facts and/or which do not subjects; gives
and/or statistics that adequately insufficient
 statistics support the support the
support for ideas
subject subject

(10 points) (7 points) (2 points)

(5 points)
- Obviously - logical and - Inconsistent
- Organization
controlled appropriate organization
Organization attempted but
and/or subtle organization;
& Structure unclear or
organization; clear topic
(10 points) inappropriate
strong topic sentences
topic sentences
sentences

(5 points) (3 points) (2 points) (1 point)

- No errors in - 1-2 errors in - 3-4 errors that - Excessive
Grammar & grammar grammar or distract the errors that
Spelling or spelling spelling that reader distract the
(5 points) distract the reader from the
reader content

(5 points) (3 points) (2 points) (1 point)

- Information is - Information - Information is - Information is
gathered from is gathered gathered from gathered from
Information multiple from multiple limited electronic or
Gathering electronic a electronic a electronic and non-electronic
(5 points) non-electronic non-electronic non-electronic sources only
source and source sources
cited properly

TOTAL:

Activity 5: Catalytic Ozone Destruction

Instructions: Read and analyze the article below. Make a Reaction Paper on the
importance of having knowledge about catalyst in the environment. The Reaction
Paper should tackle the role of catalyst in the formation of ozone layer and how
human activities paved its destruction. The answers should be handwritten and
placed in 1 whole sheet pad paper. If you’re going to generate additional information
from multiple electronic and non-electronic sources, make sure to properly cite it. A
Rubric is prepared that will be used as a basis on how your output will be graded. If
there are questions or clarifications, it is better to ask me directly.

Mario J. Molina: The Man behind the Discovery of Ozone Layer

The 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was shared by Paul J. Crutzen, Mario
J. Molina (Figure 3), and F. Sherwood Rowland “for their work in atmospheric
chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.”
Molina, a Mexican citizen, carried out the majority of his work at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT).

In 1974, Molina and Rowland published a paper in the journal Nature (one of
the major peer-reviewed publications in the field of science) detailing the threat of
chlorofluorocarbon gases to the stability of the ozone layer in earth’s upper
atmosphere. The ozone layer protects earth from solar radiation by absorbing
ultraviolet light. As chemical reactions deplete the amount of ozone in the upper
atmosphere, a measurable “hole” forms above Antarctica, and an increase in the
amount of solar ultraviolet radiation— strongly linked to the prevalence of skin
cancers—reaches earth’s surface. The work of Molina and Rowland was
instrumental in the adoption of the Montreal Protocol, an international treaty signed
in 1987 that successfully began phasing out production of chemicals linked to ozone
destruction.
Molina and Rowland demonstrated that chlorine atoms from human-made chemicals
can catalyze ozone destruction in a process similar to that by which NO accelerates
the depletion of ozone. Chlorine atoms are generated when chlorocarbons or
chlorofluorocarbons—once widely used as refrigerants and propellants—are
photochemically decomposed by ultraviolet light or react with hydroxyl radicals. A
sample mechanism is shown here using methyl chloride:
CH3Cl + OH → Cl + other products
Chlorine radicals break down ozone and are regenerated by the following
catalytic cycle:
Cl + O3 → ClO + O2
ClO + O → Cl+ O2
Overall Reaction: O3 + O → 2O2
A single monatomic chlorine can break down thousands of ozone molecules.
Luckily, the majority of atmospheric chlorine exists as the catalytically inactive forms
Cl2 and ClONO2.
Since receiving his portion of the Nobel Prize, Molina has continued his work
in atmospheric chemistry at MIT.

Rubrics

CRITERIA LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 RATING

(1 point) (3 points) (5 points)
ORGANIZATION The paper is poorly The paper is The paper is well
organized and organized, organized, uses
difficult to follow. makes good use transition
of transition statements
statements and appropriately
in most and follows a
instances logical
follows a logical progression.
 progression.
Three or more
One product was Two products
products were
COMPLETION only given and were given with
given with
explained. explanation.
explanation.
More than 5 errors 3-5 errors in Minimal errors in
Grammar &
in punctuation and punctuation and punctuation and
Spelling
spelling. spelling. spelling.
Content
Content indicates
Shows some
indicates synthesis of
thinking and
original ideas, in depth
reasoning but most
LEVEL OF thinking and analysis and
ideas are
CONTENT develops ideas evidences
underdeveloped
with sufficient original
and
and firm thought and
unoriginal.
evidence. support for the
topic.
Information is
Information is
gathered from Information is
gathered from
limited gathered from
Information multiple electronic
electronic and electronic or
Gathering a non-electronic
non-electronic non-electronic
source and cited
sources sources only
properly
TOTAL:

REFLECTION:

1. I learned that _____________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. I enjoyed most on _________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. I want to learn more on _____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
References

Catalysis. Retrieved from

https://www.britannica.com/science/catalysis/Classification-of-catalysts

Catalyst in Chemistry. Retrieved from

https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/explainer-catalyst-
chemistry

Types of Catalysts. Retrieved from

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/chem-kinetics/arrhenius-
equation/a/types-of-catalysts

Catalysis. Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/chemistryformajors/chapter/catalysis/

Catalysis. Retrieved from

https://press.rebus.community/introductorychemistry/chapter/catalysis/

Types of Catalyst. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/different-types-

enzymes-4968363.html
ANSWER KEY

Activity 1: Compare & Contrast Two Types of Catalyst

 Students’ output may vary. See attached Rubrics below the activity for scoring
purposes.
ACTIVITY 2: Self-Check with the Concept
1. (a) Heterogeneous Catalyst (b) Homogeneous catalyst (c) Homogeneous
catalyst (d) Heterogeneous catalyst
2. In heterogeneous catalysis, the reacting and catalyst are in different states of
the matter. The most important steps in this process are;
– Adsorption of reactant molecules activation center.
– Formation of activation complex at the center.
– This complex decomposes to give products.
– Desorption of products from the surface of the catalyst.
3. Adsorption happens when something (a molecule from a gas or liquid, for
example) becomes stuck to the surface of a solid. Absorption happens when one
substance is taken up inside another one.
4. Solid catalysts often work by first adsorbing something on their surface. A
reaction then takes place, and the products are desorbed from the surface (break
away into the gas or liquid again). That frees up the surface for the next lot of
reactants to become adsorbed.
5. In adsorption, a reactant binds tightly to a surface. Because intermolecular
interactions between the surface and the reactant weaken or break bonds in the
reactant, its reactivity is increased, and the activation energy for a reaction is
often decreased.
ACTIVITY 3: Testing your Understanding!
1. B 6. A
2. A 7. C
3. D 8. C
4. D 9. A
5. C 10. B
Activity 4: Real World Examples
 Students’ output may vary. See attached Rubrics below the activity for scoring
purposes.

Activity 5: Catalytic Ozone Destruction

 Students’ output may vary. See attached Rubrics below the activity for scoring
purposes.