Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)

Block Diagram of Communication System

 Communication is the transfer of information from point A to point B
using electricity or magnetism.

 Communication system can be divided into three parts:

(i) Transmitter
(ii) Channel(Medium)
(iii) Receiver

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
Transmitter Section
 The transmitter section consists of:

(i) Information Source: It is used to generate message signal which

may be in the form of audio, video or data.
(ii) Transducer: It is a device which converts one form of energy into
different form.
(iii) Modulator: Here message signal is superimposed on a high
frequency carrier wave so that it can cover long distance.
(iv) Amplifier: This block is used to enhance the strength of the signal
before transmission.
(v) Transmitting Antenna: It is used to convert electrical signal into
electromagnetic waves which can travel in the atmosphere.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
Channel Section
 The output of transmitter section travels through a path or medium
to reach receiver. This path or medium is called channel.
 There are several types of channel such as:
(i) Wired Channel : medium is physical i.e. optical fibre, co-axial cable
etc.

(ii) Wireless Channel : medium is air.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
Receiver Section
The receiver section consists of:

(i) Receiving Antenna: It is used to convert desired electromagnetic

waves in the atmosphere into the electrical signal.
(ii) Amplifier: The signal at the receiver suffered various types of losses
and become weak. So, an amplifier is used to increase its strength.
(iii) Demodulator: Here carrier wave is separated from the message
signal.
(iv) Transducer: To convert electrical signal into original message signal.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
• Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
Modulation
 It is a process in which low frequency message signal is
superimposed on the high frequency carrier wave. In this process one
of the parameters of the carrier varies according to the message signal.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
Need of Modulation
 There are several factors due to which modulation is needed in
communication:-
(i) Interference or Mixing Problem: As message signals are generally low
frequency signals there is large probability of mixing with other signals of
the same frequency range already present in the atmosphere. So, low
frequency message signals are sent through high frequency carrier wave
(modulation) to avoid such problems.
(ii) Height of Antenna: Practical height of transmitting or receiving antenna =
λ/4, where λ is the wavelength of the signal being used. If we use low
frequency message signal without modulation the height of antenna is of the
order of kilometres. Therefore to reduce the height of antenna modulation is
needed.
(iii) Power Dissipation: When an electromagnetic wave is travelling through
atmosphere it suffers from various losses which are inversely proportional to
the frequency of the signal. Thus low frequency signals are more prone to
atmospheric losses and therefore modulation is used to reduce these losses.
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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 In amplitude modulation the amplitude of the carrier signal is modulated
according to the instantaneous amplitude of the message signal.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)

Mathematical Analysis

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
AM Demodulator
 Linear Diode Detector or Envelope Detector:

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)

 Here, diode is the main detecting device so it sometimes also called as

Diode detector.

 In the positive half cycle diode conducts and capacitor charges to it

peak value.

 During other half of the cycle diode gets reverse biased and capacitor
discharge through a resistor R.

 Hence the output voltage across capacitor C is a spiky envelope of the

AM wave, which is same as the amplitude variation of the modulating
signal.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Amplitude Modulation

Advantages Disadvantages

Amplitude Modulation is easier to implement. When it comes to power usage it is not

efficient.

Demodulation can be done using few It requires a very high bandwidth.

components and a circuit.

The receiver used for AM is very cheap. Noise interference is highly noticeable.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
APPLICATIONS OF NETWORKS
Some of the network applications in different fields are the following:-

(i) Marketing and sales

(ii) Financial services
(iii) Information services
(iv) Cellular telephone
(v) Cable television
(vi) Teleconferencing
(vii) E-mail etc.
(viii) Communication facilities

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
EVOLUTION OF MOBILE COMMUNICATION
 Over recent years, the evolution of mobile wireless communication in the
world has become more important after arrival of 5G technology.

 This evolution journey consists of several generations start with 1G

followed by 2G, 2.5G,3G, 4G, and under research future generations 5G is
still going on.

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FIRST GENERATION (1G)

 It uses analog radio signal which has frequency 150 MHz, only voice
transmission call is done.

 This generation is unreliable.

 It speeds up to 2.4Kbps.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
SECOND GENERATION (2G)
 The next generation of mobile networks, 2G uses GSM technology
(Global System for Mobile Communication).

 It used digital signal for transmission rather than analog.

 Data speed up to 64Kbps.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
3G
 3G is the third generation of mobile phone standards and
technology,
 3G uses CDMA technique for data transmission.
 3G transmits data up to 2 Mbps.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
4G
 This generation provide wider bandwidth, high security and
high speed internet access. This generation based on Long
Term Evolution (LTE).

 The 4G is offering improved multimedia, video gushing,

worldwide access, and around the world transportability
through a wide range of gadgets.

 4G transmits data up to 100 Mbps.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
5G
 5G networks are cellular networks, in which the service area is
divided into small geographical areas called cells.

 The main advantage of the new networks is that they will have
greater bandwidth, giving higher download speeds.

 5G transmits data up to 10 gigabits per second (Gbit/s).

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
RADAR COMMUNICATION
 Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the
range, angle, or velocity of objects.
 It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided
missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain.
 Radio waves are electromagnetic waves of frequency between
10 hertz (Hz) and 30000 megahertz (MHz).
Elements of Radar Communication system:-
(i) Transmitter:- For transmitting signal.
(ii) Antenna:- used to transmit or receive signal
(iii) Receiver :- used to receive signal
(iv) Power supply:- used to provide power.
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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)

WORKING
 A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves known as radar
signals in predetermined directions.

 When these signals contact an object they are usually reflected in many
directions.

 Radar signals are reflected by materials of considerable electrical conductivity—

such as most metals, seawater, and wet ground.

 The radar signals that are reflected back towards the radar receiver are the
desirable ones that make radar detection work.

 If the object is moving either toward or away from the transmitter, there will be a
slight change in the frequency of the radio waves due to the Doppler effect.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
 A Satellite is a smaller object that revolves around a larger object in
space. For example, moon is a natural satellite of earth.
 Communication refers to the exchange (sharing) of information
between two or more entities, through any medium or channel.
 Communication takes place between any two earth stations through
a satellite, then it is called as satellite communication.
 In this communication, electromagnetic waves are used as carrier
signals. These signals carry the information such as voice, audio,
video or any other data between ground and space and vice-versa.

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
HOW A SATELLITE WORKS

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Fundamentals of Electronics Engineering (BEC-101/201)
ELEMENTS OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION
Basic Elements shown in the figure are:

 User
 Satellite
 Earth Station(Ground Station)

(i) The user generates a signal which is transmitted to a satellite at the earth
station.
(ii) The satellite consists of a large number of repeaters in the space that perform
the reception of high frequency carrier from all the earth station.
(iii) Repeaters retransmits back to the Earth Station in the down link frequency
spectrum.
(iv) In order to avoid the interference downlinks frequency spectrum should be
different from uplink frequency spectrum.

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